872:
2110:
Mujib and abducting him to West
Pakistan and banning his party, it set about massacring his supporters, with American weapons. Firing squads spread out across East Pakistan, sometimes assisted by local collaborators from Islamist groups that had been humiliated in the elections. In the countryside, where the armed resistance was strongest, the Pakistani military burned and strafed villages, killing thousands and turning many more into refugees. Hindus, who composed more than ten per cent of the population, were targeted, their un-Muslimness ascertained by a quick inspection underneath their lungis. Tens of thousands of women were raped in a campaign of terror.
1409:
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1394:
393:
562:
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proposals. Kissinger noted that she "listened to what was, in fact, one of Nixon's better presentations with aloof indifference" but "took up none of the points." Jayakar pointed out that Gandhi listened to Nixon "without a single comment, creating an impregnable space so that no real contact was possible." She also refrained from assuring Nixon that India would follow
Pakistan's suit if it withdrew from India's borders. As a result, the main agenda was "dropped altogether."
1303:
404:
551:
1207:
1170:
5230:
573:
363:
1255:
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375:
428:
1381:. However, the dissolution of the One Unit policy did not lead to the positive results that it might have yielded if withdrawn earlier. Yahya also made an attempt to accommodate the East Pakistanis by abolishing the principle of parity, in the hope that a greater share in the assembly would redress their wounded ethnic regional pride and ensure the integrity of Pakistan. Instead of satisfying the
4323:
1619:
540:
1790:. Indian journalist Dewan Berindranath argued that Yahya turned to alcohol and womanizing when he gained power, as a coping mechanism to deal with stress, and that when he was a soldier he was known for being morally upright, abstaining from partying unlike other officers and instead preferring to spend time with his family and also practicing
1273:
994:
orders directly from the army's GHQ. This idea failed miserably in the 1965 war, and the need to have intermediate corps headquarters in between the GHQ and the fighting combat divisions was recognized as a foremost operational necessity after the 1965 war. In the 1965 war, the
Pakistan Army had only one corps headquarters (the
2072:
operation in order to terrorize the
Bengalis. Yahya's decision to put General Tikka Khan (who had earned the name of "Butcher of Baluchistan" for his earlier brutal suppression of Baluchi nationals in the 1960s) in charge of the military operation in Bangladesh was an overt signal of the regime's intention to launch a genocide.
84:
1737:
was broadcast by West
Pakistani media, the spontaneous and overwhelming public anger over the nation's defeat by Bangladeshi rebels and the Indian Army, and over the breskup of Pakistan into two parts, boiled into street demonstrations throughout Pakistan. Rumors of an impending coup d'état by junior
1708:
to
Pakistan, offering to replenish those countries' weapons stocks later despite Congressional objections. The US used the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. Pakistan
1340:
and approximately three-fourths Muslim (as of the 1961 Census). In addition, Yahya also inherited the challenge of transforming a country essentially ruled by one man into a democratic country, which was the ideological basis of the anti-Ayub movement of 1968–69. Once in office, Yahya Khan was tasked
2109:
The military junta—led by
General Yahya Khan, who had assumed power in 1969—was reluctant to accept the election results, and Khan postponed convening Pakistan's National Assembly... On March 25, 1971, the Pakistani Army launched a full-scale campaign, known as Operation Searchlight. After arresting
1529:
Violent disorder and chaos accompanied the
Pakistan Army's systematic and deliberate campaign of killing and raping the populace of East Pakistan. The original plan for Operation Searchlight envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971 and then eliminating all opposition, political
1021:
series were delivered to
Pakistan in 1965–66. The first batch was displayed in the Joint Services Day Parade on 23 March 1966. The 1965 War had proved that Pakistan Army's tank-infantry ratio was lopsided and more infantry was required. Three more infantry divisions (9, 16 and 17 Divisions) largely
993:
After becoming the commander-in-chief of the army, Yahya energetically started reorganizing the
Pakistan Army in 1966. The post-1965 situation saw major organizational and technical changes in the Pakistan Army. Until 1965, it was thought that army divisions could function effectively while getting
1352:
Yahya Khan has been widely portrayed as a ruthless uncompromising insensitive and grossly inept leader.... While Yahya cannot escape responsibility for these tragic events, it is also on the record that he did not act alone.... All the major actors of the period were creatures of a historic legacy
1695:
borders. Nixon also expressed a wish to fix a time limit with Yahya for political accommodation in East Pakistan. Nixon asserted that India could count on US endeavors to ease the crisis within a short time. But, both Kissinger and Gandhi's aide Jayakar maintained, Gandhi did not respond to these
1699:
On 3 December 1971, Yahya preemptively attacked the Indian Air Force and Gandhi retaliated, pushing into East Pakistan. Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict and blaming India for escalating it. He favored a cease-fire. The United States was secretly encouraging the
1690:
In November 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi met Nixon in Washington. She assured him that she didn't want war with Pakistan, but he did not believe her. Witness accounts presented by Kissinger pointed out that Nixon made specific proposals to Prime Minister Gandhi on a solution for the
1505:
to suppress Bengali dissent and the Bengali nationalist movement. It was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz, which had been launched in November 1970. The Pakistani government's view was that it had to launch a campaign to neutralise a rebellion in East Pakistan to save the unity of Pakistan.
1086:
and take power. On 24 March 1969, Ayub directed a letter to Yahya inviting him to deal with the crisis, as it was "beyond the capacity of government to deal with the... complex situation." Some sources claim Yahya accepted Ayub's proposal on 25 March. On 26 March 1969, General Yahya appeared on
2071:
The Pakistani government (the Yahya regime) was primarily responsible for the genocide. Not only did it prevent the Awami League and Rahman from forming the federal government, but it opted for a military solution to a constitutional crisis. In doing so, it decided to unleash a brutal military
1493:
While the political deadlock continued between the Awami League, the PPP, and the military government after the general elections in 1970, Yahya Khan began coordinating with his military strategists concerning ongoing dissent in East Pakistan. Both Yahya Khan and Bhutto flew to Dhaka and tried
933:
to modernize the Pakistan Army in 1954–57. Yahya also performed the duties of Chief of General Staff from 1958 to 1962 from where he went on to command two infantry divisions from 1962 to 1965. He played a pivotal role in sustaining the support for President Ayub Khan's campaign in the
1584:
The consequences of the war were mainly that East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, and that India captured approximately 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of land previously in West Pakistan. However, the captured territory was given back to Pakistan in the
1976:
sending a handwritten letter to him, stating that "without your personal assistance the profound breakthrough in relations between the USA and the would never have been accomplished... Those who want a more peaceful world in the generations to come will be forever in your debt."
1474:
As a result, Pakistan stood politically divided. A series of bilateral talks between the PPP and Mujibur Rahman produced no results and were unable to come to an agreement regarding any transfer of power from West Pakistan's representatives to East Pakistan's, on the basis of the
1353:
and a psycho-political milieu which did not lend itself to accommodation and compromise, to bargaining and a reasoned settlement. Nurtured on conspiracy theories, they were all conditioned to act in a manner that neglected agreeable solutions and promoted violent judgments.
981:
of the Pakistan Army in March 1966 and took command on the 18th day of September when President Ayub promoted him to full General. At the age of 40, he was the youngest General of Pakistan at the time. At promotion, Yahya Khan superseded two of his seniors:
1001:
Soon after the war had started, the United States had imposed an embargo on military aid to both India and Pakistan. This embargo did not affect the Indian Army but produced major changes in the Pakistan Army's technical composition. US Secretary of State
871:
1553:
study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict; the authors note that this is far higher than a previous estimate of 58,000 put forward by
1530:
or military within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance had not been anticipated by Pakistani planners, however. The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May.
1521:
along with members of the general public, with the goal of launching unconventional and hit-and-run operations. A government-in-exile formed across the border in India and proclaimed the independent state of Bangladesh, appointing
1677:
Nixon urged President Yahya Khan multiple times to exercise restraint. His objective was to prevent a war and safeguard Pakistan's interests, though he feared an Indian invasion of Pakistan that would lead to Indian domination of
3676:
Yahya's energies were also sapped by his hectic social routine. He was excessively fond of the bottle, and his pursuit of a string of liaisons was unblemished by concerns about public opprobrium or professional
1963:
by Pakistan. Khan is viewed largely negatively by Pakistani historians and is considered among the worst of the country's leaders. His rule is widely regarded as the leading cause of the breakup of Pakistan.
5309:
1357:
Yahya Khan attempted to solve Pakistan's constitutional and inter-provincial rivalry problems once he took over power from Ayub Khan in March 1969. His earlier initiatives were directed at establishing the
1682:
and strengthen the position of the Soviet Union. Similarly, President Yahya feared that an independent Bangladesh could lead to the disintegration of Pakistan, and said publicly in August 1971 that Indian
1081:
Rather than resigning and allowing a constitutional transfer of power, Ayub Khan requested that Yahya Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, utilize the military's supra-constitutional authority to declare
781:, in the Punjab province. He joined as a head constable and retired as a deputy superintendent. He was posted in Chakwal, Punjab, British India, when Yahya Khan was born. He was rewarded with the title of
4470:
1640:, "Nixon liked very few people, but he did like General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan." Personal initiatives of President Yahya had helped to establish the communication channel between the United States and
1636:
5329:
717:
Khan's short regime was regarded as the leading cause of the breakup of Pakistan. He is viewed negatively in both Bangladesh, being considered the chief-architect of the genocide, and in Pakistan.
5364:
902:
in 1947, he had already reached to the rank of major (acting lieutenant-colonel). In this year he was instrumental in not letting the Indian officers shift books from the famous library of the
1798:, eventually quoting Ayub Khan who said that "Give me half a dozen officers of the calibre and moral standards of Yahya Khan and I can show you what can Pakistan do as a great nation of the
977:
as the chief of staff of the army (at that time this appointment was the deputy to the commander-in-chief of the army) and was promoted to lieutenant general. Soon he was appointed as the
914:, where Yahya was posted as an instructor at the time of the partition of India. He renamed the 'Command and Staff College' from 'Army Staff College'. At the age of 34, he was promoted to
789:, as they were executed in secrecy and the British needed to get rid of the corpses without attracting much attention, operations Saadat Ali Khan carried out "efficiently and faithfully."
5000:
757:
Few Pakistanis knew anything about Yahya Khan when he was vaulted into the presidency two years ago. The stocky, bushy–browed Pathan had been the army chief of staff since 1966...
2971:
620:
501:
1099:
was dissolved, and Ayub's civilian officials were dismissed. In his first nationwide address, Yahya maintained, "I will not tolerate disorder. Let everyone remain at his post."
5429:
5399:
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1022:
equipped with Chinese equipment and popularly referred to by the rank and file as "The China Divisions" were raised by the beginning of 1968. Two more corps headquarters: the
5374:
5359:
4771:
3133:
1960:
1539:
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2422:
Pashtuns (the community from which hailed the country's first four commanders-in-chief from Ayub Khan to Yahya Khan and Gul Hassan Khan, with the exception of Mohammad Musa)
5404:
5354:
5304:
1471:'s results reflected the ugly political reality: the Pakistani electorate was deeply polarized along regional lines, particularly between East Pakistan and West Pakistan.
1533:
The total number of people killed in East Pakistan is not known with any degree of accuracy. Bangladeshi authorities claim that 3 million people were killed, while the
4303:
1671:
1463:, was the only party to have representation from all over the country, but it failed to gain the mandate to run the government. The Awami League had 160 seats in the
4456:
5379:
5299:
1600:
The 1971 war led to increased tensions between Pakistan and India, although Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh following severe pressure from the
1362:(NSC), with Major-General Ghulam Omar as its first advisor. It was formed to analyse and prepare assessments towards issues of political and national security.
1295:
5409:
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within Pakistan. India would eventually be drawn into said war, fighting on behalf of the Bangladeshis against Pakistan; the war would later extend into the
3429:
5339:
1876:. The wife of a police officer, Yahya appreciated her company not so much for her looks but mainly because she was fluent in English and could talk about
741:
family on 4 February 1917, according to the references written by Russian sources. His family descended from the elite soldier class of Iranian conqueror
4993:
1345:
question, and satisfying the frustrations and the sense of exploitation stirring in the "East Wing" (East Pakistan) by government policies since 1948.
1849:
political parties under check", mobilizing the Information Ministry for propaganda and pushing the idea that they put "Islam and Pakistan in danger."
833:
441:
5279:
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4559:
1758:
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1852:
Towards the end of his life, during and following his imprisonment, Yahya slowly abandoned drinking altogether as he "turned extremely religious."
5284:
4764:
4182:
3753:
1424:
1199:
682:, in which around 300,000–3,000,000 Bengalis were killed, and between 200,000 to 400,000 women were raped. In December 1971, Pakistan carried out
597:
466:
154:
832:, Dehradun on 15 July 1939, his date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938. An infantry officer from the 4th/10th Baluch Regiment (
5424:
5349:
5344:
5319:
5009:
4252:
4115:
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1645:
1761:'s verdict against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and instead released him, allowing him to fly to London. President Bhutto also issued orders for the
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1316:
When Yahya Khan assumed the office on 25 March, he inherited a two-decade constitutional problem of inter-provincial ethnic rivalry between
4296:
1359:
974:
935:
3972:
1912:. He stayed out from public events and wrote down his memoirs in the form of notes that remain unpublished. He died on 10 August 1980 in
918:, then the youngest Brigadier of Pakistan. And then he was appointed as commander of the 105th Independent Brigade that was deployed in
5324:
4913:
3648:
Yahya Khan had a life-long affair with drinking, to a point where he invariably got raucously tipsy. His affairs with women were legion.
1601:
1738:
military officers against President Yahya Khan swept the country. To forestall further unrest, on 20 December 1971, he handed over the
1408:
844:, 'Baloch' was spelled as 'Baluch' in Yahya's time), Yahya saw action during World War II in North Africa where he was captured by the
5369:
4757:
3084:
2880:
2805:
2717:
2445:
2385:
2358:
2221:
1537:, an official Pakistani Government investigation, put the figure as low as 26,000 civilian casualties. In her widely discredited book
1017:
tanks as the Pakistan Army's MBT (Main Battle Tank) from 1966. 80 tanks, the first batch of T-59s, a low-grade version of the Russian
978:
923:
907:
342:
3499:
5294:
4157:
4058:
3982:
2747:
2480:
1479:. West Pakistan politicians generally felt that the proposed six-point programme was a step towards East Pakistan's full secession.
1240:
1059:
955:
691:
640:
477:
3786:
3143:
1709:
forces in East Pakistan surrendered in Dhaka on 16 December 1971, leading to the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh.
5419:
5394:
5384:
4679:
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1468:
1413:
1055:
947:
651:
472:
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4289:
4233:
3635:
3352:
3056:
1717:
1432:
1428:
1393:
1279:
1244:
1228:
1191:
1142:
1088:
730:
655:
2693:
Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992), 239.
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318:
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By 28 July 1969, President Yahya Khan had set a framework for elections that were to be held in December 1970, with Judge
1291:
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1248:
1195:
856:
3198:
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spread to East Pakistan and gathered strength, adding to a tense political climate that had worsened following President
1006:
well summed it up when he said, "Well if you are going to fight, go ahead and fight, but we're not going to pay for it".
4271:
2122:
1884:, among his favourite poets, and she eventually became influential enough to shape the decisions of the foreign office.
1232:
1162:
1158:
961:
During these years, Yahya was also tasked in civil and administrative matters, including being the Administrator of the
5314:
4789:
1838:
1652:
1385:, it intensified their vocalness for separatism, causing a further rise in anti-West Wing sentiment in the East Wing.
1366:
962:
623:
and was promoted to major (acting lieutenant-colonel). Following the creation of Pakistan in 1947, he advanced in the
3806:
5080:
4921:
4632:
3707:
3304:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"
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1822:
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1035:
951:
943:
687:
525:
508:
639:. After being controversially appointed to assume the army command in 1966, Khan succeeded to the presidency from
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3433:
1574:
1444:
804:
675:
520:
1817:
party, hailed Yahya as "the champion of Islam", as there was a general view among Islamists that he would fight
5025:
4703:
3614:
The promotion was all the more remarkable given that Yahya was a Shia in the predominantly Sunni officer corps.
2335:
The promotion was all the more remarkable given that Yahya was a Shia in the predominantly Sunni officer corps.
2211:
1834:
1830:
1692:
1420:
1150:
929:
Later Yahya Khan, as Vice Chief of General Staff, was selected to head of the army's planning board set up by
605:
2795:
2707:
1765:
of Yahya, the man who imprisoned Mujib in the first place. Both actions made news headlines around the world.
1046:
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647:
337:
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As a result of Operation Searchlight, agitation turned into full-scale civil war as Bengali members of the
5212:
5162:
5156:
2435:
2375:
2348:
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1992:
1795:
1754:. Yahya became the highest-ranking official in what remained of Pakistan to be forced out due to the war.
1751:
1743:
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1547:
said between 50,000 and 100,000 combatants and civilians were killed by both sides during the war. A 2008
1448:
1096:
1071:
778:
683:
31:
1630:
The United States had been a major sponsor of President Yahya's military government. American journalist
1377:
and returned the provinces of West Pakistan to their pre-1955 configuration. The decree had no effect on
848:
in June 1942 and interned in a prisoner of war camp in Italy from where he escaped in the third attempt.
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In the United States, he has been appreciated for facilitating the American opening to China, President
1734:
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592:(4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980) was a Pakistani army officer, who served as the third
99:
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Sanaullah, M. (1962). "Second and Third Release from the Second Population Census of Pakistan, 1961".
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crisis, some of which she heard for the first time, including a mutual withdrawal of troops from the
837:
632:
445:
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612:
397:
199:
146:
4134:
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1864:, nicknamed General Rani, but they never married. His name was linked with the singer and actress
1782:, but was non-practising and was known to have indulged in activities prohibited in Islam such as
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A burly, double chinned, bushy-browed slothful Yahya Khan was, like Ayub Khan, an ethnic Pashtun.
1987:
1818:
1787:
1555:
1476:
1402:
1308:
1063:
995:
983:
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698:. After the surrender, Khan resigned from the military command and transferred the presidency to
513:
431:
43:
4112:
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1573:, but President Yahya put the verdict into abeyance. Yahya's crackdown, however, had led to the
2549:
1070:. Ayub Khan tried to quell the revolt by making concessions to opposition groups including the
5173:
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The Breaking of Pakistan: Yahya Speaks about the Bhutto-Mujib Interaction which Broke Pakistan
1949:
1942:
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59:
51:
4072:
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1467:, all won from East Pakistan; the socialist PPP had 81, and the conservative PML had 10. The
5020:
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4878:
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4403:
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3948:
3865:
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Massacre: The tragedy at Bangla Desh and the phenomenon of mass slaughter throughout history
1955:
1935:
1917:
887:
746:
616:
577:
555:
550:
271:
63:
55:
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to preside over a special tribunal dealing with Mujib's case. Rahimuddin gave Mujib the
572:
17:
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4799:
4722:
4543:
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2182:"General Yahya Khan | Former Army Chief of Pakistan enforcing Martial Law in 1969"
1651:
Since 1960, Pakistan was perceived in the United States as an integral bulwark against
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247:
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negotiations one more time in mid-March 1971, but they ultimately yielded no results.
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4893:
4781:
4670:
3357:
2024:
1973:
1861:
1662:. The United States cautiously supported Pakistan during the 1971 conflict, although
1623:
1590:
1378:
1374:
1333:
1317:
1258:
1212:
1175:
1031:
987:
939:
899:
663:
624:
544:
408:
367:
4834:
2669:"Army's top slot: the seniority factor (scroll down to read this section and title)"
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3540:
Jayakar, Indira Gandhi, p. 232; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 878 & 881–82.
1901:
1826:
1799:
1762:
1631:
1544:
1518:
1436:
1075:
880:
852:
786:
496:
3199:"It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention"
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1054:
A sustained anti-regime mass movement began in the fall of 1968 in West Pakistan.
427:
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throughout the entirety of the country. The 1962 constitution was abrogated, the
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with leading the country, drafting of a provisional constitution, resolving the
1083:
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392:
362:
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251:
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702:. Khan remained under house surveillance prior to 1979 when he was released by
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General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan: The Rise & Fall of a Soldier, 1947-1971
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4809:
4640:
4413:
4337:
3894:
2940:
2828:. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. Oxford University Press. pp. 320–321.
1909:
1655:
1003:
915:
811:, from where he graduated with a B.A. degree, finishing first in his class.
738:
703:
134:
3337:
863:, Italy and North Africa. He was a POW in Italy before returning to India.
539:
4738:
4281:
2181:
1814:
1659:
1562:
1382:
1325:
1266:
793:
750:
711:
403:
379:
374:
322:
282:
2957:
2739:
War and secession : Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh
1757:
Within hours of Yahya Khan stepping down, President Bhutto reversed the
686:
against the Bengali-allied Indian Army, culminating in the start of the
3077:
Judging the state : courts and constitutional politics in Pakistan
1018:
726:
243:
83:
3274:
Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
2860:(4). Washington D.C.: Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1969.
2437:
The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan
1272:
3319:
3134:"Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971"
1705:
1701:
1687:
for Bengali guerrillas could lead to war between India and Pakistan.
1526:
as its head despite him being in a West Pakistan prison at the time.
911:
808:
3943:
3889:
3860:
2292:
2236:
Democracy, security, and development in India. By Raju G. C. Thomas.
2213:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World a Historical Encyclopedia
2149:"House Resolution1430 - Recognizing the Bangladesh Genocide of 1971"
1829:
in what was East Pakistan and now Bangladesh) and also push for the
1009:
Pakistan now turned to China for military aid, and the Chinese tank
777:(published in 1974), Yahya's father, Saadat Ali Khan, worked in the
3379:
3664:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 26.
3602:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24.
2323:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24.
1750:, the ambitious leader of the (at that time) powerful and popular
1716:
1617:
1455:
in four provinces of West Pakistan but none in East Pakistan. The
1407:
1392:
1045:
870:
785:
for having removed the bodies of many freedom fighters, including
3079:(1st paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1561:
General Yahya Khan arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on charges of
860:
4982:
4753:
4452:
4285:
4135:
Henry Kissinger and PM China discussed Yahya Khan and 1971 loss
2123:"The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh"
2053:
Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004).
1920:
and was interred at Circle road graveyard, Peshawar, Pakistan.
1320:, which was almost exclusively Muslim and was dominated by the
4074:
The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide
4000:
The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies
3019:
Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency
1892:
Yahya and his wife had a son, Ali Yahya Khan, and a daughter.
1637:
The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide
3111:
The National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79
3070:
3068:
973:
After the '65 war, Maj. Gen. Yahya Khan was appointed in the
678:
in March 1971. Yahya Khan was central to the perpetration of
3787:"Lest We Forget: Yahya Khan Was Busy Partying As Dhaka Fell"
2279:
Yahya Khan: president of Pakistan on Encyclopedia Britannica
2056:
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
1837:. More generally, Yahya used the intelligence services (the
875:
Lt. Col. Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan presents the crest of the
2789:
2787:
1348:
The American political scientist Lawrence Ziring observed:
965:
Project, "the job for major execution" being given to him.
658:
in 1970, he blocked the power transition to the victorious
2770:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 52.
2309:
Family house of Yahya Khan (May 2014) The Express Tribune
1030:
Headquarters (Ravi-Sutlej Corridor) were raised, also in
773:
According to Indian journalist Dewan Barindranath's book
5310:
Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College
4033:"Crush India"--Gen. Yahya Khan Or, Pakistan's Death Wish
3015:"The Evolution of National Security Council in Pakistan"
840:, later amalgamated with the modern and current form of
692:
surrender of the Pakistani armed forces in East Pakistan
4024:
Yahya Khan's "Final War": India Meets Pakistan's Threat
3107:"The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971"
3974:
1971: The Global History of Creation of the Bangladesh
3807:"Yahya Khan Was Busy Having a Good Time as Dhaka Fell"
3259:, pp. 350–351 reviews the various estimates here
3100:
3098:
3096:
2826:
The Pakistan paradox : instability and resilience
2701:
2699:
2377:
India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?
1435:
were held all over the country. In East Pakistan, the
2873:
Prepare or perish : a study of national security
2797:
Emergency powers and the courts in India and Pakistan
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
5330:
Military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
3662:
1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh
3600:
1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh
2321:
1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh
950:
of the Pakistan Army, which he commanded during the
5365:
Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War
4960:
4912:
4842:
4788:
4712:
4655:
4622:
4599:
4558:
4533:
4486:
2595:"A chapter from history: Yahya Khan's quick action"
1540:
Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War
1401:visiting East Pakistan on 20 November 1970 for the
534:
489:
460:
437:
422:
414:
386:
356:
351:
328:
314:
302:
289:
278:
257:
226:
221:
205:
193:
183:
171:
152:
140:
128:
116:
97:
41:
3475:
3170:"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"
2742:. University of California Press. pp. 21–22.
2504:
1622:President Yahya Khan with United States President
2970:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2626:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. pp. 22–24.
1904:until 1979, when he was released from custody by
1868:as well. He also had a brief relationship with a
1106:featured several active duty military officials:
1034:a corps-sized formation (which was titled as the
3500:"World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal"
2850:"Martial Law Proclaimed, President Ayub Resigns"
2407:The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience
2205:
2203:
3380:"A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last"
3227:. Dhaka: University Press. pp. 63, 228–9.
3113:. The National Security Archive (United States)
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
1350:
755:
604:, he was considered the chief architect of the
3192:
3190:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2380:. University of California Press. p. 35.
1872:woman called Shamim K. Hussain, also known as
1860:Yahya is said to have had a relationship with
1443:, held almost all seats but no seat in any of
1365:In 1969, President Yahya also promulgated the
4994:
4765:
4464:
4297:
3474:. 17 January 1972. p. 17. Archived from
2987:Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development
2537:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 20.
2410:. Oxford University Press. pp. 226–227.
2307:Past glory: Crumbling heritage in Walled City
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
167:18 September 1966 – 20 December 1971
8:
3692:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. pp. 24–25.
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
1026:Headquarters (Jhelum-Ravi Corridor) and the
5430:People from Punjab Province (British India)
5400:World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
3247:Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3
2662:
2660:
2503:. 2 August 1971. p. 32. Archived from
2353:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 248.
1412:President Yahya Khan casts his vote in the
5375:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
5360:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
5001:
4987:
4979:
4772:
4758:
4750:
4471:
4457:
4449:
4304:
4290:
4282:
4139:
3302:Obermeyer, Ziad; et al. (June 2008).
2029:
2007:, Lahore: Liberty Publishers, 1997, 184 p.
1700:shipment of military equipment from Iran,
1558:and the Peace Research Institute in Oslo.
1336:, whose population was largely ethnically
1108:
954:and in the same war he also commanded the
82:
73:
38:
5405:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni
5355:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War
5305:Indian military personnel of World War II
4113:Official profile at Pakistan Army website
3917:"Gen. Yahya Khan, 63; Ex-Pakistani Ruler"
3834:"Gen. Yahya Khan, 63; Ex-Pakistani Ruler"
3739:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 121.
3430:"Personal Prejudice Makes Foreign Policy"
3327:
2939:
855:as a lieutenant and later captain in the
596:from 1969 to 1971. He also served as the
112:25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971
3823:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 63.
3353:"When Pakistan put Bangabandhu on trial"
3057:From disunion through the Zia al-Huq era
3008:
3006:
2556:. Vol. 3. Routledge. p. 1745.
1565:and appointed Brigadier (later General)
3432:. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Archived from
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2045:
2017:
598:Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
155:Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
27:President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971
4480:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan
3754:"The fascinating tale of General Rani"
3163:
3161:
2963:
2059:. Psychology Press. pp. 295–303.
1674:with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
803:in Dehradun and later enrolled at the
631:of 1965, Khan helped in executing the
88:Yahya Khan's official portrait in 1966
5380:1971 Bangladesh genocide perpetrators
5300:Indian Army personnel of World War II
3942:Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2000).
3888:Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2020).
3859:Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2000).
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3528:
3454:
2800:. England: Kluwer Law International.
2526:
2524:
1078:(AL), but demonstrations continued.
824:Yahya Khan was commissioned into the
725:Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan was born in
654:in 1969. Holding the country's first
7:
3721:Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narayan (2008).
3404:
3351:Ahsan, Syed Badrul (8 August 2019).
3256:
2554:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
2210:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
2084:Mishra, Pankaj (16 September 2013).
1721:Yahya Khan is handing over power to
1644:, which would be used to set up the
5410:Prisoners and detainees of Pakistan
2028:
1805:During his rule from 1969 to 1971,
1666:kept an arms embargo in place. The
1602:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
986:Altaf Qadir and Lieutenant-General
820:Career before Pakistan's separation
792:Yahya's father was originally from
5340:Commanders-in-Chief, Pakistan Army
3944:"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"
3890:"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"
3861:"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"
3785:Naveed, Ahmed (14 December 2021).
3105:Gandhi, Sajit (16 December 2002).
2712:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
1497:On 25 March 1971, Yahya initiated
706:. Khan died the following year in
25:
3725:. Lancer Publishers. p. 230.
3631:"The rise and fall of Yahya Khan"
3286:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
3168:Mark Dummett (16 December 2011).
2216:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIOm 2011.
799:Yahya studied in the prestigious
5228:
4833:
4488:Chief Martial Law Administrators
4427:
4321:
4051:Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
3417:Kissinger's Secret Trip to China
3132:Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005).
2593:Shaikh Aziz (25 December 2011).
2293:General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan
1614:Pakistan–United States relations
1447:of West Pakistan. The socialist
1301:
1271:
1253:
1205:
1168:
1066:and sacking of Foreign Minister
1050:President Yahya Khan, circa 1971
646:Yahya Khan's presidency oversaw
571:
560:
549:
538:
426:
402:
391:
373:
361:
5280:University of the Punjab alumni
5260:Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan
4234:Chief Martial Law Administrator
3723:The Military Factor in Pakistan
3506:. 2 August 1971. Archived from
2928:The Pakistan Development Review
2552:. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).
1501:, a genocidal crackdown by the
1429:Election Commission of Pakistan
1143:Chief Martial Law Administrator
694:, and East Pakistan seceded as
611:Khan was commissioned into the
5285:Indian Military Academy alumni
4092:Siddiqui, Brig. A. R. (2020).
4004:Johns Hopkins University Press
3702:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2020).
2944:(inactive 12 September 2024).
2709:Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif
2667:A.R. Siddiqi (25 April 2004).
1589:signed on 2 July 1972 between
1062:'s implementation of the 1966
801:Colonel Brown Cambridge School
666:. In March 1971, Khan ordered
643:, who resigned in March 1969.
600:from 1966 to 1971. Along with
319:Colonel Brown Cambridge School
30:For the Afghan cricketer, see
1:
5425:10th Baluch Regiment officers
5350:Defence ministers of Pakistan
5345:Foreign ministers of Pakistan
5320:20th-century Pakistani people
5010:Foreign ministers of Pakistan
4077:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
4035:. Indian School Supply Depot.
3386:. Pakistan. 23 September 2012
3139:Economic and Political Weekly
2905:"Pakistan's Smallest Cabinet"
2440:. Nation Books. p. 183.
2305:Hidayat Khan, Muhammad Iqbal
1821:elements of the country (the
1759:Judge Advocate General Branch
1729:is watching, 20 December 1971
857:4th Infantry Division (India)
5290:British Indian Army officers
5275:People from Chakwal District
4040:Berindranath, Dewan (1974).
3977:. Harvard University Press.
3819:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
3735:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
3704:Islam in Pakistan: A History
3688:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
2903:Dr. GN. Kazi (21 May 2008).
2620:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
2531:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
2127:Harvard International Review
1809:, a prominent leader of the
1733:When the news of Pakistan's
1147:Information and Broadcasting
749:. He and his family were of
4780:Chiefs of the Staff of the
4253:Minister of Foreign Affairs
4183:C-in-C of the Pakistan Army
4053:. New York: PublicAffairs.
2768:Between Mosque and Military
2350:South Asia: A Short History
1425:Chief Election Commissioner
1369:, which disestablished the
1367:Legal Framework Order, 1970
936:1965 presidential elections
904:Pakistan Army Staff College
867:After the birth of Pakistan
690:. The wars resulted in the
637:Indian-administered Kashmir
5446:
5325:Pakistani military leaders
4633:Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan
4441:indicate acting Presidents
4042:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3971:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
3821:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3737:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3708:Princeton University Press
3690:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3660:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
3598:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
3075:Newberg, Paula R. (2002).
2875:. New Delhi: Lancer Publ.
2638:"Khan, Aga Mohammad Yahya"
2623:Private Life of Yahya Khan
2550:"Yahya Khan, Aga Muhammad"
2534:Private Life of Yahya Khan
2319:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
1611:
1579:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
1535:Hamoodur Rahman Commission
1486:
1122:Ministries and departments
1110:Yahya Khan administration
819:
775:Private Life of Yahya Khan
615:in 1939. He fought in the
526:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
509:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
29:
5370:Pakistani anti-communists
5226:
5016:
4831:
4436:
4425:
4328:
4319:
4269:
4261:
4250:
4242:
4231:
4221:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4125:YAHYA KHAN AND BANGLADESH
2985:Ziring, Lawrence (1980).
2871:KrishnaRao, K.V. (1991).
2497:"Good Soldier Yahya Khan"
2186:Story of Pakistan website
1959:but then stripped of his
1825:in West Pakistan and the
1575:Bangladesh Liberation War
1397:Gen. Yahya Khan and Gen.
1360:National Security Council
1091:and announced a state of
1013:started replacing the US
908:Command and Staff College
898:, he decided to join the
676:Bangladesh Liberation War
670:in an effort to suppress
629:Second India–Pakistan War
583:
482:105th Independent Brigade
217:
160:
105:
93:
81:
70:
5295:Baloch Regiment officers
4914:Vice Chief of Army Staff
4022:Mukerjee, Dilip (1972).
3197:Ian Jack (21 May 2011).
3062:. Retrieved 22 July 2020
2374:Wolper, Stanley (2010).
1985:In the 2023 Indian film
805:University of the Punjab
721:Early life and education
688:Third India–Pakistan War
606:1971 Bangladesh genocide
590:Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
231:Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
71:
18:Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan
5420:Politicide perpetrators
5395:Indian prisoners of war
5385:Pakistani war criminals
5202:Abdullah Hussain Haroon
4098:Oxford University Press
4031:Bhargava, G.S. (1972).
3308:British Medical Journal
3060:Encyclopædia Britannica
2989:. Dawson. p. 104.
2941:10.30541/v2i1pp.106-113
2736:; Rose, Leo E. (1990).
2548:Kassim, Husain (2006).
1991:, Khan is portrayed by
1933:Yahya Khan was awarded
1823:Pakistan People's Party
1786:and the consumption of
1550:British Medical Journal
830:Indian Military Academy
338:Indian Military Academy
5415:Pakistani Shia Muslims
5390:People of the Cold War
5335:Presidents of Pakistan
5213:Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
5157:Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri
4713:West Pakistan (former)
4656:East Pakistan (former)
4313:Presidents of Pakistan
4158:Chief of General Staff
4130:Chronicles Of Pakistan
4049:Black, Conrad (2007).
4044:. Sterling Publishers.
3223:Salik, Siddiq (1997).
2281:Retrieved 22 July 2020
2153:United States Congress
1993:Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub
1908:administrator General
1730:
1668:economically-socialist
1627:
1517:mutinied, forming the
1457:Pakistan Muslim League
1449:Pakistan Peoples Party
1416:
1405:
1355:
1296:Science and Technology
1072:Pakistan Peoples Party
1051:
1042:Presidency (1969–1971)
956:12th Infantry Division
891:
779:Indian Imperial Police
771:
478:12th Infantry Division
32:Yahya Khan (cricketer)
5191:Khawaja Muhammad Asif
5036:Hamidul Huq Choudhury
4215:President of Pakistan
4151:Sher Ali Khan Pataudi
2822:Jaffrelot, Christophe
2794:Omar, Imtiaz (2002).
2402:Jaffrelot, Christophe
2347:Tinker, Hugh (1990).
1900:Yahya remained under
1813:, the country's main
1720:
1670:India entered into a
1621:
1524:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1511:Pakistan Armed Forces
1503:Pakistan Armed Forces
1499:Operation Searchlight
1441:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1431:. On 7 December, the
1411:
1396:
1389:1970 general election
1049:
948:7th Infantry Division
884:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
874:
851:Yahya Khan served in
668:Operation Searchlight
660:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
621:Mediterranean theatre
594:president of Pakistan
502:Mediterranean Theatre
473:7th Infantry Division
467:C-in-C, Pakistan Army
415:Years of service
343:Staff College, Quetta
298:Pakistani (1947–1980)
100:President of Pakistan
5270:People from Peshawar
5208:Shah Mahmood Qureshi
5196:Khurram Dastgir Khan
5180:Mir Hazar Khan Khoso
5169:Shah Mahmood Qureshi
5136:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
5101:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
5091:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
4844:Chiefs of Army Staff
3998:Kux, Dennis (2001).
3468:"The Kissinger Tilt"
3225:Witness to surrender
2706:Akbar, M.K. (1997).
2473:Macmillan Publishers
2434:Hiro, Dilip (2015).
1968:In the United States
1807:Mian Tufail Mohammad
922:ceasefire region in
838:10th Baluch Regiment
450:11th Baloch Regiment
446:10th Baluch Regiment
5076:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
5066:Mian Arshad Hussain
5061:Sharifuddin Pirzada
5051:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4514:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
4508:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4272:Minister of Defence
4246:Mian Arshad Hussain
4225:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4118:23 May 2013 at the
3809:. 18 December 2019.
3314:(7659): 1482–1486.
1788:alcoholic beverages
1778:He was nominally a
1748:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1723:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1595:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1489:Bangladesh genocide
1477:six-point programme
1237:Planning Commission
1221:Syed Mohammad Ahsan
1111:
1104:military government
1089:national television
1068:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
952:1965 war with India
890:watches, March 1950
826:British Indian Army
745:. Yahya Khan spoke
700:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
684:pre-emptive strikes
680:Bangladesh genocide
672:Bengali nationalism
633:covert infiltration
613:British Indian Army
398:British Indian Army
147:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
5315:Pakistani generals
5219:Jalil Abbas Jilani
5056:Mohammad Ali Bogra
5031:Mohammad Ali Bogra
4790:Commander-in-Chief
4623:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4591:Abdul Qadir Baloch
4551:Ghulam Jilani Khan
4200:Political offices
4167:Malik Sher Bahadur
3921:The New York Times
3838:The New York Times
3636:The Daily Observer
3627:Badrul Ahsan, Syed
3531:, pp. 751–752
3480:on 6 November 2012
2290:Cowasjee, Areshir
2086:"Unholy Alliances"
2030:آغا محمد یحیٰی خان
1981:In popular culture
1731:
1693:Indo-East Pakistan
1628:
1556:Uppsala University
1451:(PPP) had won the
1417:
1406:
1309:Pakistan Air Force
1133:General Yahya Khan
1109:
1064:Tashkent Agreement
1052:
984:Lieutenant-General
979:commander-in-chief
896:partition of India
892:
886:as Prime Minister
710:and was buried in
674:. This led to the
650:by suspending the
521:Pakistan Civil War
514:Battle of Chawinda
5237:
5236:
5174:Hina Rabbani Khar
5130:Aseff Ahmad Daula
5113:Siddiq Khan Kanju
4976:
4975:
4747:
4746:
4526:
4446:
4445:
4363:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
4280:
4279:
4265:Afzal Rahman Khan
4222:Succeeded by
4190:Succeeded by
4165:Succeeded by
4143:Military offices
4084:978-0-307-70020-9
4026:. Times of India.
3752:(28 March 2014).
3750:Nadeem F. Paracha
3671:978-0-674-72864-6
3629:(15 March 2016).
3609:978-0-674-72864-6
3234:978-984-05-1373-4
2996:978-0-7129-0954-9
2835:978-0-19023-518-5
2777:978-0-670-08856-0
2563:978-0-415-97664-0
2417:978-0-19023-518-5
2330:978-0-674-72864-6
2188:. 26 October 2013
2129:. 1 February 2023
2066:978-0-415-94430-4
1727:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
1469:general elections
1465:National Assembly
1453:exclusive mandate
1433:general elections
1314:
1313:
1102:Yahya Khan's new
963:Islamabad Capital
924:Jammu and Kashmir
587:
586:
567:Sitara-e-Pakistan
16:(Redirected from
5437:
5232:
5231:
5021:Liaquat Ali Khan
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4837:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4751:
4522:
4520:Pervez Musharraf
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4431:
4325:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4283:
4262:Preceded by
4243:Preceded by
4205:Preceded by
4173:Preceded by
4148:Preceded by
4140:
4101:
4088:
4064:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3923:. 10 August 1980
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3840:. 10 August 1980
3830:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3792:The Friday Times
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:. Archived from
3759:The Friday Times
3746:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3699:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3510:on 11 March 2007
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3425:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3320:10.1136/bmj.a137
3299:
3293:
3283:
3277:
3271:White, Matthew,
3269:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3142:. Archived from
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2854:Pakistan Affairs
2846:
2840:
2839:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2703:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2050:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2022:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1685:military support
1680:the subcontinent
1399:Abdul Hamid Khan
1373:that had formed
1307:
1305:
1304:
1275:
1257:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1184:Abdul Hamid Khan
1174:
1172:
1171:
1112:
888:Liaquat Ali Khan
815:Military service
769:
656:general election
617:Second World War
578:Order of Pahlavi
575:
564:
556:Hilal-e-Pakistan
553:
542:
430:
407:
406:
396:
395:
378:
377:
366:
365:
352:Military service
264:
240:
238:
222:Personal details
208:
196:
186:
165:
143:
131:
119:
110:
86:
76:
75:
39:
21:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5142:Gohar Ayub Khan
5041:Feroz Khan Noon
5026:Zafarullah Khan
5012:
5007:
4977:
4972:
4956:
4908:
4846:
4838:
4829:
4792:
4784:
4778:
4748:
4743:
4708:
4651:
4618:
4595:
4578:F.S. Khan Lodhi
4571:Rahimuddin Khan
4554:
4529:
4482:
4477:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4423:
4326:
4315:
4310:
4275:
4267:
4256:
4248:
4237:
4227:
4218:
4210:
4195:
4193:Gul Hassan Khan
4186:
4178:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4120:Wayback Machine
4109:
4104:
4091:
4085:
4067:
4061:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4011:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3641:
3639:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3266:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3146:on 1 March 2007
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3055:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2962:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2764:Haqqani, Husain
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2734:Sisson, Richard
2732:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2509:on 8 April 2008
2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2296:(Aug 2000) DAWN
2289:
2285:
2277:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2102:
2100:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2001:
1983:
1970:
1961:service honours
1954:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1898:
1890:
1858:
1811:Jamaat-e-Islami
1796:fast of Ramadan
1792:Islamic rituals
1776:
1771:
1715:
1713:Fall from power
1672:formal alliance
1626:in October 1970
1616:
1610:
1587:Simla Agreement
1567:Rahimuddin Khan
1491:
1485:
1391:
1371:One Unit Scheme
1302:
1300:
1290:
1282:
1239:
1231:
1206:
1204:
1200:Kashmir Affairs
1194:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1044:
1038:) was created.
1036:Eastern Command
971:
877:Baloch Regiment
869:
859:. He served in
842:Baloch Regiment
822:
817:
770:
768:, 2 August 1971
761:
723:
570:
569:
559:
558:
548:
547:
530:
485:
401:
400:
390:
372:
371:
360:
347:
303:Political party
297:
266:
262:
242:
241:4 February 1917
236:
234:
233:
232:
206:
194:
184:
176:
166:
161:
141:
129:
117:
111:
106:
89:
77:
72:
66:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Pashtun people
5262:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5125:Farooq Leghari
5122:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4847:(1972-present)
4840:
4839:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4723:Attiqur Rahman
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4704:A.A. Khan Nazi
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:Jahan Dad Khan
4643:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4544:Attiqur Rahman
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4108:
4107:External links
4105:
4103:
4102:
4089:
4083:
4065:
4059:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:. p. 195.
3990:
3983:
3963:
3934:
3908:
3880:
3851:
3825:
3812:
3798:
3777:
3766:on 29 May 2021
3741:
3728:
3713:
3710:. p. 158.
3694:
3681:
3670:
3652:
3618:
3608:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3533:
3521:
3491:
3459:
3447:
3436:on 6 July 2011
3428:Mosleh Uddin.
3420:
3409:
3397:
3371:
3343:
3294:
3292:, paragraph 33
3278:
3264:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3215:
3186:
3157:
3124:
3092:
3086:978-0521894401
3085:
3064:
3032:
3002:
2995:
2977:
2934:(1): 106–113.
2918:
2907:. Dr. GN. Kazi
2888:
2882:978-8172120016
2881:
2863:
2841:
2834:
2813:
2807:978-9041117755
2806:
2783:
2776:
2755:
2748:
2725:
2719:978-8170996743
2718:
2695:
2686:
2656:
2629:
2612:
2576:
2562:
2540:
2520:
2488:
2481:
2475:. p. 13.
2456:
2447:978-1568585031
2446:
2426:
2416:
2393:
2387:978-0520948006
2386:
2366:
2360:978-0824812874
2359:
2339:
2329:
2311:
2298:
2283:
2238:
2229:
2223:978-1598843378
2222:
2199:
2158:
2140:
2114:
2090:The New Yorker
2076:
2065:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1982:
1979:
1969:
1966:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1857:
1854:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1752:People's Party
1714:
1711:
1609:
1606:
1571:death sentence
1484:
1483:Bangladesh War
1481:
1459:(PML), led by
1445:four provinces
1390:
1387:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1284:Communications
1276:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:Inter-services
1124:
1119:
1116:
1074:(PPP) and the
1043:
1040:
970:
967:
942:. He was made
926:in 1951–1952.
868:
865:
821:
818:
816:
813:
759:
722:
719:
585:
584:
581:
580:
536:
532:
531:
529:
528:
523:
518:
517:
516:
506:
505:
504:
493:
491:
487:
486:
484:
483:
480:
475:
464:
462:
458:
457:
439:
435:
434:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
388:
387:Branch/service
384:
383:
358:
354:
353:
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
334:
332:
326:
325:
316:
312:
311:
304:
300:
299:
294:British Indian
291:
287:
286:
280:
276:
275:
265:(aged 63)
261:10 August 1980
259:
255:
254:
230:
228:
224:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
187:
185:Prime Minister
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
158:
157:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
118:Prime Minister
114:
113:
103:
102:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
68:
67:
50:
47:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5442:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:Pakistan Army
4775:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4673:Muzaffaruddin
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4176:Muhammad Musa
4171:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4069:Bass, Gary J.
4066:
4062:
4060:9781586486747
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3984:9780674731271
3980:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3588:, p. 757
3587:
3582:
3579:
3576:, p. 756
3575:
3570:
3567:
3564:, p. 755
3563:
3558:
3555:
3552:, p. 753
3551:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3457:, p. 751
3456:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3358:Dhaka Tribune
3354:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2749:0-520-07665-6
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2482:9780025952409
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:Payne, Robert
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:Richard Nixon
1967:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Akleem Akhtar
1856:Relationships
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1800:Islamic world
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:Personal life
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1624:Richard Nixon
1620:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:Indira Gandhi
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:appointed as
1422:
1415:
1414:1970 election
1410:
1404:
1403:Bhola cyclone
1400:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:East Pakistan
1376:
1375:West Pakistan
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1334:East Pakistan
1332:peoples, and
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:West Pakistan
1310:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:Pakistan Navy
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1219:Vice-Admiral
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:Pakistan Army
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:Pakistan Army
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:East Pakistan
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
999:
997:
991:
989:
988:Bakhtiar Rana
985:
980:
976:
975:GHQ, Pakistan
968:
966:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Fatima Jinnah
937:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Pakistan Army
897:
889:
885:
882:
878:
873:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:4th Battalion
831:
827:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
787:Bhaghat Singh
784:
780:
776:
767:
766:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:British India
732:
728:
720:
718:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:East Pakistan
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:. During the
626:
625:Pakistan Army
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
579:
574:
568:
563:
557:
552:
546:
545:Hilal-e-Jurat
541:
537:
533:
527:
524:
522:
519:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
494:
492:
488:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:4th Battalion
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
409:Pakistan Army
405:
399:
394:
389:
385:
381:
376:
369:
368:British India
364:
359:
355:
350:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
333:
331:
327:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
292:
288:
284:
281:
279:Resting place
277:
273:
269:
260:
256:
253:
252:British India
249:
245:
229:
225:
220:
216:
213:
210:
204:
201:
200:Muhammad Musa
198:
192:
188:
182:
179:
174:
170:
164:
159:
156:
151:
148:
145:
139:
136:
133:
127:
124:
121:
115:
109:
104:
101:
96:
92:
85:
80:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5217:
5200:
5186:Nawaz Sharif
5178:
5161:
5152:Abdul Sattar
5134:
5119:Abdul Sattar
5117:
5105:
5095:
5070:
5046:Manzur Qadir
4968:Malacca Cane
4819:
4523:
4502:
4438:
4396:
4379:
4367:
4342:
4270:
4251:
4232:
4213:
4181:
4156:
4093:
4073:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4015:Bibliography
3999:
3993:
3973:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3947:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3893:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3864:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3801:
3790:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:the original
3757:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3640:. Retrieved
3634:
3621:
3613:
3599:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3536:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3508:the original
3503:
3494:
3484:30 September
3482:. Retrieved
3477:the original
3471:
3462:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:the original
3423:
3412:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3383:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3356:
3346:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3252:
3243:
3224:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3203:The Guardian
3202:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:the original
3137:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3110:
3076:
3059:
3023:. Retrieved
3018:
2986:
2980:
2966:cite journal
2931:
2927:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2872:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2825:
2816:
2796:
2767:
2758:
2738:
2728:
2708:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2672:
2647:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2622:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2598:
2567:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2533:
2511:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2500:
2491:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2406:
2396:
2376:
2369:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2320:
2314:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2232:
2212:
2190:. Retrieved
2185:
2152:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2108:
2101:. Retrieved
2089:
2079:
2070:
2055:
2048:
2020:
2004:
1986:
1984:
1971:
1932:
1902:house arrest
1899:
1891:
1874:Black Beauty
1873:
1859:
1851:
1835:Constitution
1831:Islamization
1827:Awami League
1804:
1794:such as the
1777:
1763:house arrest
1756:
1732:
1698:
1689:
1676:
1650:
1646:Nixon's trip
1635:
1629:
1599:
1583:
1560:
1548:
1545:Sarmila Bose
1538:
1532:
1528:
1519:Mukti Bahini
1508:
1496:
1492:
1473:
1437:Awami League
1421:Abdus Sattar
1418:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1315:
1265:Air-Marshal
1101:
1080:
1076:Awami League
1056:The uprising
1053:
1008:
1000:
992:
972:
960:
928:
903:
893:
881:Shah of Iran
853:World War II
850:
823:
798:
791:
774:
772:
764:
756:
724:
716:
652:constitution
645:
610:
589:
588:
497:World War II
490:Battles/wars
465:
263:(1980-08-10)
207:Succeeded by
177:
162:
142:Succeeded by
107:
36:
5255:1980 deaths
5250:1917 births
5163:Inam-ul-Haq
5147:Sartaj Aziz
4793:(1947-1972)
4615:S.M. Abbasi
4609:Rakhman Gul
4584:K.K. Afridi
4560:Balochistan
3407:, p. 7
2643:Banglapedia
2133:3 September
2103:3 September
1988:Sam Bahadur
1929:In Pakistan
1906:martial law
1878:Shakespeare
1845:) "to keep
1780:Shia Muslim
1093:martial law
1084:martial law
846:Axis Forces
762:Editorial,
648:martial law
308:martial law
296:(1917–1947)
290:Nationality
195:Preceded by
130:Preceded by
5244:Categories
5107:Akram Zaki
5086:Agha Shahi
5081:Aziz Ahmed
5071:Yahya Khan
4859:Zia-ul-Haq
4825:G. H. Khan
4731:Tikka Khan
4696:Tikka Khan
4688:Yacob Khan
4680:Syed Ahsan
4524:(unstyled)
4503:Yahya Khan
4358:Zia-ul-Haq
4343:Yahya Khan
4276:1969–1971
4257:1969–1971
4238:1969–1971
4219:1969–1971
4187:1966–1971
4162:1957–1962
3586:Black 2007
3574:Black 2007
3562:Black 2007
3550:Black 2007
3529:Black 2007
3455:Black 2007
2675:. Pakistan
2601:. Pakistan
2569:8 December
2040:References
1914:Rawalpindi
1882:Lord Byron
1866:Noor Jehan
1784:womanizing
1744:government
1740:presidency
1612:See also:
1487:See also:
1461:Nurul Amin
1241:Statistics
1097:parliament
969:The C-in-C
894:After the
783:Khan Sahib
743:Nader Shah
708:Rawalpindi
696:Bangladesh
602:Tikka Khan
357:Allegiance
330:Alma mater
285:, Pakistan
274:, Pakistan
268:Rawalpindi
237:1917-02-04
212:Gul Hassan
189:Nurul Amin
123:Nurul Amin
48:Yahya Khan
4942:M.Y. Khan
4922:A.H. Khan
4884:Musharraf
4666:Azam Khan
4641:Fazle Haq
4497:Ayub Khan
4392:Musharraf
4338:Ayub Khan
4208:Ayub Khan
3952:. Karachi
3901:17 August
3895:Dawn News
3869:. Karachi
3405:Bass 2013
3364:17 August
3290:chapter 2
3257:Bass 2013
2950:0030-9729
2649:17 August
2098:0028-792X
1910:Fazle Haq
1735:surrender
1656:Communism
1648:in 1972.
1634:notes in
1632:Gary Bass
1439:, led by
1139:President
1115:Ministers
1060:Ayub Khan
1004:Dean Rusk
931:Ayub Khan
916:Brigadier
828:from the
739:Qizilbash
704:Fazle Haq
641:Ayub Khan
418:1939–1971
382:(1947-71)
370:(1939-47)
315:Education
175:Ayub Khan
172:President
163:In office
135:Ayub Khan
108:In office
74:یحییٰ خان
4800:Messervy
4739:Nur Khan
4736:Air Mshl
4116:Archived
4071:(2013).
3514:28 March
3338:18566045
3174:BBC News
2958:41258062
2824:(2015).
2766:(2005).
2513:17 April
2467:(1973).
2404:(2015).
1841:and the
1815:Islamist
1774:Religion
1664:Congress
1660:Cold War
1563:sedition
1513:and the
1383:Bengalis
1343:One Unit
1267:Nur Khan
1249:Industry
1245:Commerce
1196:Interior
1182:General
1118:Portrait
938:against
794:Peshawar
760:—
753:origin.
712:Peshawar
461:Commands
380:Pakistan
323:Dehradun
283:Peshawar
153:5th
5096:Noorani
4961:Related
4927:S. Khan
4879:Karamat
4854:T. Khan
4820:Y. Khan
4815:M. Khan
4810:A. Khan
4439:Italics
4419:Zardari
4409:Mamnoon
4404:Zardari
4375:Leghari
3956:23 July
3927:23 July
3873:23 July
3844:23 July
3770:23 July
3677:ethics.
3440:22 July
3390:20 July
3329:2440905
3208:19 July
3179:19 July
3150:17 July
3117:20 July
3025:2 March
3021:. PILDT
3013:PILDT.
2911:20 July
2679:20 July
2605:19 July
2192:17 July
1870:Bengali
1847:secular
1833:of the
1819:leftist
1658:in the
1608:US role
1427:of the
1338:Bengali
1330:Mohajir
1326:Pashtun
1322:Punjabi
1278:Deputy
1233:Finance
1227:Deputy
1190:Deputy
1163:Defence
1159:Foreign
1155:Justice
1028:4 Corps
1024:2 Corps
1019:T-54/55
1015:M-47/48
996:1 Corps
946:of the
879:to the
751:Pashtun
747:Persian
737:, in a
727:Chakwal
619:in the
576:
565:
554:
543:
432:General
244:Chakwal
178:Himself
62:
58:
54:
44:General
4952:Kayani
4894:Sharif
4889:Kayani
4869:Janjua
4805:Gracey
4534:Punjab
4398:Soomro
4381:Sajjad
4369:Sajjad
4348:Bhutto
4081:
4057:
3981:
3668:
3642:30 May
3606:
3336:
3326:
3231:
3083:
2993:
2956:
2948:
2879:
2832:
2804:
2774:
2746:
2716:
2560:
2479:
2444:
2414:
2384:
2357:
2327:
2220:
2096:
2063:
1924:Legacy
1918:Punjab
1888:Family
1706:Jordan
1704:, and
1702:Turkey
1653:global
1515:police
1306:
1292:Labour
1288:Health
1247:, and
1210:
1173:
912:Quetta
809:Lahore
731:Punjab
535:Awards
456:PA–98)
306:None (
272:Punjab
248:Punjab
4947:Hayat
4904:Munir
4899:Bajwa
4874:Kakar
4600:Sindh
4387:Tarar
4353:Ilahi
4333:Mirza
2954:JSTOR
2012:Notes
1948:
1946:,
1941:
1939:,
1896:Death
1642:China
910:) at
906:(now
662:from
454:S/No.
4932:Arif
4728:LGen
4720:LGen
4701:LGen
4693:LGen
4685:LGen
4677:VAdm
4671:MGen
4663:LGen
4646:LGen
4638:LGen
4630:LGen
4613:LGen
4607:LGen
4588:LGen
4582:LGen
4576:LGen
4568:LGen
4549:LGen
4541:LGen
4518:Gen
4512:Gen
4501:Gen
4495:Gen
4414:Alvi
4079:ISBN
4055:ISBN
3979:ISBN
3958:2024
3949:Dawn
3929:2024
3903:2023
3875:2024
3866:Dawn
3846:2024
3772:2024
3666:ISBN
3644:2022
3604:ISBN
3516:2011
3504:Time
3486:2008
3472:Time
3442:2020
3392:2020
3384:Dawn
3366:2023
3334:PMID
3229:ISBN
3210:2020
3181:2020
3152:2020
3119:2020
3081:ISBN
3027:2013
2991:ISBN
2972:link
2946:ISSN
2913:2020
2877:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2681:2020
2673:Dawn
2651:2023
2607:2020
2599:Dawn
2571:2023
2558:ISBN
2515:2014
2501:Time
2477:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2194:2020
2135:2023
2105:2023
2094:ISSN
2061:ISBN
2025:Urdu
1999:Book
1956:NePl
1880:and
1742:and
1593:and
1294:and
1286:and
1280:CMLA
1235:and
1229:CMLA
1198:and
1192:CMLA
1161:and
1153:and
1141:and
1011:T-59
861:Iraq
765:Time
448:Now
438:Unit
423:Rank
258:Died
227:Born
98:3rd
64:NePl
4937:Beg
4864:Beg
3324:PMC
3316:doi
3312:336
2936:doi
1950:SPk
1936:HPk
1839:ISI
1802:."
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1151:Law
998:).
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