278:, Mr Mackenzie notices Julia approach on the street. He shields his face so as not to be seen, but she sees him anyway, looks away and passes aimlessly with her head down. Having second thoughts, he leaves and catches up with her at a kerb where she waits to cross. He invites her for a drink, takes her to a café and buys her a Pernod. She drinks it quickly and asks him to lend her 100 francs. Flustered, he pushes some cash across the table, which she puts in to her bag uncounted. She looks untidy, set to continue in the downward spiral of other Rhys heroines, but accepts Mr Mackenzie's offer of a second drink. He buys her another Pernod and leaves.
425:(New York)'s Geoffrey Stone found the central character "sordid" but was "surprised to find that the meaning of the book as a whole appears just as clearly, and is much the same, as in any tale with a moral. It is no defect in the work". Impressed by the economy of Rhys's style, he added: "Julia's existence and the existence of those with whom she came in contact are somehow made meaningful by these very meaningless odds and ends of observation."
27:
404:' quietly proved herself to be one of the finest writers of fiction under middle age, but she has also proved herself to be enamoured of gloom to an incredible degree." West acknowledged the quality: "It is a terrible book about the final foundering to destruction of a friendless and worthless but pitiful woman. It is terrible, but it is superb."
185:
a decade or so earlier. When Mr
Horsfield asks if she is stuck for money, she takes from her purse two ten franc notes and some coins, saying that is all she has. She recounts to him her rejection of Mr Mackenzie's severance cheque (which Mr Horsfield had witnessed in Restaurant Albert). Mr Horsfield
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From a nearby table
Englishman George Horsfield has watched the incident. When Julia exits, Mr Horsfield follows and befriends her, buys her a drink in another café and takes her to a cinema. Afterwards, seeing her cry, the awkward Mr Horsfield invites her to his hotel to talk. He pours whiskey and
123:
The title is a reversal of premise: Mr
Mackenzie has left Julia Martin rather than vice versa. Themes include the lot of the outsider, the plight of the underdog, rich versus poor, female alienation, loneliness, destitution, death, grief, nostalgia for childhood and the quest for love. The novel is
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called the novel: "A hard, clean, dry, desperate book, so rigid in its economy that its impressiveness seems almost contemptuous." Deeming it not a "pleasant" novel, Gould wrote "it has more important merits." He concluded: "Of its kind, and within its limits, this book is a flawless work of art."
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She looks up W. Neil James Esq, her rich and generous first love from when she was nineteen. Ushered into his study, Julia sees Mr James is different. He says he has forty-five minutes. She hints at hardship, but to him this is an old story. He asks to change the subject, looks at the clock, shows
286:
Jean Rhys's material for this novel was drawn partly from her late 1927 visit to London for her mother's last days and funeral at
Golders Green Crematorium. There, aged thirty-seven, she encountered estranged relatives including her aunt and sisters. This humiliating funeral scene is depicted in
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a week from ex-lover Mr
Mackenzie, posted each Tuesday by high-handed solicitor Henri Legros. One Tuesday MaĂźtre Legros writes informing Julia he is instructed to terminate the allowance, enclosing final payment of 1,500 francs. That evening she follows Mr Mackenzie down the
120:(1939). The third-person narrative switches between more character viewpoints than in other early Rhys novels. The protagonist is Julia Martin, Rhys's fictional counterpart. Julia's three romantic figures Rhys calls "Mr" (Mr Mackenzie, Mr Horsfield and Mr James).
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ended when he served prison time in France and was deported to
Holland. Rhys's failure to keep their daughter Maryvonne, who spent much of her infancy in care, seemed another stain on her character. Her extramarital affair in Paris with
271:. On the eleventh day she receives a letter from Mr Horsfield explaining he is unable to visit as soon as he had hoped. Enclosing ten pounds, he writes he cannot send more as times are hard. He closes by wishing her the best of luck.
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phase, financed by wealthy first lover
Lancelot Grey Hugh Smith, until he ended the affair. A backstreet abortion followed, with Smith subsidising her London boarding house life. She became a nude art model in the prelude to
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her his art collection and sees her out. He posts her twenty pounds, stressing there can be no more. Some of it she spends on new clothes, some on second hand ones. She moves to a boarding house in cheaper
359:) and began a relationship with him, formalising her separation from Lenglet on 19 June. Tilden Smith would become Rhys's second husband in 1934, the year after her divorce from Lenglet. By the time of
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Though attractive at thirty-six, she feels past her prime, fatigued and fatalistic. After a failed early marriage roaming Europe and the death of a baby, she had drifted to Paris during the
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to
Restaurant Albert. She sits at his table, pours herself wine from his carafe and confronts him. She ends saying she doesn't want his severance cheque, slaps him lightly around the face
236:, Norah has devoted her life to their sick mother, now dying, so is unsympathetic to Julia's plight. Their mother dies during Julia's London visit. Julia attends the funeral at
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and freelance literary agent, divorcee Leslie Tilden Smith, had offered help. In May 1928 she moved in to Tilden Smith's
Holland Park house (located as per Mr Horsfield's in
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Uncle
Griffiths says she should have secured a settlement from her ex-husband, prior to Mr Mackenzie. He gives her a pound note but wants little more contact. Living in
337:(1927), and to her grief at the death of her first baby by Lenglet felt unjust to Rhys, who hints at bourgeois prejudice and hypocrisy in this and most of her novels.
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Mr Horsfield, also back in London, takes her for outings, meals and drinks, but withdraws his support as his interest in the troubled Julia wanes. Retreating to his
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On the same late 1927 London visit, she met for the last time with Lancelot Grey Hugh Smith, who for the last time lent her money (as with old flame Mr James in
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explored Marya Zelli's relationship and breakup, this novel tracks Julia Martin's post-breakup months when her ex-lover's allowance cheques stop.
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The mirror image: The representation of social roles for women in novels by Charlotte Brontë, Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton and Jean Rhys
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explores, with Julia Martin lightly slapping her ex-lover's face with an empty glove in a Paris bar, as Rhys had to Ford.
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with Tilden Smith's full-time support. She wrote in bed while he did the housework and proofread her pages.
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The Power of the Victim. A Study of Quartet, After Leaving Mr Mackenzie and Voyage in the Dark by Jean Rhys
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Paris and London, the novel is autobiographical fiction and thematically sequential to Rhys's debut novel
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Paris. She stayed in the Hotel Henri IV behind the Quai des Grands-Augustins, inhabiting the world of
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chorus girl career, which she embarked on against parental wishes after exiting Cambridge's
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378:'s Julia Martin who lives in the same hotel. Julia read most of the time. Jean Rhys wrote.
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gives her another 1,500 francs, suggests she visit London and jots down his address there.
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Julia is back in her cheap Paris hotel on the Quai des Grands-Augustins, overlooking the
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Reunions with her dour Uncle Griffiths and disapproving sister Norah are tense. At his
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Intertextual Identifications: Modigliani, Conrad, and âAfter Leaving Mr. Mackenzie'
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The Art and Economics of Destitution in Jean Rhys's 'After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie'
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she describes fragments of her life since leaving London the February after the
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In 1928 she persuaded Tilden Smith to finance a writing trip for her, alone in
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Mellown, Elgin W. (1972). "Character and Themes in the Novels of Jean Rhys".
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From her cheap hotel on the Quai des Grands-Augustins, Julia Martin inhabits
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she envisages a ghost of her younger self emerge from the fog. She crosses
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a familiar old flower seller man ignores her when she buys his violets. On
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Carr, Helen (2004). "Williams, Ella Gwendoline Rees (1890â1979),"
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house, he promises to visit her in Paris in a week or ten days.
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hotel. The first morning she walks aimlessly, reminiscing. In
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The Rhys heroine's age and social descent progress here from
672:, Books of the Day, The Daily Telegraph, 30 January 1931, 7
306:, where she lasted just two terms. Showbusiness led to her
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Reviewers noted its bleakness but praised Rhys's style.
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published necessitated her presence there. A reader for
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compounded this. The Ford affair's aftermath is what
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Besides visiting London for these purposes, getting
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Paris, lunching alone in a German restaurant in the
758:, London, Jonathan Cape, 1931 (Penguin Books, 1971)
344:). Smith, like others, was tired of her suffering.
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294:Her family's disapproval extended back to Rhys's
274:In the late afternoon, from inside a café on the
685:, New Novels, The Observer 7289, 8 February 1931
450:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
331:Her family's indifference to the publication of
315:. Her post-war Europe jaunts with first husband
128:each subdivided into numbered, titled chapters.
801:Character and Themes in the Novels of Jean Rhys
363:'s release in September 1928, Rhys was writing
748:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009
640:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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741:, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 2009
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89:'s second novel, originally published by
670:The Pursuit of Misery in Some New Novels
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448:The blue hour : a life of Jean Rhys
746:The Cambridge Introduction to Jean Rhys
638:The Cambridge introduction to Jean Rhys
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811:Jean Rhys: After Leaving Mr Mackenzie
194:In London Julia books into at a drab
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796:The Johns Hopkins University Press
739:The Blue Hour: A Life of Jean Rhys
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701:(Thesis). University of Groningen.
396:: "Miss Jean Rhys has already in '
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774:Journal of Caribbean Literatures
484:Angier, Carole (February 2011).
334:The Left Bank and Other Stories
486:Jean Rhys : life and work
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734:, London, André Deutsch, 1990
304:Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
20:After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie
756:After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie
446:Pizzichini, Lilian (2009).
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365:After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie
357:After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie
342:After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie
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238:Golders Green Crematorium
171:Boulevard du Montparnasse
114:, reaching completion in
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732:Jean Rhys: Life and Work
636:Savory, Elaine. (2009).
601:Oxford University Press.
240:, causes a scene at the
805:Contemporary Literature
557:Contemporary Literature
244:and is asked to leave.
683:All Sorts of Societies
300:Perse School for Girls
117:Good Morning, Midnight
794:Studies in the Novel,
768:Genevieve Abravanel,
532:"Jean Rhys Biography"
863:Novels set in hotels
838:Novels set in London
737:Pizzichini, Lilian,
695:Muda, G. E. (2011).
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858:1931 British novels
853:Jonathan Cape books
843:Novels by Jean Rhys
833:Novels set in Paris
393:The Daily Telegraph
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799:Elgin W. Mellown,
212:Charing Cross Road
149:rue de la Huchette
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788:Arnold Davidson,
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647:978-0-511-71960-8
495:978-0-571-27641-7
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488:. London.
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263:Part Three
196:Bloomsbury
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190:Part Two
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