38:
142:
2181:
2909:(ICC). However, Article 5.2 of the Rome Statute states that "The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations." The Assembly of States Parties of the ICC adopted such a definition in 2010 at the
2782:(which is "a crime against international peace"). Acts of aggression are defined as armed invasions or attacks, bombardments, blockades, armed violations of territory, permitting other states to use one's own territory to perpetrate acts of aggression and the employment of armed irregulars or mercenaries to carry out acts of aggression. A war of aggression is a series of acts committed with a sustained intent. The definition's distinction between an
2806:
4429:
2679:. As the western governments, headed by Washington, were in favor of defining the governments of North Korea and the People's Republic of China as aggressor states, the Soviet government proposed to formulate a new UN resolution defining aggression and based on the 1933 convention. As a result, on November 17, 1950, the General Assembly passed resolution 378, which referred the issue to be defined by the
2703:
2683:. The commission deliberated over this issue in its 1951 session and due to large disagreements among its members, decided "that the only practical course was to aim at a general and abstract definition (of aggression)". However, a tentative definition of aggression was adopted by the commission on June 4, 1951, which stated:
2170:
of 1919: "Germany accepts the responsibility of
Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." Maguire argues:
2687:
Aggression is the use of force by a State or
Government against another State or Government, in any manner, whatever the weapons used and whether openly or otherwise, for any reason or for any purpose other than individual or collective self-defence or in pursuance of a decision or recommendation by
2793:
The wording of the definition has been criticised by many commentators. Its clauses on the use of armed irregulars are notably vague, as it is unclear what level of "involvement" would entail state responsibility. It is also highly state-centric, in that it deems states to be the only actors liable
2492:
The charges in the
Indictment that the defendants planned and waged aggressive wars are charges of the utmost gravity. War is essentially an evil thing. Its consequences are not confined to the belligerent states alone, but affect the whole world. To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not
2616:
The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or
2886:
but the
Assembly may not dictate to the Council. The resolution accompanying the definition states that it is intended to provide guidance to the Security Council to aid it "in determining, in accordance with the Charter, the existence of an act of aggression". The Security Council may apply or
2663:
Invasion, by the armed forces of a State, of the territory of an
American State, through the trespassing of boundaries demarcated in accordance with a treaty, judicial decision, or arbitral award, or, in the absence of frontiers thus demarcated, invasion affecting a region which is under the
2460:, which having sovereign power over Germany could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that took place before the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939."
2829:, were non-state parties and thus were outside the scope of the definition. Moreover, the definition does not deal with the responsibilities of individuals for acts of aggression. It is widely perceived as an insufficient basis on which to ground individual criminal prosecutions.
2634:
The
Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and
2351:
Provision of support to armed bands formed in its territory which have invaded the territory of another State, or refusal, notwithstanding the request of the invaded State, to take, in its own territory, all the measures in its power to deprive those bands of all assistance or
3673:
J. Hogan-Doran and B. van Ginkel, "Aggression as a Crime under
International Law and the Prosecution of Individuals by the Proposed International Criminal Court" Netherlands International Law Review, Volume 43, Issue 3, December 1996, pp. 321–351, T.M.C. Asser Press
2850:
means that, in the absence of binding international law on the subject of aggression, no penalty exists for committing acts in contravention of the definition. It is only recently that heads of state have been indicted over acts committed in wartime, in the cases of
2131:(ICC). However, the Rome Statute stipulates that the ICC may not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression until such time as the states parties agree on a definition of the crime and set out the conditions under which it may be prosecuted. At the
2303:
refused to sign any treaty including Poland, it signed the definition of aggression in a separate pact with the Soviet Union on 5 July 1933, also in London, and exchanged ratifications on 14 December. It was registered in the Treaty Series on 16 April 1934.
2323:. Both treaties base their definition on the "Politis Report" of the Committee of Security Questions made 24 March 1933 to the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments, in answer to a proposal of the Soviet delegation. The Greek politician
109:
provides that the UN Security
Council shall determine the existence of any act of aggression and "shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and
2605:
All
Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United
2204:. As critics had predicted, the League was powerless if a strong nation decided to pursue an aggressive policy against other countries, allowing a country such as Japan to commit blatant aggression without serious consequences.
2910:
2132:
2467:. One consequence of this is that nations who are starting an armed conflict must now argue that they are either exercising the right of self-defense, the right of collective defense, or – it seems – the enforcement of the
3611:
37:
2175:
Originally
President Wilson resisted the effort to brand Germany with war guilt, but French and British leaders forced him to compromise. Naming Germany an 'aggressor' introduced the concept into positive international
2136:
2356:
The League prerogative under that convention to expel a League member found guilty of aggression was used by the League Assembly only once, against the Soviet government itself, on December 14, 1939, following the
4280:
2790:
of aggression make it clear that not every act of aggression would constitute a crime against peace; only war of aggression does. States would nonetheless be held responsible for acts of aggression.
4295:
2235:
argued that in the Ethiopian case, the League had "at least made certain efforts to fulfill its duty in the cases of illegal aggression undertaken by member states against other member states."
83:) can be considered wars of aggression; however, this alone usually does not constitute the definition of a war of aggression; certain wars may be unlawful but not aggressive (a war to settle a
4238:
98:, "War is essentially an evil thing. Its consequences are not confined to the belligerent states alone, but affect the whole world. To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an
4233:
4636:
4671:
3706:
From Nuremberg to Kampala – Reflections on the Crime of Aggression, Address by Judge Dr. jur. h. c. Hans-Peter Kaul of the ICC at the 4th International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, 2010
4322:
3608:
2537:
2390:
4465:
2887:
disregard this guidance as it sees fit. Legal commentators argue that the Definition of Aggression has had "no visible impact" on the deliberations of the Security Council.
2905:
lists the crime of aggression as one of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, and provides that the crime falls within the jurisdiction of the
2493:
only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole.
4631:
2902:
2522:
2120:
4263:
4209:
4661:
4258:
2648:
2320:
4268:
4251:
2821:
The Definition of Aggression also does not cover acts by international organisations. The two key military alliances at the time of the definition's adoption,
2566:, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of
4246:
3705:
4199:
4641:
3115:
141:
4529:
2562:
To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the
4748:
4458:
4365:
3507:
3483:
2505:
were guilty of "substituting power for principle" at Nuremberg: "I thought at the time and still think that the Nuremberg trials were unprincipled.
1065:
102:; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole."
4275:
3694:
3068:
2167:
1497:
4204:
2127:
as one of the "most serious crimes of concern to the international community", and provides that the crime falls within the jurisdiction of the
2802:, were key players in their respective conflicts despite being non-state parties; they would not have come within the scope of the definition.
3525:
4310:
3244:
3145:
3052:
2436:
Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances;
3792:
3738:
2860:
2404:
3394:
4743:
4451:
2311:
prohibiting aggression, and were seeking an agreed definition of the latter. Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were members of the
2260:
1853:
2151:
over this crime. The relevant amendments to the Statute entered into force on July 17, 2018 after being ratified by 35 States Parties.
4499:
4285:
4228:
3997:
3797:
3223:
2345:
Attack by its land, naval or air forces, with or without a declaration of war, on the territory, vessels or aircraft of another State.
2231:
In November 1935, the League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression in Ethiopia and imposed economic sanctions. The prominent jurist
2048:
1826:
436:
3262:"Between Sovereignty and Race: The Bombardment of Hospitals in the Italo-Ethiopian War and the Colonial Imprint of International Law"
3199:
3172:
3111:
2746:
2655:
In addition to other acts which the Organ of Consultation may characterize as aggression, the following shall be considered as such:
2485:
1502:
2212:
were also aware of this, and ultimately both followed Japan's example in aggression against their neighbors: in the case of Italy,
3685:
2327:
was behind the inclusion of "support for armed bands" as a form of aggression. Ratifications for both treaties were deposited in
1580:
1563:
4327:
3977:
2883:
2767:, which defined the crime of aggression. This definition is not binding as such under international law, though it may reflect
2760:
2427:
2296:
1925:
1350:
190:
80:
2875:, rather than with the broader offence of "a crime against international peace" as envisaged by the Definition of Aggression.
4702:
4646:
4136:
3768:
2713:
2291:(16 October), Romania (16 October), the Soviet Union (16 October) and Turkey, which ratified both treaties on 23 March 1934.
2197:
1689:
3414:
4519:
2879:
2518:
2106:
1553:
4666:
4651:
4482:
4332:
4290:
4223:
3859:
3779:
3657:
The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation, Kluwer (1997) 508 p.
2906:
2680:
2128:
2043:
502:
3027:
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals: The Nazi Regime in Germany
4707:
4489:
4113:
2768:
2660:
Unprovoked armed attack by a State against the territory, the people, or the land, sea or air forces of another State;
2217:
2053:
1240:
1037:
908:
446:
2271:, and came into effect on 17 February 1934, when it was ratified by all of them but Turkey. The second was signed by
4544:
4474:
4376:
4305:
4218:
2950:
2295:
acceded to the second convention on 31 January 1934. The second convention was the first to be registered with the
2213:
1517:
42:
4697:
4300:
4191:
3919:
3849:
3627:
2368:
2140:
1627:
1135:
479:
353:
207:
31:
4175:
3987:
3914:
3832:
3822:
3731:
2728:
2452:"The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany,
2078:
1945:
1492:
1185:
998:
846:
2852:
2651:, signed in Rio de Janeiro on September 2, 1947, included a clear definition of aggression. Article 9 stated:
2308:
3286:
4555:
4389:
4084:
4032:
3981:
3827:
3817:
3101:
2724:
2031:
2013:
1769:
1328:
1250:
1195:
1075:
788:
451:
2439:
Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (i).
2180:
4712:
4687:
4580:
4017:
3893:
3812:
3466:
UN General Assembly Resolution 378 (V) on the Duties of States in the Event of the Outbreak of Hostilities
2935:
2795:
2502:
2457:
2288:
2272:
1898:
1873:
1595:
1507:
1380:
1255:
851:
828:
274:
173:
106:
3663:
Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations, Nijhoff (1992) 252 p.
3500:
3476:
2463:
For committing this crime, the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of persons responsible for starting
4738:
4733:
4360:
4037:
4022:
4012:
3992:
3939:
3075:
2846:
2794:
for acts of aggression. Domestic or transnational insurgent groups, such as those that took part in the
2268:
1487:
1420:
1373:
1022:
985:
948:
866:
818:
702:
512:
320:
229:
2675:
The discussions on definition of aggression under the UN began in 1950, following the outbreak of the
2342:
Invasion by its armed forces, with or without a declaration of war, of the territory of another State.
4656:
4514:
2977:
2533:
2527:
2423:
2419:
2408:
2395:
1878:
1780:
1637:
1632:
1450:
1415:
1150:
965:
823:
759:
613:
583:
180:
2832:
While this Definition of Aggression has often been cited by opponents of conflicts such as the 1999
4753:
4613:
4560:
4524:
4432:
4394:
4131:
4102:
3724:
2940:
2896:
2575:
2316:
2124:
1729:
1714:
1590:
1477:
1455:
1430:
1390:
1300:
1110:
1010:
960:
727:
717:
682:
474:
464:
234:
158:
84:
2373:
4597:
4592:
4565:
4504:
4355:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4148:
4126:
4121:
4079:
4069:
3929:
3924:
3807:
3758:
3700:
3299:
3291:
2972:
2586:
2498:
2478:
2378:
2256:
2225:
2063:
1918:
1838:
1759:
1704:
1679:
1600:
1546:
1512:
1443:
1360:
1270:
1175:
1120:
1005:
970:
923:
798:
769:
722:
660:
635:
469:
283:
202:
3710:
4509:
4153:
4107:
3944:
3902:
3886:
3390:
3240:
3219:
3195:
3168:
3162:
3141:
3048:
3002:
2955:
2930:
2841:
2571:
2506:
2201:
2099:
2008:
1955:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1813:
1796:
1791:
1764:
1709:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1305:
1295:
1290:
1265:
1235:
1125:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
975:
928:
898:
737:
530:
507:
441:
61:
3189:
3042:
4626:
4575:
4350:
4141:
3295:
3281:
3273:
3261:
2624:
shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.
2621:
2447:
2415:
2324:
2221:
2209:
2185:
2144:
2073:
2038:
1970:
1863:
1801:
1694:
1622:
1615:
1472:
1405:
1355:
1345:
1220:
1140:
1100:
1085:
1047:
1032:
903:
888:
841:
749:
707:
650:
645:
603:
426:
403:
310:
239:
168:
151:
91:
3369:
League of Nations Assembly resolution of December 14, 1939, expelling the Soviet government
2805:
4692:
4494:
4417:
4315:
3934:
3897:
3802:
3615:
3511:
3487:
3418:
3398:
3380:
League of Nations Council resolution of December 14, 1939, expelling the Soviet government
2945:
2764:
1883:
1868:
1786:
1742:
1684:
1340:
1335:
1225:
1215:
1130:
1105:
1042:
883:
813:
803:
742:
655:
640:
563:
535:
335:
315:
163:
69:
3454:
2574:, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a
4384:
3950:
3908:
3568:
3317:
2982:
2814:
2810:
2556:
2525:
article 5.2 were framed to include the Nuremberg Principles. The specific principle is
2332:
2312:
2252:
2166:
The origin of the concept, the author Peter Maguire argues, emerged from the debate on
2068:
2058:
1806:
1230:
1190:
1168:
1155:
1145:
1115:
1027:
980:
783:
774:
665:
618:
598:
588:
558:
525:
413:
370:
325:
197:
130:
3597:
2544:
war crime trials. The Charter's provisions based on the Nuremberg Principle VI.a are:
4727:
4002:
3881:
3660:
3654:
3555:
L. F. Damrosch, "Enforcing International Law through Non-forcible Measures", p. 202.
3303:
3106:
2992:
2966:
2799:
1905:
1893:
1749:
1669:
1585:
1568:
1425:
1280:
1260:
938:
933:
913:
893:
808:
779:
754:
630:
608:
593:
568:
408:
330:
293:
288:
185:
3025:
4534:
4052:
3956:
3854:
2582:
2541:
2468:
2464:
2205:
2189:
2148:
2092:
2018:
1998:
1993:
1888:
1833:
1467:
1462:
1285:
1200:
943:
677:
578:
375:
279:
95:
65:
3697:
to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression
2581:
To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of
68:, usually for territorial gain and subjugation, in contrast with the concept of a
17:
3410:
3277:
4421:
4007:
3842:
3787:
3465:
3443:
2987:
2826:
2335:, the Soviet signatory. The convention defined an act of aggression as follows:
2232:
2154:
Possibly the first trial for waging aggressive war is that of the Sicilian king
2003:
1754:
1719:
1558:
1245:
1210:
918:
861:
764:
548:
269:
264:
3701:
Stefano Pietropaoli, Defining evil. The war of aggression and international law
87:
where the initiator has a reasonable claim, and limited aims, is one example).
4059:
3837:
3379:
3368:
2872:
2833:
2676:
2473:
2453:
2358:
1960:
1930:
1652:
1016:
30:
This article is about the type of military conflict. For the metal album, see
4443:
2200:
had a significant negative effect on the moral strength and influence of the
2147:
accepting the definition of the crime and the conditions for the exercise of
4602:
3747:
2997:
2868:
2300:
1950:
1774:
1724:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1524:
1315:
1310:
1275:
712:
398:
365:
254:
99:
3239:. Interlink Illustrated Histories. New York: Interlink Books. p. 104.
3526:"Creating a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine Is a Bad Idea"
4570:
4399:
4047:
3877:
2960:
2837:
2155:
1965:
1940:
1573:
1205:
1180:
793:
348:
222:
76:
56:
2484:
Reading the Tribunal's final judgment in court, British alternate judge
2319:, since the definition of aggression clearly covered its support of the
4074:
4064:
4042:
4027:
2914:
2864:
2593:, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
2590:
2567:
2400:
2292:
2276:
1975:
1935:
1699:
1533:
1529:
871:
856:
732:
393:
388:
358:
297:
259:
4587:
3140:(2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 312.
2918:
2856:
2328:
2284:
2280:
2264:
2248:
1482:
878:
695:
431:
2731:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3598:
Part 2. Jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law. Article 5.
3355:
P. Zadeikis, "An Aspect of the Lithuanian Record of Independence",
2804:
2563:
2179:
953:
489:
484:
3342:
Leon Romaniecki, "The Soviet Union and International Terrorism",
2299:
on 29 March 1934, while the first was registered on 26 April. As
27:
Military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense
2822:
249:
244:
4447:
3720:
3711:
Historical Review of Developments relating to Aggression, 2003
3584:
M. C. Bassiouni and B. B. Ferencz, "The Crime against Peace",
3357:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3024:
The International Military Tribunal for Germany (1946-09-30),
2696:
2307:
The signatories of both treaties were also signatories of the
122:
3716:
2882:
empowers the General Assembly to make recommendations to the
2643:
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact)
3138:
An introduction to international criminal law and procedure
3102:"Crime of Aggression Activated at the ICC: Does it Matter?"
2878:
The definition is not binding on the Security Council. The
3609:
Review Conference of the Rome Statute concludes in Kampala
3044:
International justice and the International Criminal Court
2540:
that was issued in 1945 and formed the basis for the post
4637:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2778:(which "gives rise to international responsibility") and
4672:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3320:
as a military occupation of its constitutional capital.
2720:
2348:
Naval blockade of the coasts or ports of another State.
3650:
List of reference documents (alphabetical by author):
3316:
Lithuanian authorities regarded Polish rule over the
2538:
London Charter of the International Military Tribunal
2391:
London Charter of the International Military Tribunal
2454:
political authority for Germany had been transferred
79:(i.e. not out of self-defense nor sanctioned by the
45:
re-enacting the destruction of a Polish border post.
4680:
4611:
4542:
4481:
4374:
4343:
4184:
4093:
3969:
3870:
3778:
3767:
3690:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
3191:
Law and War: International Law and American History
3047:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46.
4627:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
3559:, Académie de Droit International de La Haye, 1998
3391:"Skeleton Argument for High Court Judicial Review"
2817:were both accused of starting a war of aggression.
3588:, I, 313, 334 (M.C. Bassiouni ed., 2nd ed., 1999)
3411:"Tri-denting It Handbook, 3rd Ed (2001) – Part 6"
3287:20.500.11820/09cc2a58-72ab-49b1-bb5b-ae5fecd80b3c
2426:, specifically Principle VI(a), submitted to the
4657:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
4632:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2903:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2891:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2121:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3413:, Trident Ploughshares, Norwich NR2 1NR, 2001.
2546:
2490:
2432:
2239:The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
2173:
2649:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
2393:defined three categories of crimes, including
2331:, as the convention was primarily the work of
2321:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
2251:on 3 and 4 July 1933. The first was signed by
4459:
3732:
3546:, pp. 69–70. Cambridge University Press, 2000
3430:H. K. Thompson, Jr. and Henry Strutz (1983).
3329:S. A. H., "Bulgaria and the Balkan Entente",
3164:War and the Law of Nations: A General History
2509:to suit the passion and clamor of the time."
2403:to prosecute the political leadership in the
2100:
8:
2774:This definition makes a distinction between
2536:", which was based on the provisions of the
2245:Conventions for the Definition of Aggression
92:International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
4642:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4466:
4452:
4444:
4371:
3775:
3739:
3725:
3717:
3575:, p. 118. Cambridge University Press, 2003
3216:GCSE Modern World History - second edition
3019:
3017:
2671:Further discussions on defining aggression
2107:
2093:
112:
4662:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
3285:
3194:(2nd ed.). Columbia UP. p. 89.
2747:Learn how and when to remove this message
2688:a competent organ of the United Nations.
2617:other peaceful means of their own choice.
2407:. The principles were later known as the
4366:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
3628:"ICC nations define crime of aggression"
2664:effective jurisdiction of another State.
1066:List of military strategies and concepts
36:
3260:Perugini, Nicola; Gordon, Neve (2019).
3013:
2168:Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles
120:
3666:H. K. Thompson, Jr. and Henry Strutz,
2339:Declaration of war upon another State.
3030:, The Avalon Project, Yale University
7:
3793:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
2405:war-responsibility trials in Finland
2399:. This definition was first used by
3136:Cryer, Robert; et al. (2010).
64:waged without the justification of
3798:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3668:Dönitz at Nuremberg: A Reappraisal
3557:Recueil De Cours/Collected Courses
3524:Jon Heller, Kevin (7 March 2022).
3432:Dönitz at Nuremberg: A Reappraisal
2867:. However, both were charged with
25:
4296:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
3112:New York University School of Law
4428:
4427:
4239:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
3573:War, Aggression and Self-Defence
2701:
2693:General Assembly Resolution 3314
2497:Associate Supreme Court Justice
2379:Text of the Convention of 5 July
2374:Text of the Convention of 4 July
2369:Text of the Convention of 3 July
2135:on 11 June 2010, a total of 111
140:
4749:Aggression in international law
4323:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3118:from the original on 2022-05-13
2884:United Nations Security Council
2761:United Nations General Assembly
2517:The relevant provisions of the
2428:United Nations General Assembly
2315:, and their signatures alarmed
2297:League of Nations Treaty Series
81:United Nations Security Council
4703:International humanitarian law
4647:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3331:Bulletin of International News
2198:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1:
3167:. Cambridge UP. p. 289.
2840:, it has no binding force in
2519:Charter of the United Nations
2507:Law was created ex post facto
4667:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
4652:International Criminal Court
3860:International Criminal Court
3296:10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0104
3278:10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0104
3100:Whiting, Alex (2017-12-19).
3069:"Resolution RC/Res.6 !"
2907:International Criminal Court
2681:International Law Commission
2275:(ratified 20 October 1933),
2129:International Criminal Court
4708:International speech crimes
4490:Customary international law
4269:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2769:customary international law
2727:the claims made and adding
1564:Military–industrial complex
1038:Operational manoeuvre group
4770:
4744:International criminal law
4530:Convention Against Torture
4475:International criminal law
4243:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3586:International Criminal Law
2951:International criminal law
2894:
2871:, i.e., violations of the
2759:On December 14, 1974, the
2513:The United Nations Charter
2359:Soviet invasion of Finland
2188:and Nazi Germany's leader
2137:State Parties to the Court
29:
4698:Joint criminal enterprise
4414:
3920:Joint criminal enterprise
3850:Responsibility to protect
3754:
3670:, Torrance, Calif.: 1983.
3188:Peter H. Maguire (2013).
3041:Broomhall, Bruce (2003).
2133:Kampala Review Conference
1628:Loss-of-strength gradient
480:Combat information center
32:War of Aggression (album)
4618:(in order of foundation)
3502:Yearbook of the ILC 1951
3499:UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.13, in
3478:Yearbook of the ILC 1951
3161:Stephen C. Neff (2005).
2385:The Nuremberg Principles
1946:Military science fiction
1431:Technology and equipment
847:List of military tactics
4556:Crimes against humanity
4390:Crimes against humanity
4234:Libyan civil war (2011)
4085:Wartime sexual violence
4033:Human trophy collecting
4018:Enforced disappearances
3542:Ingrid Detter Delupis,
3434:. Torrance, California.
2184:Italian fascist leader
2014:Wartime sexual violence
1770:Full-spectrum dominance
1581:Supply-chain management
90:In the judgment of the
4713:Universal jurisdiction
4688:Command responsibility
4581:Incitement to genocide
4520:United Nations Charter
4038:Indiscriminate attacks
4023:Extrajudicial killings
3894:Command responsibility
3444:United Nations Charter
3393:. Emlyn.org.uk, 2006.
2936:Command responsibility
2880:United Nations Charter
2818:
2813:and Russian President
2796:Sierra Leone Civil War
2690:
2668:
2640:
2601:Article 2, paragraph 4
2495:
2458:Allied Control Council
2443:
2222:against Czechoslovakia
2193:
2178:
1926:Awards and decorations
1899:Peace through strength
1874:Low-intensity conflict
1508:Conscientious objector
1381:Area of responsibility
107:United Nations Charter
77:international legality
46:
4361:List of global issues
4196:Gaza–Israel conflict
4013:Desecration of graves
3993:Collective punishment
3237:Mussolini and Fascism
3235:Palla, Marco (2000).
2847:Nulla poena sine lege
2808:
2685:
2653:
2481:uncommon after 1945.
2477:. It has made formal
2220:(1939); and Germany,
2183:
513:Torpedo data computer
503:Ship gun fire-control
40:
4614:International courts
4515:Nuremberg principles
4416:‡ Does not apply to
4395:Crimes of aggression
4377:international crimes
4281:Sri Lankan Civil War
4080:Use of human shields
3978:humanitarian workers
3346:, 26, 3 (1974), 420.
2978:Nuremberg principles
2786:of aggression and a
2555:The Purposes of the
2534:Crimes against peace
2420:Crimes against Peace
2409:Nuremberg Principles
2396:crimes against peace
2044:Military occupations
1879:Military engineering
1781:Unrestricted Warfare
1638:Force multiplication
531:Military manoeuvrers
4561:Crime of aggression
4525:Genocide Convention
4259:Russo-Ukrainian War
3887:Civilian casualties
3333:, 15, 16 (1938), 4.
3266:State Crime Journal
2941:Crime against peace
2897:Crime of aggression
2576:breach of the peace
2364:Primary documents:
2309:Kellogg–Briand Pact
2125:crime of aggression
1730:Penal military unit
1715:Rules of engagement
1391:Command and control
1011:Operations research
475:Director (military)
465:Fire-control system
235:Command and control
116:Part of a series on
100:international crime
4566:Crime of apartheid
4505:Geneva Conventions
4356:War crime apologia
4276:Second Chechen War
3970:War crimes by type
3930:Military necessity
3925:Medical neutrality
3843:Protocol II (1977)
3808:Geneva Conventions
3759:List of war crimes
3614:2010-06-18 at the
3510:2015-09-12 at the
3486:2015-09-12 at the
3417:2007-09-25 at the
3397:2008-07-02 at the
2973:List of war crimes
2853:Slobodan Milošević
2844:. The doctrine of
2819:
2712:possibly contains
2587:self-determination
2499:William O. Douglas
2479:declaration of war
2416:Nuremberg Tribunal
2194:
1839:Counter-insurgency
1760:Command of the sea
1705:Jewish laws on war
1680:Geneva Conventions
1216:Divide and conquer
1006:Military operation
971:Tactical objective
470:Fire-control radar
447:Electronic-warfare
105:Article 39 of the
47:
18:Aggressive warfare
4721:
4720:
4547:international law
4510:Nuremberg Charter
4500:Hague Conventions
4441:
4440:
4410:
4409:
4351:War crimes trials
4185:War crimes by war
3965:
3964:
3945:Protected persons
3838:Protocol I (1977)
3684:Dinstein, Yoram.
3506:, p. 116, fn. 1,
3359:, 232 (1944), 50.
3246:978-1-56656-340-6
3147:978-0-521-13581-8
3054:978-0-19-925600-6
3003:War of liberation
2956:International law
2931:Right of conquest
2911:Review Conference
2842:international law
2780:war of aggression
2757:
2756:
2749:
2714:original research
2572:international law
2521:mentioned in the
2501:charged that the
2202:League of Nations
2117:
2116:
2009:Horses in warfare
1956:Anti-war movement
1859:Gunboat diplomacy
1849:Disaster response
1797:Philosophy of war
1792:Principles of war
1765:Deterrence theory
1710:Right of conquest
1633:Lanchester's laws
1401:Principles of war
1091:Counter-offensive
1071:Military campaign
976:Target saturation
899:Counterinsurgency
508:Gun data computer
442:Close air support
404:Aircraft carriers
94:, which followed
62:military conflict
53:, sometimes also
51:war of aggression
41:Colored Image of
16:(Redirected from
4761:
4681:Related concepts
4619:
4576:Genocidal intent
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4431:
4430:
4372:
4286:Syrian civil war
4229:2006 Lebanon War
4192:Afghanistan wars
3935:Prisoners of war
3776:
3771:humanitarian law
3741:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3713:(UN publication)
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3606:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3515:
3497:
3491:
3474:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3408:
3402:
3388:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3289:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3232:
3226:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3081:on 20 March 2012
3080:
3074:. Archived from
3073:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:inline citations
2705:
2704:
2697:
2622:Security Council
2448:Nuremberg Trials
2325:Nikolaos Politis
2224:(1938–1939) and
2216:(1935–1937) and
2214:against Ethiopia
2210:Benito Mussolini
2186:Benito Mussolini
2109:
2102:
2095:
1864:Humanitarian aid
1802:Security dilemma
1623:Power projection
1406:Economy of force
1386:Chain of command
1101:Defence in depth
1086:Commerce raiding
904:Defeat in detail
240:Defense ministry
144:
135:
134:
125:
113:
85:boundary dispute
21:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4693:Superior orders
4676:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4549:
4546:
4538:
4495:Peremptory norm
4477:
4472:
4442:
4437:
4418:airborne forces
4406:
4385:Atrocity crimes
4370:
4339:
4180:
4096:committed by...
4095:
4089:
3998:Criminal orders
3961:
3940:Proportionality
3898:Superior orders
3866:
3803:Geneva Protocol
3770:
3763:
3750:
3745:
3681:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3616:Wayback Machine
3607:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3537:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3512:Wayback Machine
3498:
3494:
3488:Wayback Machine
3475:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3419:Wayback Machine
3409:
3405:
3399:Wayback Machine
3389:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3011:
2946:Peremptory norm
2927:
2899:
2893:
2765:Resolution 3314
2753:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2673:
2667:
2645:
2515:
2442:
2387:
2287:(16 November),
2247:were signed in
2241:
2164:
2113:
2084:
2083:
2034:
2024:
2023:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1884:Multilateralism
1869:Law enforcement
1829:
1819:
1818:
1787:Just war theory
1745:
1735:
1734:
1685:Geneva Protocol
1655:
1645:
1644:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1251:Network-centric
1171:
1161:
1160:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1001:
991:
990:
939:Rapid dominance
844:
834:
833:
789:Electromagnetic
698:
688:
687:
674:
627:
575:
551:
541:
540:
536:Combat training
517:
494:
460:Combat systems:
456:
418:
414:Auxiliary ships
380:
340:
336:Military police
302:
225:
215:
214:
154:
128:
127:
126:
121:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4545:Crimes against
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4381:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4344:Related topics
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:United Kingdom
4168:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Hostage-taking
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Child soldiers
3985:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3951:Ruse de guerre
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3909:Hors de combat
3905:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3882:non-combatants
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3680:
3679:External links
3677:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3630:. 12 June 2010
3619:
3601:
3590:
3577:
3569:Yoram Dinstein
3561:
3548:
3544:The Law of War
3535:
3516:
3492:
3469:
3458:
3447:
3436:
3423:
3403:
3383:
3372:
3361:
3348:
3344:Soviet Studies
3335:
3322:
3318:Vilnius Region
3309:
3252:
3245:
3227:
3224:978-0719577130
3207:
3200:
3180:
3173:
3153:
3146:
3128:
3092:
3060:
3053:
3033:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Preventive war
2980:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2895:Main article:
2892:
2889:
2861:Charles Taylor
2815:Vladimir Putin
2811:George W. Bush
2755:
2754:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2557:United Nations
2514:
2511:
2486:Norman Birkett
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2333:Maxim Litvinov
2313:Little Entente
2283:(4 December),
2279:(4 December),
2253:Czechoslovakia
2240:
2237:
2163:
2160:
2123:refers to the
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Military terms
2046:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:Tripwire force
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1329:Administrative
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:New generation
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:Fleet in being
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1169:Grand strategy
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:Scorched earth
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Deep operation
1025:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1002:
997:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
957:
956:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
854:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
829:Unconventional
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
777:
775:Disinformation
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
746:
745:
740:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
699:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
668:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
621:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
574:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
552:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
526:Basic training
523:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
455:
454:
452:Reconnaissance
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
379:
378:
373:
371:Special forces
368:
363:
362:
361:
351:
346:
339:
338:
333:
328:
326:Reconnaissance
323:
318:
313:
308:
301:
300:
291:
286:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
195:
194:
193:
188:
178:
177:
176:
169:Post-classical
166:
161:
155:
150:
149:
146:
145:
137:
136:
118:
117:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4766:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Slave trading
4591:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:Yugoslav Wars
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:War in Donbas
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4176:United States
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:Mass killings
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Death marches
4006:
4004:
4003:Death flights
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Fourth (1949)
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Second (1949)
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:International
3766:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:Lyal S. Sunga
3659:
3656:
3655:Lyal S. Sunga
3653:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3201:9780231518192
3197:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3174:9781139445238
3170:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3107:Just Security
3103:
3096:
3093:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Voluntary war
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:Jus ad bellum
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2836:and the 2003
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2809:US President
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:Yugoslav Wars
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2710:This section
2708:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:In 1950, the
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2389:In 1945, the
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Warrior caste
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1906:Show of force
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Peacebuilding
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Air supremacy
1748:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Islamic rules
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Court-martial
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Arms industry
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Broken-backed
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Expeditionary
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
995:
994:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
894:Counterattack
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
837:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:Psychological
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Combined arms
753:
751:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
692:
691:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
628:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:Fortification
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
576:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
554:
553:
550:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
410:
409:Landing craft
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
295:
294:Standing army
292:
290:
287:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
218:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:
186:pike and shot
184:
183:
182:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
153:
148:
147:
143:
139:
138:
132:
124:
119:
115:
114:
111:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
75:Wars without
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:Danzig Police
39:
33:
19:
4739:Military law
4734:Wars by type
4535:Rome Statute
4422:paratroopers
4306:World War II
4205:2023–present
4154:Soviet Union
4112:
3982:parachutists
3980: /
3957:Safe conduct
3949:
3907:
3896: /
3855:Rome Statute
3828:Third (1949)
3818:First (1949)
3689:
3667:
3649:
3632:. Retrieved
3622:
3604:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:Opinio Juris
3529:
3519:
3501:
3495:
3477:
3472:
3461:
3455:The Rio Pact
3450:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3406:
3386:
3375:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3312:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3236:
3230:
3218:2001, p 247
3215:
3210:
3190:
3183:
3163:
3156:
3137:
3131:
3120:. Retrieved
3110:. New York:
3105:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3076:the original
3063:
3043:
3036:
3026:
2965:
2900:
2877:
2845:
2831:
2820:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2743:
2734:
2711:
2686:
2674:
2654:
2646:
2629:
2611:
2600:
2583:equal rights
2549:
2542:World War II
2528:Principle VI
2526:
2516:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2472:
2469:criminal law
2465:World War II
2462:
2446:
2444:
2424:Principle VI
2413:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2355:
2306:
2261:Soviet Union
2244:
2242:
2230:
2206:Adolf Hitler
2195:
2190:Adolf Hitler
2174:
2165:
2153:
2149:jurisdiction
2118:
2019:Fifth column
1999:War resister
1994:Women in war
1889:Peacekeeping
1834:Arms control
1779:
1468:Mobilization
1463:Conscription
1421:Intelligence
1374:Organization
1015:
944:Encirclement
824:Radiological
760:Conventional
614:Subterranean
521:Development:
520:
497:
459:
421:
384:Naval units:
383:
376:Signal corps
343:
321:Intelligence
306:Specialties:
305:
230:Organization
181:Early modern
104:
96:World War II
89:
74:
66:self-defense
54:
50:
48:
4301:World War I
4291:Tigray war‎
3976:Attacks on
3903:Distinction
3788:Lieber Code
3634:26 December
3272:: 104–125.
3214:Ben Walsh,
2988:Six-day war
2873:laws of war
2827:Warsaw Pact
2352:protection.
2273:Afghanistan
2233:Hans Kelsen
2162:Definitions
2143:to adopt a
2004:War studies
1827:Non-warfare
1755:Appeasement
1720:Martial law
1559:War economy
1498:Transgender
1451:Recruitment
1211:Containment
1096:Culminating
1076:Anti-access
999:Operational
919:Envelopment
862:Air assault
743:Air cavalry
703:Air defence
683:Information
584:Cold-region
549:Battlespace
498:Historical:
344:Land units:
270:Space force
265:Coast guard
198:Late modern
159:Prehistoric
4754:War crimes
4728:Categories
4598:Starvation
4333:Kosovo War
4252:Second war
4224:Korean War
4094:War crimes
4070:Starvation
4060:No quarter
3748:War crimes
3695:Amendments
3686:Aggression
3646:References
3482:, p. 132,
3122:2022-05-16
2869:war crimes
2834:Kosovo War
2776:aggression
2737:April 2022
2721:improve it
2677:Korean War
2630:Article 39
2612:Article 33
2474:jus cogens
2269:Yugoslavia
2145:resolution
2139:agreed by
2064:War crimes
2054:Operations
1961:Foot drill
1931:Battle cry
1844:deterrence
1503:Harassment
1478:Specialism
1301:Technology
1296:Succession
1241:Liberation
1176:Asymmetric
1111:Empty fort
1017:Blitzkrieg
986:Withdrawal
949:Investment
728:Camouflage
723:Biological
661:Underwater
636:Amphibious
555:Aerospace
422:Air units:
399:Submarines
208:fourth-gen
203:industrial
191:napoleonic
110:security".
4603:War crime
4247:First war
4210:by Israel
4200:2008–2009
4137:Palestine
4114:Wehrmacht
4048:Massacres
3878:Civilians
3304:182759859
2998:War crime
2725:verifying
2635:security.
2550:Article 1
2301:Lithuania
2158:in 1268.
2141:consensus
1951:War novel
1854:Grey-zone
1814:War games
1775:Overmatch
1725:War crime
1675:Desertion
1665:Ceasefire
1660:Armistice
1547:Logistics
1525:Mercenary
1513:Volunteer
1444:Personnel
1416:Engineers
1361:Sociology
1316:World war
1311:Total war
1291:Strategic
1281:Religious
1266:Political
1261:Perpetual
1236:Irregular
1151:Offensive
1126:Defensive
1121:Deception
1081:Attrition
929:Guerrilla
924:Formation
867:Airbridge
799:Loitering
713:Artillery
366:Artillery
316:Engineers
284:Irregular
255:Air force
4571:Genocide
4433:Category
4400:Genocide
4219:Iraq War
3612:Archived
3508:Archived
3504:, vol. 1
3484:Archived
3480:, vol. 2
3415:Archived
3395:Archived
3116:Archived
2961:Invasion
2925:See also
2838:Iraq War
2825:and the
2798:and the
2763:adopted
2606:Nations.
2418:defined
2317:Bulgaria
2228:(1939).
2156:Conradin
1966:War song
1941:War film
1574:Materiel
1493:Children
1473:Training
1411:Medicine
1396:Doctrine
1351:Training
1286:Resource
1271:Princely
1221:Economic
1206:Conquest
1201:Colonial
1196:Cold war
1181:Blockade
1061:Strategy
1033:Maneuver
794:Infantry
750:Chemical
604:Mountain
564:Airborne
427:Fighters
394:Warships
349:Infantry
275:Reserves
223:Military
70:just war
57:conquest
4483:Sources
4108:Germany
4103:Croatia
4075:Torture
4065:Perfidy
4043:Looting
3780:Sources
2915:Kampala
2865:Liberia
2719:Please
2591:peoples
2568:justice
2456:to the
2401:Finland
2293:Finland
2277:Estonia
2257:Romania
2218:Albania
2192:in 1940
2079:Writers
2074:Weapons
2039:Battles
1988:Related
1976:Wargame
1971:Uniform
1919:Culture
1700:Perfidy
1695:Justice
1616:Science
1601:Outpost
1554:History
1534:Warrior
1530:Soldier
1518:foreign
1456:counter
1356:Service
1306:Theater
1246:Limited
1226:Endemic
1141:Nuclear
909:Foxhole
884:Cavalry
872:Airdrop
857:Airlift
842:Tactics
814:Nuclear
804:Missile
733:Cavalry
718:Barrage
696:Weapons
656:Surface
437:Command
432:Bombers
389:Frogman
359:Cavalry
331:Medical
298:Militia
280:Regular
260:Marines
174:castles
164:Ancient
152:History
131:outline
60:, is a
55:war of
4588:Piracy
4420:(i.e.
4375:Other
4311:Allied
4166:Turkey
4161:Serbia
4149:Russia
4122:Israel
3915:Intent
3871:Topics
3302:
3294:
3243:
3222:
3198:
3171:
3144:
3085:14 May
3051:
2919:Uganda
2857:Serbia
2503:Allies
2488:said:
2430:, as:
2329:Moscow
2289:Poland
2285:Persia
2281:Latvia
2265:Turkey
2259:, the
2249:London
2226:Poland
2059:Sieges
1743:Theory
1483:Morale
1341:Policy
1336:Branch
1116:Mosaic
1106:Fabian
1048:Covert
981:Trench
966:Screen
889:Charge
879:Battle
852:Aerial
770:Denial
738:Horses
666:Seabed
619:Tunnel
599:Jungle
589:Desert
559:Aerial
4142:Hamas
4132:Japan
4127:Italy
3674:1996.
3300:S2CID
3292:JSTOR
3079:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
3009:Notes
2564:peace
2559:are:
2523:RSICC
2445:See:
2422:, in
2032:Lists
1488:Women
1426:Ranks
1346:Staff
1276:Proxy
1191:Class
1146:Naval
1131:Depth
961:Swarm
954:Siege
934:Naval
914:Drone
809:Music
784:Robot
780:Drone
765:Cyber
708:Armor
678:Cyber
651:Green
646:Brown
609:Urban
569:Space
490:Radar
485:Sonar
354:Armor
311:Staff
289:Ranks
4316:Axis
3880:and
3813:1864
3636:2011
3241:ISBN
3220:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3087:2012
3049:ISBN
2901:The
2859:and
2823:NATO
2647:The
2620:The
2585:and
2570:and
2267:and
2243:Two
2208:and
2196:The
2176:law.
2119:The
2069:Wars
1586:Base
1136:Goal
1043:Raid
641:Blue
579:Land
250:Navy
245:Army
3282:hdl
3274:doi
2913:in
2863:of
2855:of
2788:war
2784:act
2723:by
2589:of
2471:of
1653:Law
1596:FOB
1591:MOB
631:Sea
123:War
4730::
4424:)
3688:,
3571:,
3528:.
3298:.
3290:.
3280:.
3268:.
3264:.
3114:.
3104:.
3016:^
2921:.
2917:,
2771:.
2552::
2530:.a
2411:.
2361:.
2263:,
2255:,
1532:/
782:/
296:/
282:/
72:.
49:A
4467:e
4460:t
4453:v
3984:‡
3740:e
3733:t
3726:v
3638:.
3532:.
3514:.
3490:.
3421:.
3401:.
3306:.
3284::
3276::
3270:8
3249:.
3204:.
3177:.
3150:.
3125:.
3089:.
3057:.
2750:)
2744:(
2739:)
2735:(
2717:.
2578:;
2532:"
2450::
2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
133:)
129:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
