Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar - Knowledge (XXG)

1064: 620: 791:

Morad staying behind in Tehran. When the army arrived in Mazandaran, its people quickly surrendered to the Zands and the nobles defected. Agha Mohammad Khan and a few of his supporters fled to Astarabad, where he tried to fortify the city as much as possible. Meanwhile, Morteza Qoli changed his allegiance and began serving the Zand dynasty. Ali-Morad Khan then sent an army numbering 8,000 under his relative Mohammad Zahir Khan to Astarabad, and laid siege to the city. Agha Mohammad Khan had already stocked provisions in case of a siege. Every day his troops would try to lay waste to the countryside to limit the besiegers' provisions. This in the end made the besiegers' situation unsustainable, and allowed Agha Mohammad Khan to leave the city to attack them. Mohammad Zahir Khan fled towards the

1477:

possess any more of Nader Shah's riches. Agha Mohammad Shah, ruthless and revengeful, and with a desire for treasure, did not believe him. He had Shahrokh Shah hurt severely to confess the hidden locations of the last gems that had passed down to him from his grandfather. Shahrokh, however, refused to speak. Agha Mohammad Shah was personally involved in the torture and on one occasion he had Shahrokh tied to a chair, his head shaved and a crown of thick paste built on his head. He then poured a jug of molten lead into the crown. A number of Shahrokh's servants, who were struck with misery for their previous monarch, sent an admired mullah of the city to make an emotional appeal to Agha Mohammad Shah in support of Shahrokh and Shahrokh was sent to Mazandaran with his family. Shahrokh died at

860:

January 1786. He was, however, defeated by local tribal chieftains, among them Khosrow Khan and Mohammad Hosayn Khan Qaragozlu. Jafar Khan then withdrew to Isfahan to deal with a rebellion by the chiefs of Jandaq, who marched towards the city. The chiefs were defeated and submitted to Jafar Khan. When Agha Mohammad Khan heard about the Zand invasion of Isfahan and its surroundings, he quickly moved towards the city, which made Jafar Khan retreat to Shiraz once again. Agha Mohammad Khan then appointed Jafar Qoli Khan as the city's governor. However, the governor of Zanjan revolted shortly afterward, which forced Agha Mohammad Khan to go back north, where he suppressed the latter's revolt and pardoned him.

878: 869:

Khan and his men easily managed to enter Gilan. While he was marching towards Rasht, he was joined by a local ruler named Mehdi Beg Khalatbari and other people. Furthermore, the Russian consul in Gilan betrayed Hedayat-Allah by providing weapons to Agha Mohammad Khan. Hedayat-Allah once again tried to flee to Shirvan, but was captured by men sent by a local ruler named Agha Ali Shafti (or another local ruler according to some sources), who killed him to avenge the slaughter of his family a few years earlier. Gilan was now completely under Qajar rule. Besides the conquest of Gilan, the second most valuable thing for Agha Mohammad Khan was Hedayat-Allah's treasure.

1603:, a prominent emir, interceded on their behalf, but was not listened to. The shah, however, ordered their execution to be postponed until Saturday, as this happened to be the evening of Friday (the Islamic holy day), and ordered them back to their duties in the royal pavilion, unfettered and unchained, awaiting their execution the next day. From experience, however, they knew that the King would keep to what he had ordered, and, having no hope, they turned to boldness. When the shah was sleeping, they were joined by the valet Abbas Mazandarani, who was in the plot with them, and the three invaded the royal pavilion and with dagger and knife murdered the shah. 1088: 1344: 898:

of Isfahan. However, Jafar Khan easily defeated them. Ali Qoli thereafter retreated to Kashan. Jafar Khan was then able to occupy Isfahan on October 20. Agha Mohammad Khan, learning of this, marched rapidly towards Isfahan, which led Jafar Khan withdraw to Shiraz once again and reached the city on November 30. Agha Mohammad Khan returned to Tehran rather than attacking Shiraz again. Jafar Khan was murdered on 23 January 1789, which started a four-month civil war between several Zand princes who fought for succession to the throne. In May Jafar Khan's son

1018: 1036:, the popular governor of Shiraz, used Lotf Ali Khan's absence from the city to stage a coup, while his brother Mohammad-Hosayn Shirazi, who was the Zand ruler's general, mutinied along with many other troops. Lotf Ali Khan rushed to Shiraz, but when he arrived at the city, its inhabitants refused to open the gates. He went into the mountains and raised an army large enough to capture Shiraz. Hajji Ebrahim then sent an emissary to Agha Mohammad Khan, asking him to become the ruler of Fars, offering to give him 3,000 641:, where his first task was to set up his suzerainty among his Quwanlu brothers. This resulted in a clash with his brothers Reza Qoli and Morteza Qoli, whom he defeated on 2 April, conquering Mazandaran. Meanwhile, Morteza Qoli fled to Astarabad, where he fortified himself. Agha Mohammad Khan could not simply storm the city, since starting a war with Morteza Qoli would mean that his frail alliance with the Develu could fall apart—Morteza Qoli's mother was a Develu. At the same time, the Zand prince 782:, which he also seized.In autumn they returned to Mazandaran. In the spring of 1783, Agha Mohammad Khan besieged Tehran, a town under Zand control which had proved troublesome. During the siege, plague started spreading in the town, and thereafter to Agha Mohammad Khan's army camp outside the city, which forced him to lift the siege. He marched back to Ali Bolagh, a summer house near Damghan. Agha Mohammad Khan then returned to Mazandaran and spent the winter there. 1673: 543: 1664:) of the army. Only one person occupied each post during Agha Mohammad Shah's reign; Hajji Ebrahim, who served as grand vizier; Mirza Ismail, who served as the chief revenue officer, and Mirza Asad-Allah Nuri, who served as muster-master. Since Agha Mohammad Shah was primarily busy with his military expeditions, his court was constantly his camp, and Hajji Ebrahim, along with other officials, usually participated in his campaigns. 889:), had recently defeated Jafar Khan and seized many riches, invaded Qajar territory, and marched towards Isfahan. Jafar Qoli Khan, who was still the governor of Isfahan, left the city before Taqi Khan could reach it and defeated the latter. Agha Mohammad Khan then went southwards once again. He met Jafar Qoli Khan at Isfahan in 1788, and after some time, made Taqi Khan accept Qajar suzerainty, and thereafter punished some 1112:. Agha Mohammad Khan set foot in Shiraz on 21 July 1792, and stayed there for a month, maintaining his retinue in the Bagh-e Vakil. Before leaving Shiraz, he appointed Hajji Ebrahim as the governor of Fars, and had the body of Karim Khan Zand exhumed and reburied in Tehran, where he went after his stay in Shiraz. Forces were sent to Kerman, Sistan, and Bam (although Qajar rule was not solidified in the last two places). 1292:, eventually surrendered to Agha Mohammad Khan after discussions. He paid a regular tribute and surrendered hostages, though the Qajar forces were still denied entrance to Shusha. Since the main objective was Georgia, Agha Mohammad Khan was willing to have Karabakh secured by this agreement for now, for he and his army subsequently moved further. While at Ganja, having secured Shirvan, he was joined by 52: 668:, where he encircled Agha Mohammad Khan's house and captured him after a fight lasting several hours. When Morteza Qoli learned of this, he marched to Babol on 1 January 1781 with an army of Turkmens and released Agha Mohammad Khan. The three brothers tried to settle their differences; Agha Mohammad Khan and Reza Qoli succeeded, while Morteza Qoli was discontented and fled to Ali-Morad Khan in 1363:, with half of the army he crossed the Aras river. Some estimate his army had 40,000 men instead of 35,000. They attacked the heavily fortified Georgian positions of Heraclius II and Solomon on the southwestern limits of the city. Abandoned by several of his nobles, Heraclius II managed to mobilize around 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 auxiliaries from the neighbouring 386: 1749:, built several buildings, one of them being a palace for the governor. Furthermore, he also improved the overall condition of the city. He did something similar in Babol, Ashraf and Sari. Of all these constructions and reparations, his best and most lasting achievement is debatably making Tehran his capital, which to this day is the country's capital and largest city. 1301:

desire at all for our subjects to perish by our own hand...It is now our great will that you, an intelligent man, abandon such things... and break relations with the Russians. If you do not carry out this order, then we shall shortly carry out a campaign against Georgia, we will shed both Georgian and Russian blood and out of it will create rivers as big as the

1493:. He reunited the territory of contemporary Iran and the Caucasus region which had been part of the concept of Iran for centuries. He was, however, a man of extreme violence who killed almost all who could threaten his hold on power, a trait he showed in several of his campaigns. A year after Agha Mohammad Khan re-subjugated the Caucasus, he also captured 1434: 1153:

city fell on 24 October, and Lotf Ali Khan quickly fled to Bam. However, the chief of Bam gave Lotf Ali Khan to the Qajars and ordered Lotf Ali Khan to be killed. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar took revenge on the people of Kerman by ordering the eyes of 20,000 of the inhabitants. The city was brutally sacked and many beautiful buildings destroyed.

823:, only to be defeated by Agha Mohammad Khan. Ali-Morad Khan died on 11 February 1785. When Agha Mohammad Khan heard of his death, he went to Tehran to try to capture it. When he reached the city, the inhabitants quickly closed the gates, and told him that they would open the gate only for the king of Iran, who according to them was 1381:. In a few hours, Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital, which was then completely sacked and its population massacred. The Iranian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off some 15,000 captives. The Georgians had lost 4,000 men in the battle, the Iranians 13,000; a third of their total force. 1719:

evaluation, which was written some years after his death, says the following: "His army was inured to fatigue, and regularly paid; he had introduced excellent arrangement into all its Departments, and his known severity occasioned the utmost alacrity and promptness in the execution of orders, and had

1476:

However, things quickly changed. Agha Mohammad Shah ordered the exhumation of Nader Shah's corpse, and had it sent to Tehran, where it was reburied alongside Karim Khan Zand's corpse. He then forced Shahrokh to give him any riches that originally belonged to Nader Shah. Shahrokh swore that he did not

1371:

and thus distantly related to Heraclius II. The Georgians offered a desperate resistance and succeeded in rolling back a series of Iranian attacks on 9 and 10 September. After that, it is said that some traitors informed the Iranians that the Georgians had no more strength to fight and the Qajar army

1244:

Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Iran secure, the Iranians demanded the Georgian monarch Heraclius II renounce his treaty with Russia and re-accept Iranian suzerainty, in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. The Ottomans, Iran's

948:

acknowledged his authority. Lotf Ali Khan once again left Shiraz in order to stop Agha Mohammad Khan's advance, but the Qajar ruler withdrew to Qazvin and its surroundings, where he had to resolve some problems. Agha Mohammad Khan later quarreled with Jafar Qoli Khan, who saw himself as the best heir

897:

With Agha Mohammad Khan once again in the north, in autumn Jafar Khan began raising an army to prepare another attack against Isfahan and its surroundings. Jafar left Shiraz on September 20 and marched towards Isfahan. When Ali Qoli learned of it he sent a group of tribesmen to Qumishah, a city south

790:

The next year Ali-Morad Khan, in retaliation for Agha Mohammad Khan's attack on Tehran the previous year sent a huge army reportedly numbering 60,000 to Mazandaran in June 1784, aiming to crush the Qajars once and for all. His 15-year-old son Sheikh Veis Khan was put in command of the army, with Ali

1152:

invited Lotf Ali Khan to return and expel the Qajar yoke. With their help, Lotf Ali Khan returned to Kerman and captured the city on 30 March. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar quickly heard of this and marched towards Kerman on May 14. The siege lasted four months and took a toll on Kerman's population. The

1095:

The inhabitants of Shiraz now faced extreme hardship from the siege, and it was questionable if they would endure. Large parts of Fars were ravaged by warfare, and for three to four years a pandemic had spread around the landscape. Albeit Lotf Ali Khan's forces had gone through as much difficulty as

868:

Agha Mohammad Khan now had to focus on Gilan because Hedayat-Allah Khan had returned to the province (allegedly with Russian help) since the Qajar invasion of the province in 1782. In Agha Mohammad Khan's eyes, the whole Caspian coast was under threat by Hedayat-Allah and the Russians. Agha Mohammad

1388:

I therefore pursued my way, paved as it were, with carcases, and entered Tiflis by the gate of Tapitag: but what was my consternation on finding here the bodies of women and children slaughtered by the sword of the enemy; to say nothing about the men, of whom I saw more than a thousand, as I should

1376:

and outflanked the decimated Georgian army. Heraclius II attempted to mount a counterattack, but he had to retreat to the last available positions in the outskirts of Tbilisi. By nightfall, the Georgian forces had been exhausted and almost completely destroyed. The last surviving Georgian artillery

1321:

ruled over the province of Georgia. When in the days of the deceased king we were engaged in conquering the provinces of Iran, we did not proceed to this region. As most of the provinces of Iran have come into our possession now, you must, according to ancient law, consider Georgia (Gurjistan) part

1300:

Your Highness knows that for the past 100 generations you have been subject to Iran; now we deign to say with amazement that you have attached yourself to the Russians, who have no other business than to trade with Iran... Last year you forced me to destroy a number of Georgians, although we had no

1234:

or Gilan. It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever was necessary in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands. This included putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on

1083:

Lotf Ali Khan let the reinforcements arrive to Shiraz, expecting that as soon as the forces of Hajji Ebrahim were strengthened, they would come out of Shiraz, and could be overwhelmed in open battle. He was correct in his prediction—a battle shortly took place to the west of Shiraz, where Lotf Ali

1079:

in late October and captured it. He then marched to the countryside outside Shiraz and prepared to starve the city. Some time later, the Qajar army from the nearby garrison attacked Lotf Ali Khan's men and were winning—until Lotf Ali Khan himself decided to participate in the battle, and the Qajar

676:

in Shiraz. He died in Khorasan. His former supporters then went to Agha Mohammad Khan and began serving him. At that time, Agha Mohammad Khan had once again become involved in a conflict with his brother Reza Qoli, whom he defeated in several battles, and thereafter established peace with him once

521:

over the western part of Nader Shah's former empire. He was, however, defeated in 1759 by a Zand army. He was betrayed by his own followers and thereafter, killed by his old rival, Mohammad Khan of Savadkuh. Due to Agha Mohammad Khan's castration, his brother Hossein Qoli Khan was appointed as the

1449:

Agha Mohammad Shah first marched to Astarabad, and penalized the Turkmens who had been pillaging the city and its surroundings. He then continued to Mashhad, where the local chieftains, who knew it was hopeless to resist, swiftly acknowledged his rule. Agha Mohammad Shah also demanded these local

893:

tribes, who fled into the mountains. Agha Mohammad Khan then approached Shiraz, where he hoped to bait Jafar Khan out of the city, which was strongly fortified, making it very hard to besiege. Unfortunately for him, Jafar Khan remained in the city. Agha Mohammad Khan returned to Isfahan, where he

1731:

also says the following thing about him: "Agha Mohammad had likewise the talent of forming good and brave troops. His active and ambitious disposition kept his army constantly engaged; and they acquired a veteran hardihood and expertness, that rendered them superior to any other Asiatic troops."

590:

epic. Two of Agha Mohammad Khan's brothers who were at Qazvin were also sent to Shiraz during this period. In February 1769, Karim Khan appointed Hossein Qoli Khan as the governor of Damghan. When Hossein Qoli Khan reached Damghan, he immediately began a fierce conflict with the Develu and other

1040:

if he accepted; he immediately did. When Agha Mohammad Khan arrived at Fars, he appointed Hajji Ebrahim as the governor of the whole province, and sent one of his men to take Lotf Ali Khan's family to Tehran, and take the possessions of the Zand family. Furthermore, he also ordered Baba Khan to

935:

Now that the Zand dynasty was no longer under the rule of Jafar Khan Zand, Agha Mohammad Khan saw an opportunity to capture Shiraz once and for all. He marched towards the city, and as he neared it, was attacked by Lotf Ali Khan. A battle was fought on 25 June 1789, which ended in Lotf Ali Khan

859:

Some time later, while Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was campaigning against the Bakhtiaris, Jafar Khan quickly marched towards Isfahan and re-captured it (although the citadel of Tabrak held out for four months). He then sent troops towards Kashan and Qom, while he marched towards Hamadan in early

851:

and Turkic chieftains to submit to Qajar rule. On 12 March 1786, Agha Mohammad Khan made Tehran his capital. By then the city had a population of 15,000–30,000 people. It appears that during this period, Agha Mohammad Khan saw himself as the king of Iran, although he avoided using the title

750:. With no ships, Agha Mohammad Khan was unable to retake the island. Instead, he tricked Voinovich and some of his men into meeting him at Astarabad for a banquet on December 26, where they were held as captives until Voinovich agreed to order his men to leave Ashurada on January 13, 1782. 460:

to the city in order to capture him. Although he failed to capture Hasan, Adel Shah managed to capture Agha Mohammad Khan, whom he planned to kill. He later chose to spare Agha Mohammad Khan's life and instead had him castrated and thereafter freed. While the common spelling of "Agha"

1103:

At first, this choice seemed to be in Lotf Ali Khan's favor—he was certain that the Qajars were routed. In his delight at this, he let his men spread out and rest for the night, only to discover at daybreak that Agha Mohammad Khan still held his ground. Lotf Ali Khan then fled to

1740:

Agha Mohammad Shah did not construct or repair much during his reign, due to the campaigns and battles which occupied his time. In Tehran, he ordered the creation of a mosque named the Masjid-e Shah (meaning "the Shah's mosque"), while in Mashhad he ordered the reparation of the

1063: 1459:

Shortly afterwards, Agha Mohammad Shah sent a force of 8,000 soldiers under Suleiman Khan Qajar, followed by Mirza Mehdi, to conquer Mashhad and affirm its citizens of the Shah's generosity. A day later, Agha Mohammad Shah, followed the customary of the famous Iranian shah

799:

allies and was brutally killed. Only a few of his men managed to survive. On 14 November Agha Mohammad marched from Astarabad into Mazandaran and defeated a Zand force at Ashraf. The Zands were unable to defend Sari and Sheikh Veis Khan fled to Tehran on November 23.

1096:

the forces of Hajji Ebrahim whose forces had begun to desert to the Zands. Agha Mohammad Khan thus raised a large army and marched into Fars. On 5 June 1792, Lotf Ali Khan, with a small force of his men, made a bold night raid on Agha Mohammad Khan's encampment near

573:

Agha Mohammad Khan was looked upon more as a respected guest in Karim Khan's court than a captive. Furthermore, Karim Khan also acknowledged Agha Mohammad Khan's political knowledge and sought his advice on interests of the state. He called Agha Mohammad Khan his

753:

A year later Agha Mohammad Khan invaded Gilan, because its ruler Hedayat-Allah had changed his allegiance to the Zand dynasty. Hedayat-Allah then sent two diplomats, Mirza Sadeq and Agha Sadeq Lahiji, to Agha Mohammad to make peace. As a precaution he went to

1626:. Regardless, he was a determined figure and attempted to hide his frailty. Due to his small stature, he could be mistaken for a young boy from a far enough distance. This seemingly annoyed him to a great extent, especially if a person kept looking at him. 1389:

suppose, lying dead in one little tower! The city was almost entirely consumed, and still continued to smoke in different places; and the stench from the putrefying, together with the heat which prevailed, was intolerable, and certainly infectious.

827:, who had succeeded Ali-Morad Khan. Thus Agha Mohammad Khan had to defeat Jafar Khan to be recognized as the king of Iran. He thereafter quickly marched towards Isfahan. Jafar Khan sent men to stop his advance towards the city, but they withdrew at 522:

new chieftain of the Quwanlu instead. Shortly thereafter Astarabad fell under the control of Karim Khan, who appointed a Develu named Hossein Khan Develu as its governor. Meanwhile, Agha Mohammad Khan and his brother Hossein Qoli Khan fled to the

809: 416:

since the dynasty's earliest days. The tribe had several other branches, one of the most prominent ones being the Develu, which often fought against the Quwanlu. Agha Mohammad Khan was the eldest son of the chieftain of the Quwanlu clan,

566:, lived. Agha Mohammad Khan's half-brothers Morteza Qoli Khan and Mostafa Qoli Khan were granted permission to live in Astarabad, due to their mother being the sister of the governor of the city. His remaining brothers were sent to 1372:

cancelled their plan of returning to Iran. Early on 11 September, Agha Mohammad Khan personally led an all-out offensive against the Georgians. Amid an artillery duel and a fierce cavalry charge, the Iranians managed to cross the

842:

chieftains under his suzerainty. He then left for Tehran on September 2, appointing a former Zand commander to govern. When he arrived at Tehran, the town finally submitted to him. At the same time, his men captured

936:

withdrawing to Shiraz while Agha Mohammad Khan followed him and besieged the city. The siege lasted until 7 September. He set up an encampment and returned to Tehran, where he stayed until the end of the ensuing

1377:

briefly held the advancing Iranians to allow Heraclius II and his retinue of some 150 men to escape through the city to the mountains. The fighting continued in the streets of Tbilisi and at the fortress of

1080:

army was defeated. When Agha Mohammad Khan learned of this, he sent 7,000 horsemen to reinforce Hajji Ebrahim's forces, and also ordered the surviving Qajar forces from the nearby garrison to do the same.

1563:, Agha Mohammad Khan successfully expanded Iranian influence into the Caucasus, reasserting Iranian sovereignty over its former dependencies in the region. He was, however, a notoriously cruel ruler, who 1120:

Lotf Ali Khan had fled to Khorasan and received help from the chief of Tabas. With this help, he returned in September and marched towards Yazd. The governor of Yazd sent an army to defeat him, but near

1260:

with a 70,000-strong army. This force was divided in three: the left wing was sent in the direction of Erivan, the right one parallel to the Caspian Sea into the Mughan across the lower Aras towards

835:. Jafar Khan then fled to Shiraz. Agha Mohammad arrived at Isfahan on May 2, where he discovered what was left of the Zand treasure and Jafar Khan's harem. The Qajar troops then looted the city. 554:

During his stay, Agha Mohammad Khan was treated kindly and honorably by Karim Khan, who made him convince his kinsmen to lay down their arms, which they did. Karim Khan then settled them in

838:

During the summer of 1785, Agha Mohammad Khan made the city his headquarters for his expeditions in Persian Iraq. He left Isfahan on July 7 on a campaign in which he managed to bring the

268: 1715:

Agha Mohammad Shah was more of a military leader than politician, and was known for his determined sovereignty, instead of a charismatic one. His military prowess was highly noticeable—

949:

of the Qajar dynasty. Agha Mohammad had him executed, which he believed necessary having seen in the Zand family how quickly a dynasty could decline due to disputes over the throne.

1249:, pleading for at least 3,000 Russian troops, but he was not listened to, leaving Georgia to fend off the Iranian threat alone. Nevertheless, Heraclius II still rejected the Khan's 3610: 2865:

Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination.

990: 633:. Meanwhile, in Shiraz, people were fighting among themselves. In Tehran, Agha Mohammad Khan met the main chieftains of the Develu clan, with whom he made peace. He visited the 3605: 1220:

under his rule. Like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, he viewed the territories no differently than those in mainland Iran. Georgia was a province of Iran the same way

606:

tribe with whom he had clashed. On 1 March 1779, while Agha Mohammad Khan was hunting, he was informed by Khadija Begum that Karim Khan had died after six months of illness.

1245:

neighboring rival, recognized Iran's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries. Heraclius II appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress

3550: 1707:. Governorship of provinces went for the most part to tribal chieftains—this was later changed by Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, who appointed many of his relatives as governors. 452:

When Nader Shah died in 1747, the Afsharid rule of Iran fell apart, which gave Mohammad Hasan an opportunity to seize Astarabad for himself, leading Nader Shah's nephew

526:. One year later, Agha Mohammad Khan made an incursion against Astarabad, but was forced to flee, chased by the city's governor. Agha Mohammad Khan managed to reach 619: 1567:

to ashes, while massacring and carrying away its Christian population, much as he had done with his Muslim subjects. He based his strength on tribal manpower like

653:'s son Mahmud Khan to Mazandaran, which Agha Mohammad Khan's brother Jafar Qoli Khan managed to repel. Agha Mohammad Khan, together with Hossein Qoli Khan's sons 1599:

servant named Sadegh Gorji and the valet Khodadad Esfahani. They raised their voices to such a pitch that the shah became angry and ordered both to be executed.

1048:

also took this opportunity to defect to the Qajars, although the reason for doing so is disputed. Sheikh Naser II managed to establish control over Dashtestan,

1410:, but after the latter's death in 1772 had become a pawn of the chieftains who had taken control of the surrounding cities and towns of the Afsharid capital of 1197:

The country of Georgia had been under Iranian vassalage for the first time in the early modern era in 1502, and under intermittent Iranian rule and suzerainty

913:

It was also during this period that Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned (however still not crowned) and named his nephew Baba Khan (who would later be known as

3590: 3560: 1468:, whilst being teary eyed and kissing the ground. His pilgrimage continued for 23 days, where he seemed to be unaware of the politics of the country. 1618:

Agha Mohammad Khan's castration at the age of six had left him permanently damaged, both physically and mentally. His body was sick and weak. He had

108: 3545: 3555: 3344: 1528:

had expanded the town and built palaces there. One of the main reasons noted for moving the capital farther south was to remain in close reach of

1343: 877: 1322:

of the empire, and appear before our majesty. You have to conform your obedience; then you may remain in the possession of your governorship (

1296:

and the rest of his right wing contingent. At Ganja, Mohammad Khan sent Heraclius II his last ultimatum, which he received in September 1795:

3181: 2725: 2666: 2627: 2108: 1972: 1230:

states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of

1208:

For Agha Mohammad Khan, the resubjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian Empire was part of the same process that had brought

3570: 3051: 3018: 2925: 1450:

chieftains to dispatch him hostages, who were sent to Tehran. When Agha Mohammad Shah reached Mashhad, Shahrokh, along with a prominent

831:

without putting up any resistance. Jafar Khan then sent an even larger Zand army towards Agha Mohammad Khan, who defeated the army near

3575: 3128: 2971: 2899: 2837: 2279: 1780: 3061: 3028: 3004: 2935: 2472: 2340: 1808: 267: 1456:

named Mirza Mehdi, went to the Qajar encampment. There they were warmly received by Agha Mohammad Shah's nephew Hossein Qoli Khan.

722:, his vassal. He thereafter granted land in Semnan to his brother Ali Qoli as a reward for his help in the conquest of the cities. 2961: 1087: 690:

Peace did not last long. Ali-Morad Khan soon invaded Mazandaran, which led Agha Mohammad Khan to march from Babol with an army of

3585: 2330: 1284:

into an alliance. Having abandoned the siege of Shusha due to stiff resistance, which was further aided by Georgian crown prince

2888:

From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813

337:, Agha Mohammad Khan was enthroned as the king of Iran in 1789, but was not officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed 2552: 819:

Meanwhile, Ali-Morad Khan had raised another group of Zand troops, which he sent to Mazandaran under the command of his cousin

3109: 2584: 2421: 1591:, three days after he had taken the city, and less than three years after he had taken power. According to Hasan-e Fasa'i's' 1084:

Khan defeated the united forces of Hajji Ebrahim and his Qajar reinforcements. This took place in late 1791, or early 1792.

3540: 1801:

Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries

1689: 965:. He appointed Baba Khan as the governor of Persian Iraq and marched into Azerbaijan in the spring of 1791. He stopped at 1384:

An eyewitness, having entered the city several days the bulk of the Iranian troops had withdrawn, described what he saw:

467:) is usually used as a title roughly translated to "Sir" or "Mister", Agha Mohammad Khan's title is differently spelled ( 3565: 1285: 2083:

Struggle for supremacy between the Zands and the Qajars, 1193-1209 A.H. / 1779-1794 A.D. : a society in transition

412:

tribes that emerged and spread in Asia Minor around the tenth and eleventh centuries. They later supplied power to the

360:

Agha Mohammad Khan's reign is noted for the return of a centralized and unified Iran and for relocating the capital to

3615: 3580: 3337: 3229: 1324: 1237: 1017: 1075:

In the meantime, Lotf Ali Khan had defeated the men sent by Hajji Ebrahim and had advanced towards the stronghold of

762:

and seized its riches. Rejoicing in his victory, he sent his brother Jafar Qoli Khan to conquer the northern part of

3393: 3304: 3140: 1556: 885:

Some time later a local ruler named Amir Mohammad Khan, who with another local ruler named Taqi Khan (the ruler of

746:. When Agha Mohammad Khan refused, Voinovich ignored his refusal and went on to establish an interim settlement on 62: 1332:

His advisors divided, Heraclius II ignored the ultimatum but sent couriers to St.Petersburg. Gudovich, who sat in

1133:

in early October. The Qajar force sent against him wasted time besieging Abarkuh and Lotf Ali captured Stahbanat,

1032:

While Agha Mohammad Khan was conquering Azerbaijan, Lotf Ali Khan used the opportunity to attack Isfahan. However

550:, the royal residence of the Zand dynasty, where Agha Mohammad Khan spent most of his time during his "captivity". 1226: 1161: 739: 694:

and Qajars and attack Ali-Morad Khan, whom he managed to repel from the province. Agha Mohammad Khan then seized

418: 234: 3595: 3504: 3101: 3014: 2464: 902:

emerged the victor in this civil war. Lotf Ali Khan fled to Bushehr and managed to recruit the local chiefs of

3467: 1145:

and besieged the fortress but was soon informed of the Qajar army sent against him and fled back to Khorasan.

372:

campaigns. However, he is also viewed as a pragmatic, calculating, and shrewd military and political leader.

3600: 3399: 3387: 3288: 2911: 2873: 2849: 2558: 1583:

Agha Mohammad's successful reign was short-lived, as he was assassinated in 1797 in his tent in the city of

1398:

Agha Mohammad Shah now focused on Khorasan, which was under the rule of Nader Shah's blind and old grandson

442: 438: 289: 758:. The diplomats were unable to come to favorable terms with Agha Mohammad Khan, who raided Gilan's capital 3330: 1629:

He was interested in hunting and literature. During the night when Agha Mohammad Khan was on his bed, the

1246: 974: 634: 364:, where it still stands today. He is noted for his cruel and rapacious behavior, particularly during his 3492: 3486: 3443: 3437: 1505:, was tortured to death because Agha Mohammad Khan thought that he knew of Nadir's legendary treasures. 1337: 1033: 1025: 114: 1060:

from January to June 1792, but his attempt to capture it failed and he returned to Bushehr on June 27.

993:. He finally went to Qaradagh, where he brought an end to all resistance against him. He appointed the 353:

Afshar, and hence was childless. He was assassinated on 17 June 1797, and was succeeded by his nephew,

3535: 3530: 2271: 2103: 1728: 1313:, Ḥasan-e Fasāʼi, a contemporary Qajar era historian, Agha Mohammad Khan had declared in the letter: 1067:

Defeat of Lotf 'Ali Khan by Agha Mohammad Khan; the city of Shiraz in the background. Folio from the

894:

appointed his brother Ali Qoli as its governor, succeeding Jafar Qoli Khan. He then left for Tehran.

742:

to the coast of Gorgan, where he arrived on August 10 and sought approval to build a trading-post at

1336:

at the time, instructed Heraclius II to avoid "expense and fuss", while Heraclius II, together with

3381: 3375: 3314: 2436: 1607: 1564: 1289: 1157: 998: 914: 684: 654: 642: 638: 446: 422: 406: 365: 354: 100: 1276:, which he besieged between 8 July and 9 August 1795. His right and left wing forced the Khans of 3215: 2883: 2456: 2268:

The Persian Gulf: Rise of the Gulf Arabs, The Politics of Trade on the Persian Littoral 1747-1792

1600: 1541: 1529: 1415: 1407: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1302: 715: 691: 498: 2098: 726:

First conflict with the Russians, dispute with Gilan, and the invasion of northern Persian Iraq

3246: 3238: 3177: 3157: 3124: 3105: 3057: 3024: 3000: 2967: 2931: 2895: 2833: 2827: 2721: 2662: 2656: 2623: 2468: 2417: 2411: 2336: 2275: 1968: 1804: 1776: 1461: 1221: 962: 903: 547: 542: 486: 179: 3198:

Kondo, Nobuaki (2019). "How to Found a New Dynasty: The Early Qajars' Quest for Legitimacy".

3095: 3067: 3034: 2994: 3431: 3405: 3234: 3207: 3145: 2891: 2715: 1742: 1683:

During Agha Mohammad Shah's reign, provincial administration followed the same model of the

1672: 1588: 1516:

to Tehran. He was the first Iranian ruler to make Tehran—the successor to the great city of

1494: 1465: 1438: 1273: 1202: 907: 839: 820: 665: 650: 506: 434: 280: 2993:

Hambly, Gavin R.G (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty".

738:

with Iran in order to be able to trade with regions deep into Asia, sent an emissary under

445:, Mostafa Qoli Khan, Reza Qoli Khan, Jafar Qoli Khan, Mehdi Qoli Khan, Abbas Qoli Khan and 3461: 1684: 1537: 1498: 1352: 1198: 986: 958: 824: 813: 673: 161: 3084: 2574: 940:. On 17 May 1790, Agha Mohammad Khan once again marched towards Shiraz. When he reached 534:, ruled by Karim Khan. Hossein Qoli Khan was also soon captured and sent to Karim Khan. 3169: 3149: 2957: 1766: 1560: 1403: 1281: 1169: 1165: 970: 890: 792: 731: 502: 490: 1962: 1041:

establish a garrison in nearby Shiraz to be prepared to help Hajji Ebrahim if needed.

3524: 3455: 3353: 3297: 3266: 3219: 1772:

Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia

1657: 1648:

The bureaucracy remained small during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah—apart from the

1399: 1277: 1231: 978: 941: 899: 707: 623: 402: 338: 334: 322: 244: 224: 172: 134: 90: 1720:

he lived a few more years, it is difficult to conjecture the progress of his arms."

1536:

territories in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, at that time not yet ceded to

1268:, while the Shah headed the centre force himself, advancing towards the fortress of 1125:

they fled back to Yazd before an engagement even took place. Lotf Ali then captured

2871:

Bakhash, S. (1983). "Administration in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods".

2570: 1716: 1676: 1649: 1568: 1525: 1414:. The most prominent of these chieftains was most likely Eshaq Khan, who preserved 1181: 1049: 1022: 966: 779: 763: 699: 558:. In 1763, Agha Mohammad Khan and Hossein Qoli Khan were sent to the Zand capital, 510: 413: 342: 3053:

Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896

51: 17: 2977: 2941: 2617: 1770: 3498: 3449: 2921: 735: 695: 575: 300: 203: 2619:

The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)

3211: 2996:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

1513: 1509: 1502: 1490: 1333: 1293: 1257: 1097: 1053: 518: 514: 430: 426: 326: 150: 77: 41: 3250: 3161: 1595:, during Agha Mohammad's stay in Shusha, one night a quarrel arose between a 926:

War with Lotf Ali Khan, family disputes, and the first invasion of Azerbaijan

401:

around 1742. He belonged to the Quwanlu (also spelled Qawanlu) branch of the

1652:, the leading figures of the administration were the chief revenue officer ( 1631: 1596: 1517: 1250: 1201:, but had been de facto independent after the disintegration of the Iranian 1149: 767: 747: 599: 587: 453: 409: 385: 350: 130: 1340:

and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians.

808: 489:

suffered heavily from war among rival chieftains and from invasions by the

2081: 1799:

Fukasawa, Katsumi; Kaplan, Benjamin J.; Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).

1724: 1619: 1533: 1521: 1452: 1378: 1318: 1261: 945: 743: 679: 629:

Agha Mohammad Khan took with him a group of loyal followers and left for

583: 527: 494: 433:

after usurping the throne of Iran in 1736, marking the foundation of the

3174:

Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan

2927:

Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power

2717:

Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power

562:, where their paternal aunt Khadija Begum, who was part of Karim Khan's 1699: 1548: 1478: 1442: 1433: 1423: 1411: 1360: 1348: 1328:) of Georgia. If you do not do this, you will be treated as the others. 1265: 1213: 1126: 1122: 1076: 1045: 994: 982: 844: 755: 703: 669: 646: 555: 457: 254: 219: 3121:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

2829:

Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day

2580: 2444: 1623: 1584: 1427: 1419: 1269: 1217: 1209: 1138: 1130: 1109: 1057: 1006: 937: 832: 775: 711: 630: 567: 559: 531: 523: 474: 398: 390: 369: 361: 346: 261: 146: 2576:

The History of Persia from the Most Early Period to the Present Time

1693:

were appointed to govern provinces. A city was under the rule of a

973:

acknowledge Qajar authority. Agha Mohammad Khan thereafter went to

437:). Agha Mohammad Khan had several half-brothers and full-brothers: 1746: 1745:. In Astarabad, he repaired (or fortified) the walls, emptied the 1671: 1572: 1342: 1142: 1105: 1086: 1062: 1016: 876: 848: 807: 796: 771: 759: 719: 658: 618: 603: 579: 563: 541: 384: 1544:. He was formally crowned in 1796 and founded the Qajar dynasty. 1489:

Agha Mohammad Khan restored Iran to a unity it had not had since

3322: 1552: 1037: 1002: 886: 853: 664:

In Autumn 1780 Reza Qoli invaded Babol with an army of men from

330: 3326: 2003: 2001: 429:(possibly compelled by Nader Qoli Beg, who came to be known as 1351:

by Agha Mohammad Khan. A Qajar-era Persian miniature from the

1134: 917:) as his heir. Thus 1789 is marked as the start of his reign. 828: 637:, where his father's skull was kept. He then travelled to the 2863:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. 2754: 2752: 931:

First attack on Shiraz and dispute with Jafar Qoli Khan Qajar

591:

tribes to avenge his father's death. He was, however, killed

2658:

Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond

1464:, and entered Mashhad on May 14 by foot as a pilgrim to the 1422:, Kurdish chieftains ruled over several fortresses, such as 2999:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144. 1902: 1900: 1898: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 969:, and sent his relative Suleiman Khan Quwanlu to make the 683:

ruler of Astarabad and several districts in the region of

349:

Monarch, being castrated as a toddler upon his capture by

1967:. Internet Archive. New York, Columbia University Press. 1418:

as his center of operations. In the eastern parts of the

1359:

At the same time, Agha Mohammad Khan marched directly on

578:", referring to an intelligent counselor of the mythical 2769: 2767: 2680: 2678: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2514: 2512: 2499: 2497: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2174: 2172: 2159: 2157: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1622:

and fell unconscious for three days in 1790/91 due to a

1481:

due to the injuries he had suffered during his torture.

1184:, just as Nader Shah had done some sixty years earlier. 501:. During this period, Mohammad Hasan fought against the 425:, a prominent aristocrat executed by the orders of Shah 2739: 2737: 2312: 2310: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1172:

back within the Iranian domains, he proclaimed himself

333:. Originally a chieftain of the Quwanlu branch of the 314: 294: 2542:Ḥasan-e Fasāʼi, Fārsnāma-ye Nāṣeri, tr. Busse, p. 66 1367:

under its King Solomon II, a member of the Georgian

785: 3477: 3422: 3415: 3362: 1508:In 1786, Agha Mohammad Khan moved his capital from 345:in 1794. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the 299:; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his 260: 250: 240: 230: 218: 202: 192: 178: 168: 156: 140: 124: 120: 106: 96: 86: 76: 68: 61: 34: 3228: 3139: 3056:. University of California Press. pp. 1–536. 2847:Amanat, Abbas (1997a). "Ebrāhīm Kalāntar Šīrāzī". 1193:Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus 530:, but was at last seized and sent as a hostage to 786:Mazandaran's brief submission to the Zand dynasty 610:Rise to power and unification of Iran (1779–1789) 485:During the following ten years, Afsharid rule in 2909:Perry, J. R. (1984). "Āgā Mohammad Khan Qājār". 1547:Although the Russians briefly took and occupied 961:, Agha Mohammad Khan could thus freely focus on 906:to his side. Lotf Ali was able to march against 873:Second war with Jafar Khan Zand and enthronement 1703:, while its quarters was under the rule of the 1386: 1315: 1298: 1256:In August 1795, Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the 1091:Agha Mohammad Khan's capture and sack of Kerman 1021:Painting of Agha Mohammad Khan (right) and his 657:and Hosayn Qoli, was now in a firm position in 3338: 957:While Lotf Ali Khan was having problems with 468: 462: 308: 8: 3611:Politicians assassinated in the 18th century 2709: 2707: 2705: 3606:Prisoners and detainees of the Zand dynasty 2966:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. 2381: 2007: 1803:. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. p. 280. 1164:and the other principal territories in the 881:Painting of Agha Mohammad Khan with his men 795:, but was captured by Agha Mohammad Khan's 56:Portrait of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, 1820. 3419: 3345: 3331: 3323: 3257: 3083:Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand". 50: 31: 2655:Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017). 3551:18th-century monarchs in the Middle East 2743: 2642: 2316: 1432: 2758: 2696: 2432: 2430: 2238: 2207: 2148: 1758: 1679:during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah. 910:on April 22 and enter Shiraz on May 8. 393:, the birthplace of Agha Mohammad Khan. 3086:Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6 2963:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2684: 2622:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 2603: 2530: 2518: 2503: 2488: 2369: 2301: 2250: 2226: 2195: 2178: 2163: 2136: 2050: 2031: 2019: 1992: 1935: 1906: 1889: 1865: 1402:. He had earlier been a vassal of the 677:more: Morteza Qoli was allowed as the 405:. The Qajars were one of the original 189: 2826:Axworthy, Michael (6 November 2008). 2413:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 2332:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 2329:Rayfield, Donald (15 February 2013). 2261: 2259: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1918: 1877: 1844: 734:, which was interested in building a 570:, where they were treated honorably. 7: 3020:Historic Cities of the Islamic World 1794: 1792: 1501:, ruler of Khorasan and grandson of 2097:Walcher, Heidi (15 December 2006). 469: 463: 309: 284: 2111:from the original on 29 April 2011 1964:History of Persia under Qajar rule 1071:of Fath 'Ali Khan Saba, dated 1810 25: 3097:The Making of the Georgian Nation 2616:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). 2461:The Making of the Georgian Nation 981:into submission. He then went to 3591:People of the Russo-Persian Wars 3561:Assassinated Iranian politicians 3237:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 1961:Fasāʹī, Ḥasan ibn Ḥasan (1972). 1520:—his capital, although both the 615:Conquest of Mazandaran and Gilan 266: 3546:18th-century monarchs of Persia 3119:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 2930:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 1–434. 2086:(PhD). University of Edinburgh. 1775:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 24–25. 1309:According to the author of the 473:), which is a common one among 397:Agha Mohammad Khan was born in 3556:18th-century murdered monarchs 3245:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3176:. Cambridge University Press. 2859:Fisher, William Bayne (1991). 2554:History of the Georgian nation 804:First war with Jafar Khan Zand 329:, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as 27:Shah of Iran from 1789 to 1797 1: 3200:Journal of Persianate Studies 3154:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 2861:The Cambridge History of Iran 766:. He defeated a Zand army in 661:, the capital of Mazandaran. 592: 3094:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). 2099:"ISFAHAN viii. QAJAR PERIOD" 1635:would be read aloud to him. 1472:The torture of Shahrokh Shah 1188:Final conquest of Azerbaijan 1056:. He also attempted to take 714:. Furthermore, he also made 2441:A Modern History of Georgia 2080:Shahnavaz, Parinaz (1982). 1559:under the command of count 315: 295: 3632: 3571:Deaths by stabbing in Iran 3141:"Āghā Muḥammad Khān Qājār" 2720:. I.B. Tauris. p. 9. 2447:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1614:Personality and appearance 1542:course of the 19th century 635:shrine of Shah Abd al-Azim 321:), was the founder of the 3576:Murdered Persian monarchs 3468:Soltan Mohammad Ali Mirza 3311: 3302: 3294: 3287: 3262:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 3260: 3212:10.1163/18747167-12341336 3138:Negahban, Farzin (2008). 3123:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 3023:. Brill. pp. 1–615. 3015:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 2661:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 1668:Provincial administration 1227:Cambridge History of Iran 774:), and thereafter seized 740:Marko Ivanovich Voinovich 645:sent an army of Zand and 477:who served at the court. 419:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar 235:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar 209: 197: 188: 49: 39: 3505:Mohammad Hassan Mirza II 3102:Indiana University Press 2465:Indiana University Press 1512:in his home province of 1288:, the Khan of Karabakh, 1156:A year later, after the 864:Second invasion of Gilan 296:Âqâ Mohammad Xân-e Qâjâr 277:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 198:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 35:Agha Mohammad Shah Qajar 3586:People murdered in Iran 3432:Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar 3227:Perry, John R. (2012). 3050:Amanat, Abbas (1997b). 2559:University of Wisconsin 2410:Donald Rayfield (2013). 1606:His nephew, crowned as 989:and visited the city's 985:, where he subdued the 602:by some Turks from the 481:Death of Mohammad Hasan 3243:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2266:Floor, Willem (2007). 1680: 1446: 1391: 1356: 1330: 1307: 1247:Catherine II of Russia 1092: 1072: 1029: 977:, where he forced the 953:Invasion of Azerbaijan 882: 816: 626: 551: 421:, and the grandson of 394: 376:Early life (1742–1779) 144:17 June 1797 (aged 55) 3493:Fereydoun Mirza Qajar 3487:Mohammad Hassan Mirza 3438:Mohammad Hassan Mirza 3230:"Āghā Muḥammad Qājār" 1675: 1587:, the capital of the 1436: 1346: 1148:The Afghan chiefs of 1090: 1066: 1034:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi 1026:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi 1020: 880: 811: 778:. He then marched to 622: 545: 388: 115:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi 3541:1797 murders in Asia 3394:Mozaffar al-Din Shah 2912:Encyclopædia Iranica 2874:Encyclopædia Iranica 2850:Encyclopædia Iranica 2714:Cyrus Ghani (2001). 2437:Lang, David Marshall 2274:. pp. 308–309. 2104:Encyclopedia Iranica 1729:James Baillie Fraser 1540:, their fate in the 1532:and Iran's integral 1394:Conquest of Khorasan 1129:and marched towards 3566:Battle of Krtsanisi 3456:Soltan Mahmud Mirza 3315:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 3089:. pp. 561–564. 2916:. pp. 602–605. 2884:Bournoutian, George 2878:. pp. 462–466. 2852:, Vol. III, Fasc. 1 2761:, pp. 462–466. 2457:Suny, Ronald Grigor 2022:, pp. 115–116. 1921:, pp. 561–564. 1909:, pp. 112–113. 1892:, pp. 110–111. 1847:, pp. 602–605. 1608:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 1158:Battle of Krtsanisi 1001:as the governor of 999:Hosayn Qoli Donboli 915:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 643:Ali-Morad Khan Zand 639:Mazandaran Province 423:Fath-Ali Khan Qajar 355:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 101:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 72:1789 – 17 June 1797 3616:Deaths by stabbing 3581:People from Gorgan 3499:Soltan Hamid Mirza 3450:Soltan Hamid Mirza 3370:Agha Mohammad Khan 3298:Lotf Ali Khan Zand 3233:. In Fleet, Kate; 2944:on 9 February 2018 2335:. Reaktion Books. 1681: 1601:Sadeq Khan Shaqaqi 1593:Farsnama-ye Naseri 1557:expedition of 1796 1447: 1416:Torbat-e Heydarieh 1369:Bagrationi dynasty 1357: 1311:Fārsnāma-ye Nāṣeri 1116:Conquest of Kerman 1093: 1073: 1030: 944:, the governor of 883: 817: 716:Hedayat-Allah Khan 627: 552: 499:Ahmad Shah Durrani 395: 305:Agha Mohammad Shah 255:Twelver Shia Islam 210:Agha Mohammad Shah 18:Agha Mohammad Khan 3518: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3400:Mohammad Ali Shah 3388:Naser al-Din Shah 3321: 3320: 3312:Succeeded by 3183:978-0-52158-336-7 3146:Madelung, Wilferd 2980:on 1 January 2019 2914:, Vol. I, Fasc. 6 2876:, Vol. I, Fasc. 5 2854:. pp. 66–71. 2727:978-1-86064-629-4 2668:978-1-63557-077-9 2629:978-3-7001-7202-4 2571:Malcolm, Sir John 2551:Kalistrat Salia. 2416:Reaktion Books, 2241:, pp. 66–71. 2010:, pp. 14–15. 1974:978-0-231-03197-4 1610:, succeeded him. 1462:Abbas I the Great 921:Reign (1789–1797) 548:Arg of Karim Khan 443:Morteza Qoli Khan 439:Hossein Qoli Khan 389:The landscape of 317:Âghâ Mohammad Šâh 293: 274: 273: 214: 213: 16:(Redirected from 3623: 3480: 3462:Soltan Ali Mirza 3425: 3420: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3324: 3295:Preceded by 3283: 3276: 3258: 3254: 3232: 3223: 3187: 3165: 3156:. Brill Online. 3143: 3134: 3115: 3090: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3070:on 19 April 2017 3066:. Archived from 3046: 3044: 3042: 3037:on 16 March 2017 3033:. Archived from 3010: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2976:. Archived from 2953: 2951: 2949: 2940:. Archived from 2917: 2905: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2711: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2588: 2568: 2562: 2561:- Madison p. 351 2557:N. Salia, 1983. 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2475: 2454: 2448: 2434: 2425: 2408: 2385: 2382:Mikaberidze 2011 2379: 2373: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2286: 2285: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2054: 2048: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2008:Bournoutian 2021 2005: 1996: 1990: 1979: 1978: 1958: 1939: 1933: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1848: 1842: 1815: 1814: 1796: 1787: 1786: 1763: 1743:Imam Reza shrine 1589:Karabakh Khanate 1575:and Nader Shah. 1466:Imam Reza shrine 1439:Imam Reza shrine 1294:Javad Khan Qajar 1274:Karabakh Khanate 1235:the part of the 1203:Afsharid dynasty 1141:. He marched on 1013:Conquest of Fars 908:Sayed Morad Khan 847:and forced many 821:Rustam Khan Zand 651:Azad Khan Afghan 597: 594: 507:Azad Khan Afghan 505:military leader 472: 471: 466: 465: 435:Afsharid dynasty 381:Family and youth 320: 312: 311: 298: 288: 286: 285:آغامحمدخان قاجار 270: 190: 111: 54: 32: 21: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3596:Iranian eunuchs 3521: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3478: 3473: 3444:Fereydoun Mirza 3423: 3411: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3317: 3308: 3300: 3289:Iranian royalty 3277: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3239:Rowson, Everett 3226: 3197: 3194: 3192:Further reading 3184: 3170:Tapper, Richard 3168: 3150:Daftary, Farhad 3137: 3131: 3118: 3112: 3093: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3031: 3013: 3007: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2974: 2958:Daryaee, Touraj 2956: 2947: 2945: 2938: 2920: 2908: 2902: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2840: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2765: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2713: 2712: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2591: 2579:, pp. 189–191. 2569: 2565: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2478: 2455: 2451: 2435: 2428: 2409: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2289: 2282: 2272:Mage Publishers 2265: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2079: 2078: 2057: 2049: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1960: 1959: 1942: 1934: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1851: 1843: 1818: 1811: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1767:Behrooz, Maziar 1765: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1738: 1713: 1670: 1646: 1644:The bureaucracy 1641: 1616: 1581: 1565:reduced Tbilisi 1538:Imperial Russia 1487: 1474: 1396: 1353:British Library 1347:The capture of 1319:Ismail I Safavi 1195: 1190: 1162:eastern Georgia 1118: 1069:Shahanshahnameh 1015: 987:Ardabil Khanate 955: 933: 928: 923: 875: 866: 825:Jafar Khan Zand 814:Jafar Khan Zand 806: 788: 748:Ashurada island 728: 718:, the ruler of 674:Sadeq Khan Zand 617: 612: 595: 546:Picture of the 540: 483: 383: 378: 164: 162:Imam Ali Mosque 145: 129: 107: 57: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3629: 3627: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3601:Qajar monarchs 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3507:(1988–present) 3502: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3470:(2011–present) 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3235:Krämer, Gudrun 3224: 3206:(2): 261–287. 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3166: 3135: 3130:978-1598843361 3129: 3116: 3110: 3104:. p. 55. 3091: 3080: 3062: 3047: 3029: 3011: 3005: 2990: 2973:978-0199875757 2972: 2954: 2936: 2918: 2906: 2901:978-9004445154 2900: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2839:978-0141903415 2838: 2832:. Penguin UK. 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812:, p. 142. 2802: 2800:, p. 135. 2790: 2788:, p. 140. 2778: 2776:, p. 139. 2763: 2748: 2733: 2726: 2701: 2689: 2687:, p. 329. 2674: 2667: 2647: 2645:, p. 144. 2635: 2628: 2608: 2606:, p. 130. 2589: 2563: 2544: 2535: 2533:, p. 127. 2523: 2521:, p. 126. 2508: 2506:, p. 122. 2493: 2491:, p. 128. 2476: 2449: 2426: 2386: 2384:, p. 409. 2374: 2372:, p. 328. 2355: 2341: 2321: 2306: 2304:, p. 124. 2287: 2281:978-1933823188 2280: 2255: 2253:, p. 123. 2243: 2231: 2229:, p. 122. 2212: 2210:, p. 397. 2200: 2198:, p. 121. 2183: 2181:, p. 120. 2168: 2166:, p. 119. 2153: 2151:, p. 320. 2141: 2139:, p. 118. 2122: 2089: 2055: 2053:, p. 117. 2036: 2034:, p. 116. 2024: 2012: 1997: 1995:, p. 115. 1980: 1973: 1940: 1938:, p. 114. 1923: 1911: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1868:, p. 112. 1849: 1816: 1809: 1788: 1782:978-0755637379 1781: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1737: 1734: 1712: 1709: 1669: 1666: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1615: 1612: 1580: 1577: 1561:Valerian Zubov 1486: 1483: 1473: 1470: 1395: 1392: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1170:South Caucasus 1166:North Caucasus 1117: 1114: 1044:The Sheikh of 1014: 1011: 971:Talysh Khanate 954: 951: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 874: 871: 865: 862: 805: 802: 793:Karakum Desert 787: 784: 732:Russian Empire 727: 724: 672:, and then to 616: 613: 611: 608: 539: 536: 482: 479: 456:to march from 382: 379: 377: 374: 272: 271: 264: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 212: 211: 207: 206: 200: 199: 195: 194: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 158: 154: 153: 142: 138: 137: 126: 122: 121: 118: 117: 112: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 80: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3628: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382:Mohammad Shah 3380: 3377: 3376:Fath-Ali Shah 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3355:Qajar dynasty 3348: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3275:14 March 1742 3274: 3269: 3268: 3267:Qajar dynasty 3259: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3069: 3065: 3063:9780520083219 3059: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3030:9789004153882 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3006:9780521200950 3002: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2943: 2939: 2937:9781860646294 2933: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744:Negahban 2008 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2699:, p. 12. 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643:Axworthy 2008 2639: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2473:0-253-20915-3 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2344: 2342:9781780230702 2338: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317:Axworthy 2008 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810:9781138743205 1806: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:muster-master 1655: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1579:Assassination 1578: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1485:Rest of reign 1484: 1482: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Shahrokh Shah 1393: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178:King of Kings 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979:Sarab Khanate 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 952: 950: 947: 943: 939: 930: 925: 920: 918: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 900:Lotf Ali Khan 895: 892: 888: 879: 872: 870: 863: 861: 857: 855: 850: 846: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 815: 810: 803: 801: 798: 794: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 730:In 1781, the 725: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 681: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 655:Fath-Ali Qoli 652: 649:troops under 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 625: 624:Northern Iran 621: 614: 609: 607: 605: 601: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576:Piran-e Viseh 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 549: 544: 538:Life at court 537: 535: 533: 529: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 480: 478: 476: 459: 455: 450: 448: 447:Ali Qoli Khan 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 392: 387: 380: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:Lotf Ali Khan 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:Qajar dynasty 319: 318: 306: 302: 297: 291: 282: 278: 269: 265: 263: 259: 256: 253: 249: 246: 245:Jeeran Khanum 243: 239: 236: 233: 229: 226: 225:Qajar dynasty 223: 221: 217: 208: 205: 201: 196: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 174: 173:Maryam Khanom 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 148: 143: 139: 136: 135:Afsharid Iran 132: 128:14 March 1742 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 110: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 91:Lotf Ali Khan 89: 85: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 53: 48: 45: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3369: 3305:Shah of Iran 3303: 3282:17 June 1797 3279: 3272: 3265: 3242: 3203: 3199: 3173: 3153: 3120: 3096: 3085: 3072:. Retrieved 3068:the original 3052: 3039:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3019: 2995: 2982:. Retrieved 2978:the original 2962: 2946:. Retrieved 2942:the original 2926: 2922:Ghani, Cyrus 2910: 2887: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2848: 2828: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2759:Bakhash 1983 2716: 2697:Amanat 1997b 2692: 2657: 2650: 2638: 2618: 2611: 2575: 2566: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2526: 2460: 2452: 2440: 2412: 2377: 2346:. Retrieved 2331: 2324: 2267: 2246: 2239:Amanat 1997a 2234: 2208:Daryaee 2012 2203: 2149:Daryaee 2012 2144: 2113:. Retrieved 2102: 2092: 2082: 2027: 2015: 1963: 1914: 1885: 1880:, p. 1. 1873: 1800: 1771: 1761: 1739: 1736:Construction 1722: 1714: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1677:Flag of Iran 1662:lashkarnevīs 1661: 1653: 1650:grand vizier 1647: 1630: 1628: 1617: 1605: 1592: 1582: 1569:Genghis Khan 1546: 1507: 1488: 1475: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1397: 1387: 1383: 1358: 1331: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1299: 1290:Ibrahim Khan 1255: 1243: 1241:of Georgia. 1236: 1225: 1224:was. As the 1207: 1196: 1182:Mughan plain 1177: 1173: 1155: 1147: 1119: 1102: 1094: 1082: 1074: 1068: 1043: 1031: 1023:grand vizier 956: 934: 912: 896: 884: 867: 858: 837: 818: 812:Portrait of 789: 764:Persian Iraq 752: 729: 692:Mazandaranis 689: 678: 663: 628: 572: 553: 484: 451: 396: 359: 343:Zand dynasty 316: 310:آغا محمد شاه 304: 276: 275: 63:Shah of Iran 40: 29: 3536:1797 deaths 3531:1742 births 3501:(1975–1988) 3495:(1943–1975) 3489:(1930–1943) 3464:(1988–2011) 3452:(1975–1988) 3446:(1930–1975) 3440:(1930–1943) 3434:(1925–1930) 3408:(1909–1925) 3402:(1907–1909) 3396:(1896–1907) 3390:(1848–1896) 3384:(1834–1848) 3378:(1797–1834) 3372:(1789–1797) 2810:Hambly 1991 2798:Hambly 1991 2786:Hambly 1991 2774:Hambly 1991 2685:Fisher 1991 2604:Hambly 1991 2585:John Murray 2531:Fisher 1991 2519:Fisher 1991 2504:Tapper 1997 2489:Fisher 1991 2370:Fisher 1991 2302:Hambly 1991 2251:Hambly 1991 2227:Hambly 1991 2196:Hambly 1991 2179:Hambly 1991 2164:Hambly 1991 2137:Hambly 1991 2051:Hambly 1991 2032:Hambly 1991 2020:Hambly 1991 1993:Hambly 1991 1936:Hambly 1991 1907:Hambly 1991 1890:Hambly 1991 1866:Hambly 1991 1690:beglerbegis 1555:during the 736:trade route 685:Hezar Jarib 596: 1777 403:Qajar tribe 335:Qajar tribe 301:regnal name 204:Regnal name 87:Predecessor 3525:Categories 3416:Pretenders 3406:Ahmad Shah 3309:1789–1797 3111:0253209153 2422:1780230702 1919:Perry 2011 1878:Ghani 2001 1845:Perry 1984 1753:References 1727:traveller 1656:) and the 1639:Government 1530:Azarbaijan 1514:Mazandaran 1503:Nader Shah 1491:Karim Khan 1408:Ahmad Shah 1374:Kura River 1338:Solomon II 1334:Georgievsk 1286:Aleksandre 1258:Aras river 1199:since 1555 1174:Shahanshah 1098:Persepolis 1054:Bandar Rig 963:Azerbaijan 519:suzerainty 515:Karim Khan 431:Nader Shah 427:Tahmasp II 151:Qajar Iran 82:March 1796 78:Coronation 42:Shahanshah 3251:1873-9830 3220:214128812 3162:1875-9831 2463:, p. 59. 2443:, p. 38. 1717:Malcolm's 1632:Shahnameh 1534:Caucasian 1499:Shah Rukh 1251:ultimatum 1180:) on the 904:Dashestan 840:Bakhtiari 600:Findarisk 588:Shahnameh 493:ruler of 454:Adel Shah 410:Qizilbash 399:Astarabad 391:Astarabad 351:Adel Shah 290:romanized 131:Astarabad 97:Successor 3241:(eds.). 3172:(1997). 3152:(eds.). 3017:(2007). 2960:(2012). 2924:(2001). 2886:(2021). 2573:(1829), 2459:(1994), 2439:(1962), 2109:Archived 1769:(2023). 1725:Scottish 1711:Military 1705:kadkhuda 1695:kalantar 1654:mustaufī 1620:epilepsy 1597:Georgian 1524:and the 1522:Safavids 1495:Khorasan 1453:mujtahid 1379:Narikala 1262:Dagestan 1222:Khorasan 1160:brought 1108:through 946:Bihbahan 680:de facto 584:Afrasiab 580:Turanian 509:and the 495:Qandahar 487:Khorasan 414:Safavids 407:Turkoman 251:Religion 2820:Sources 1700:darugha 1685:Safavid 1549:Derbent 1479:Damghan 1443:Mashhad 1424:Bojnord 1412:Mashhad 1406:ruler, 1404:Durrani 1365:Imereti 1361:Tbilisi 1349:Tbilisi 1272:in the 1266:Shirvan 1214:Isfahan 1131:Bavanat 1127:Abarkuh 1123:Ardakan 1077:Kazerun 1046:Bushehr 995:Donboli 983:Ardabil 891:Qashqai 849:Kurdish 845:Hamadan 756:Shirvan 708:Shahrud 704:Damghan 670:Isfahan 666:Larijan 586:in the 556:Damghan 503:Pashtun 491:Durrani 475:eunuchs 458:Mashhad 366:Georgia 341:of the 292:: 281:Persian 220:Dynasty 3458:(1988) 3278: 3249: 3218: 3180: 3160: 3127: 3108: 3074:8 June 3060: 3041:7 June 3027: 3003: 2984:7 June 2970: 2948:3 June 2934: 2898: 2836: 2724: 2665: 2626: 2581:London 2471: 2445:London 2424:p. 255 2420: 2348:15 May 2339: 2278: 2115:18 May 1971: 1807: 1779: 1624:stroke 1585:Shusha 1428:Quchan 1420:Alborz 1282:Erivan 1270:Shusha 1218:Tabriz 1216:, and 1210:Shiraz 1139:Neyriz 1137:, and 1110:Neyriz 1058:Khesht 1028:(left) 1007:Tabriz 997:noble 991:shrine 959:Kerman 938:Nowruz 833:Kashan 780:Zanjan 776:Qazvin 744:Ashraf 712:Bastam 700:Semnan 647:Afghan 631:Tehran 568:Qazvin 560:Shiraz 532:Tehran 528:Ashraf 524:steppe 513:ruler 370:Kerman 362:Tehran 347:eunuch 262:Tughra 241:Mother 231:Father 169:Spouse 157:Burial 147:Shusha 109:Vizier 3479:Heirs 3424:Heads 3363:Kings 3280:Died: 3273:Born: 3216:S2CID 3144:. In 2892:Brill 1747:ditch 1687:one; 1573:Timur 1526:Zands 1317:Shah 1278:Ganja 1143:Darab 1106:Tabas 1050:Kharg 1038:mares 975:Sarab 967:Tarum 797:Yomut 772:Karaj 760:Rasht 720:Gilan 696:Qumis 659:Babol 604:Yamut 598:near 582:king 564:harem 193:Names 180:Issue 69:Reign 3247:ISSN 3178:ISBN 3158:ISSN 3125:ISBN 3106:ISBN 3076:2015 3058:ISBN 3043:2015 3025:ISBN 3001:ISBN 2986:2015 2968:ISBN 2950:2015 2932:ISBN 2896:ISBN 2834:ISBN 2722:ISBN 2663:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2469:ISBN 2418:ISBN 2350:2015 2337:ISBN 2276:ISBN 2117:2021 1969:ISBN 1805:ISBN 1777:ISBN 1723:The 1697:and 1553:Baku 1551:and 1510:Sari 1437:The 1426:and 1325:wali 1305:.... 1303:Kura 1280:and 1264:and 1238:wali 1232:Fars 1168:and 1052:and 1005:and 1003:Khoy 942:Fars 887:Yazd 854:shah 770:(or 710:and 517:for 511:Zand 368:and 331:Shah 327:Iran 184:None 141:Died 125:Born 3208:doi 1518:Ray 1441:in 1430:. 1150:Bam 1135:Qir 856:". 829:Qom 768:Ray 470:آغا 464:آقا 325:of 303:of 3527:: 3214:. 3204:12 3202:. 3148:; 3100:. 2894:. 2890:. 2766:^ 2751:^ 2736:^ 2704:^ 2677:^ 2592:^ 2583:: 2511:^ 2496:^ 2479:^ 2467:, 2429:^ 2389:^ 2358:^ 2309:^ 2290:^ 2270:. 2258:^ 2215:^ 2186:^ 2171:^ 2156:^ 2125:^ 2107:. 2101:. 2058:^ 2039:^ 2000:^ 1983:^ 1943:^ 1926:^ 1897:^ 1852:^ 1819:^ 1791:^ 1571:, 1497:. 1253:. 1212:, 1205:. 1100:. 1009:. 706:, 702:, 698:, 687:. 593:c. 497:, 449:. 441:, 357:. 313:, 287:, 283:: 149:, 133:, 3346:e 3339:t 3332:v 3253:. 3222:. 3210:: 3186:. 3164:. 3133:. 3114:. 3078:. 3045:. 3009:. 2988:. 2952:. 2904:. 2842:. 2746:. 2730:. 2671:. 2632:. 2587:. 2352:. 2319:. 2284:. 2119:. 1977:. 1813:. 1785:. 1660:( 1445:. 1355:. 1176:( 852:" 574:" 461:( 307:( 279:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index