319:
population (Global Age-Friendly Cities) with regard to urbanization, housing, transportation, social participation, health services, etc. Local governments are well positioned to meet the needs of local, smaller populations, but as their resources vary from one to another (e.g. property taxes, the existence of community organizations), the greater responsibility on local governments is likely to increase inequalities. In Canada, the most fortunate and healthier elders tend to live in more prosperous cities offering a wide range of services, but the less fortunate lack access to the same level of resources. Private residences for the elderly also provide many services related to health and social participation (e.g. pharmacy, group activities, and events) on site, but they are not accessible to the less fortunate. Also, the environmental gerontology indicates the importance of the environment in active ageing. In fact, promoting good environments (natural, built, social) in ageing can improve health and quality of life and reduce the problems of disability and dependence, and, in general, social spending and health spending.
110:. An increase in longevity raises the average age of the population by increasing the numbers of surviving older people. A decline in fertility reduces the number of babies, and as the effect continues, the numbers of younger people in general also reduce. Of the two forces, declining fertility now contributes to most of the population ageing in the world. More specifically, the large decline in the overall fertility rate over the last half-century is primarily responsible for the population ageing in the world's most developed countries. Because many developing countries are going through faster fertility transitions, they will experience even faster population ageing than the currently-developed countries will.
91:, a decline in the proportion of the population composed of children, and a rise in the proportion of the population composed of the elderly. Population ageing is widespread across the world and is most advanced in the most highly developed countries, but it is growing faster in less developed regions, which means that older persons will be increasingly concentrated in the less developed regions of the world. The Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, however, concluded that population ageing has slowed considerably in Europe and will have the greatest future impact in Asia, especially since Asia is in stage five (very low birth rate and low death rate) of the
181:
277:, including a possible reweighing of tax from earnings to consumption and a reduced government role in providing health care.The working population will face greater pressure, and a portion of their taxes will have to be used to pay for healthcare and pensions for the elderly. However, recent studies in some countries demonstrate the dramatic rising costs of health care are more attributable to rising drug and doctor costs and the higher use of diagnostic testing by all age groups, not to the ageing population that is often claimed.
345:
eligibility age for pension benefits have intensified in order to reduce economic burden more significantly. Age discrimination can be defined as "the systematic and institutionalized denial of the rights of older people on the basis of their age by individuals, groups, organisations, and institutions." Some of the abuse can be a result of ignorance, thoughtlessness, prejudice, and stereotyping. Forms of discrimination are economic accessibility, social accessibility, temporal accessibility and administrative accessibility.
2094:
67:. In most developed countries, the phenomenon of population aging began to gradually emerge in the late 19th century. The aging of the world population occurred in the late 20th century, with the proportion of people aged 65 and above accounting for 6% of the total population. This reflects the overall decline in the world's fertility rate at that time. That is the case for every country in the world except the 18 countries designated as "demographic outliers" by the
292:
33:
71:. The aged population is currently at its highest level in human history. The UN predicts the rate of population ageing in the 21st century will exceed that of the previous century. The number of people aged 60 years and over has tripled since 1950 and reached 600 million in 2000 and surpassed 700 million in 2006. It is projected that the combined senior and
315:", and social resources have to flow more towards elderly people in need of support. The demographic dividend refers to the beneficial impact of a decline in fertility rate on a country's population age structure and economic growth. The older workers would spend more time on work and human capital of an ageing workforce is low, reducing labor productivity.
118:" would imply reduced disability in old age, but an expansion would see an increase in poor health with increased longevity. Another option has been posed for a situation of "dynamic equilibrium." That is crucial information for governments if the limits of lifespan continue to increase indefinitely, as some researchers believe. The
344:
Global ageing populations seem to cause many countries to be increasing the age for old age security from 60 to 65 to decrease the cost of the scheme of the GDP. However, even so, in industrialized countries with the greatest improvement in life expectancy, discussions about continuing to raise the
98:
Among the countries currently classified by the United
Nations as more developed (with a total population of 1.2 billion in 2005), the overall median age rose from 28 in 1950 to 40 in 2010 and is forecast to rise to 44 by 2050. The corresponding figures for the world as a whole are 24 in 1950,
318:
The expectation of continuing population ageing prompts questions about welfare states' capacity to meet the needs of the population. In the early 2000s, the World Health
Organization set up guidelines to encourage "active ageing" and to help local governments address the challenges of an ageing
1144:
Jarzebski, Marcin Pawel; Elmqvist, Thomas; Gasparatos, Alexandros; Fukushi, Kensuke; Eckersten, Sofia; Haase, Dagmar; Goodness, Julie; Khoshkar, Sara; Saito, Osamu; Takeuchi, Kazuhiko; Theorell, Töres; Dong, Nannan; Kasuga, Fumiko; Watanabe, Ryugo; Sioen, Giles Bruno; Yokohari, Makoto; Pu, Jian
203:
being those over 65 and the average age approaching 50. In 2100, according to research led by the
University of Washington, 2.4 billion people will be over the age of 65, compared with 1.7 billion under the age of 20. The Oxford Institute of Population Ageing is an institution looking at global
249:
The economic effects of an ageing population are considerable. Nowadays, more and more people are paying attention to the economic issues and social policy challenges related to the elderly population. Older people have higher accumulated savings per head than younger people but spend less on
136:, and covering 44,000 people aged 40–80 in 24 countries from across the globe, has revealed that many people are now fully aware of the ageing of the world's population and the implications that it will have on their lives and those of their children and grandchildren.
341:). Current policies on ageing in Ghana seem to be disjointed, and ideas on documents on to improve policies in population ageing have yet to be concretely implemented, perhaps partly because of many arguments that older people are only a small proportion of the population
307:
are experiencing sustainability problems because of the increased longevity. The extension of the pension period was not paired with an extension of the active labour period or a rise in pension contributions, which has resulted in a decline of replacement ratios.
329:
Meanwhile, improving the productivity of the elderly has also become a method to alleviate the problem of social aging. But this first requires increasing their investment in education, and providing suitable job opportunities is equally important.
204:
population ageing. Its research reveals that many of the views of global ageing are based on myths and that there will be considerable opportunities for the world as its population matures, as the
Institute's director, Professor
113:
The rate at which the population ages is likely to increase over the next three decades; however, few countries know whether their older population are living the extra years of life in good or poor health. A
226:
Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds, 100,000 per day, die of age-related causes. In industrialised nations, that proportion is much higher and reaches 90%.
1925:
Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging
Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
394:
434:
262:. Some economists in Japan see advantages in such changes, notably the opportunity to progress automation and technological development without causing unemployment, and emphasise a shift from
738:
The median age of the world's population increases from 26.6 years in 2000 to 37.3 years in 2050 and then to 45.6 years in 2100, when it is not adjusted for longevity increase.
159:
commented, "As fertility sinks further below replacement level, increasingly higher levels of annual net migration will be required to maintain a target of even zero population growth."
199:
are the two regions with a significant number of countries facing population ageing. Within 20 years, many countries in those regions will face a situation of the largest population
1849:
79:. Countries vary significantly in terms of the degree and pace of ageing, and the UN expects populations that began ageing later will have less time to adapt to its implications.
1260:
684:
Weil, David N., "The
Economics of Population Aging" in Mark R. Rosenzweig and Oded Stark, eds., Handbook of Population and Family Economics, New York: Elsevier, 1997, 967-1014.
151:, has suggested that immigration cannot be used as a viable means to counter population ageing. That conclusion is also seen in the work of other scholars. The demographers
269:
However, population ageing also increases some categories of expenditure, including some met from public finances. The largest area of expenditure in many countries is now
1806:
87:
Population ageing is a shift in the distribution of a country's population towards older ages and is usually reflected in an increase in the population's mean and
2013:
1039:
337:
ageing are multidimensional (such as rural-urban distribution, gender composition, levels of literacy/illiteracy as well as their occupational histories and
2131:
348:
In most countries worldwide, particularly countries in Africa, older people are typically the poorest members of the social spectrum and live below the
311:
Population ageing also affects workforce. In many countries, the increase in the number of elderly people means the weakening or disappearance of the "
1285:
123:
322:
An ageing population may provide incentive for technological progress, as some hypothesise the effect of a shrinking workforce may be offset by
188:
The more developed countries also have older populations as their citizens live longer. Less developed countries have much younger populations.
1979:
1942:
1932:
1832:
1706:
1656:
651:
504:
464:
355:
Moreover, the growing burden of health expenditure has evolved into a social policy and cost management issue, not just a population issue.
2085:
304:
122:'s suite of household health studies is working to provide the needed health and well-being evidence, such as the World Health Survey, and
668:
623:
971:
756:
1566:
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1264:
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2039:
273:, whose cost is likely to increase dramatically as populations age. This would present governments with hard choices between higher
2054:
180:
2275:
900:
189:
2280:
1235:
1010:
931:
284:, with expenses that tend to fall with an ageing population, especially as fewer young people would probably continue into
1078:
2180:
152:
1454:
492:
UN Human
Development Report 2005, International Cooperation at a Crossroads-Aid, Trade and Security in an Unequal World
2010:
1928:
Jackson R., Howe N. The
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2124:
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379:
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156:
99:
29 in 2010, and 36 in 2050. For the less developed regions, the median age will go from 26 in 2010 to 35 in 2050.
2117:
1945:/ History & Mathematics: Political Demography & Global Ageing. Volgograd, Uchitel Publishing House, 2016.
216:
119:
1151:
129:
115:
1922:
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1530:
1483:
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399:
92:
2001:
1956:
HelpAge
International and UNFPA: Ageing in the 21st Century - A Celebration and A Challenge report (2012)
338:
254:. Depending on the age ranges at which the changes occur, an ageing population may thus result in lower
126:. The surveys cover 308,000 respondents aged at least 18 and 81,000 aged at least 50 from 70 countries.
792:
the average age at first infirmity can be raised, thereby making the morbidity curve more rectangular.
524:
2164:
1160:
705:
414:
409:
389:
312:
144:
64:
1976:
595:
Issahaku, Paul; Neysmith, Sheila (2013). "Policy Implications of Population Ageing in West Africa".
59:. Most countries have rising life expectancy and an ageing population, trends that emerged first in
1929:
1535:
1098:
220:
200:
133:
132:, exploring attitudes, expectations, and behaviours towards later life and retirement, directed by
60:
32:
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837:
821:
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285:
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986:
1895:
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1828:
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1776:
1702:
1677:
1652:
1503:
1427:
1419:
1378:
1370:
1331:
1209:
1047:
874:
857:
829:
783:
721:
647:
570:
500:
470:
460:
291:
2233:
1879:
1768:
1735:
1621:
1612:
Aronson, J; Neysmith, S M (2001). "Manufacturing social exclusion in the home care market".
1575:
1540:
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1409:
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1323:
1201:
1168:
1103:
866:
813:
773:
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696:
604:
560:
550:
490:
334:
236:
168:
2270:
2185:
2089:
2043:
2017:
2005:
1983:
1936:
369:
244:
172:
56:
52:
223:, which also arises from previous large generations now enjoying longer life expectancy.
1164:
709:
2159:
2154:
2061:
1147:"Ageing and population shrinking: implications for sustainability in the urban century"
1074:
778:
751:
565:
538:
384:
374:
255:
251:
68:
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1916:
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1723:
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1521:
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Population ageing arises from two possibly-related demographic effects: increasing
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1312:"Pension Systems and the Allocation of Macroeconomic Risk [with Comments]"
333:
Generally in West Africa and specifically in Ghana, social policy implications of
1772:
1963:- website providing latest data, trends and response to global population ageing
1955:
1040:"World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests"
946:
769:
404:
303:
Social security systems have also begun to experience problems. Earlier defined
270:
140:
17:
1396:
White, Mercedia Stevenson; Burns, Candace; Conlon, Helen Acree (October 2018).
1173:
1146:
1119:
219:
levels, and population growth now depends largely on immigration together with
2011:
Human Development Trends 2005 Presentation on UN Human Development Report 2005
1883:
1544:
1366:
972:"Population Futures for Australia and New Zealand: An Analysis of the Options"
608:
424:
323:
148:
88:
48:
44:
1891:
1780:
1423:
1414:
1397:
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1335:
1213:
1205:
1051:
474:
1966:
1827:. International perspectives on aging. Dordrecht ; New York: Springer.
1579:
1484:"The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states"
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459:. International handbooks of population. Dordrecht ; London: Springer.
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259:
107:
103:
72:
1788:
1507:
1431:
1382:
1107:
878:
725:
574:
454:
1960:
1899:
1867:
833:
787:
555:
1972:
1079:"Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations"
296:
1349:
Crespo Cuaresma, JesĂşs; Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren (2013-12-04).
1221:
1189:
717:
1993:
1633:
825:
1969:- a quarterly international policy publication on global aging (2010)
196:
2109:
1625:
1311:
817:
1327:
364:
290:
274:
179:
2095:
Population Aging and Public Infrastructure in Developed Countries
192:
76:
2113:
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Jill Curnow. 2000. Myths and the fear of an ageing population
1998:
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Environmental Gerontology: Making Meaningful Places in Old Age
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Sánchez-González, Diego; RodrĂguez-RodrĂguez, Vicente (2016).
263:
539:"Population Ageing in Goa: Research Gaps and the Way Forward"
435:
List of countries and regions by population ages 65 and above
1069:
1067:
2105:
Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research website
1989:
CoViVE Consortium Population Ageing in Flanders and Europe
395:
Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR)
2100:
Projections of the Senior Population in the United States
1868:"Population Aging and the Growth of Health Expenditures"
752:"Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity"
2104:
488:
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143:
in the world, partly to counter population ageing. The
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1651:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 284.
288:
as they would be in demand as part of the work force.
280:
The second-largest expenditure of most governments is
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Environmental Gerontology in Europe and Latin America
177:
The world's older population is growing dramatically.
1398:"The Impact of an Aging Population in the Workplace"
1351:"Is the Demographic Dividend an Education Dividend?"
597:
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
190:
An interactive version of the map is available here.
2242:
2226:
2210:
2194:
2173:
2147:
930:Yvan Guillemette; William Robson (September 2006).
489:
124:the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE)
1941:Goldstone, J. A., Grinin, L., and; Korotayev, A.
1825:Population aging: the transformation of societies
1943:Research into Global Ageing and its Consequences
1261:"Don't blame the elderly for health care costs"
1236:"Don't blame aging boomers | Toronto Star"
1188:Sanderson, Warren C.; Scherbov, Sergei (2007).
2125:
1011:"World's older population grows dramatically"
8:
1697:Scheidt, Rick J.; Schwarz, Benyamin (2013).
1316:NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics
1672:Rowles, Graham D.; Bernard, Miriam (2013).
901:"Current Status of the World Health Survey"
2132:
2118:
2110:
2083:Aging Population and Its Potential Impacts
456:International handbook of population aging
1739:
1534:
1413:
1263:. .canada.com. 2008-01-30. Archived from
1172:
1097:
777:
564:
554:
215:Most of the developed countries now have
1850:"Discrimination of Older People in Asia"
520:
518:
516:
499:. United Nations Development Programme.
299:in OECD countries (per 1000 populations)
31:
1568:International Journal of Social Welfare
1190:"A new perspective on population aging"
970:Peter McDonald; Rebecca Kippen (2000).
445:
1086:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology
184:Percentage of world population over 65
2055:"The benefit of an ageing population"
1999:Oxford Institute of Population Ageing
1800:
1798:
1455:"Global age-friendly cities: a guide"
527:, United Nations Population Division.
75:population will reach 2.1 billion by
27:Increasing median age in a population
7:
1757:"Population Aging and Social Policy"
1701:. New York: Routledge. p. 338.
1699:Environmental Gerontology. What Now?
590:
588:
586:
584:
757:The New England Journal of Medicine
258:and the economic benefits of lower
141:highest per capita immigration rate
2195:Population ageing in North America
804:Manton KG (1982). "Manton, 1982".
525:World Population Ageing: 1950-2050
63:but are now seen in virtually all
36:Population pyramid of China (2018)
25:
1728:Revista de GeografĂa Norte Grande
1500:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00281.x
1967:AARP International: The Journal
1741:10.4067/S0718-34022015000100006
1286:"The Silver Tsunami That Isn't"
646:. lambert academic publishing.
2227:Population ageing by continent
1807:"Age Discrimination in Africa"
1288:. Umanitoba.ca. Archived from
669:"World Ageing Population 2013"
624:"World Population Ageing 2013"
453:Uhlenberg, Peter, ed. (2009).
231:Well-being and social policies
145:C. D. Howe Institute
1:
1402:Workplace Health & Safety
979:New Zealand Population Review
806:Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc
2211:Population ageing in Oceania
2181:Ageing of the United Kingdom
1915:Gavrilov L.A., Heuveline P.
1866:Getzen, T. E. (1992-05-01).
1848:Gerlock, Edward (May 2006).
1773:10.1146/annurev.soc.18.1.449
1722:Sanchez-Gonzalez, D (2015).
1488:British Journal of Sociology
93:demographic transition model
2174:Population ageing in Europe
1755:Uhlenberg, P (1992-01-01).
1523:Progress in Human Geography
1453:World Health Organization.
1015:National Institute on Aging
770:10.1056/NEJM198007173030304
750:Fries, J. F. (1980-07-17).
2297:
2202:Aging of the United States
1761:Annual Review of Sociology
1482:Daly, M; Lewis, J (2000).
1174:10.1038/s42949-021-00023-z
380:Aging of the United States
234:
208:, highlighted in her book
166:
2148:Population ageing in Asia
1977:Serving the Aging Citizen
1545:10.1191/0309132503ph432pr
1367:10.1007/s13524-013-0245-x
609:10.1108/01443331311308230
543:Journal of Aging Research
217:sub-replacement fertility
120:World Health Organization
1805:Ogonda, Job (May 2006).
1415:10.1177/2165079917752191
1206:10.4054/DemRes.2007.16.2
1152:npj Urban Sustainability
640:Shaban, Mostafa (2020).
326:and productivity gains.
266:to personal well-being.
130:The Global Ageing Survey
116:compression of morbidity
2276:Demographics indicators
1884:10.1093/geronj/47.3.s98
1823:Rowland, D. T. (2012).
1580:10.1111/1468-2397.00170
871:10.1126/science.1069675
537:Chucks, J (July 2010).
305:benefit pension systems
241:Generational accounting
2023:David N. Weil (2006).
1994:UN Programme on Ageing
1872:Journal of Gerontology
1614:Canadian Public Policy
1108:10.2202/1941-6008.1011
907:. 2011. Archived from
400:Demographic transition
300:
185:
37:
2281:Demographic economics
2053:Judith Healy (2004).
1910:Additional references
1075:Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey
294:
183:
51:because of declining
35:
2165:Aging of South Korea
1194:Demographic Research
1125:on February 12, 2019
932:"No Elixir of Youth"
415:Political demography
390:Aging of South Korea
313:demographic dividend
65:developing countries
1917:Aging of Population
1165:2021npjUS...1...17J
985:(2). Archived from
718:10.1038/nature06516
710:2008Natur.451..716L
556:10.4061/2010/672157
221:population momentum
61:developed countries
2218:Aging of Australia
2088:2016-08-21 at the
2042:2008-10-31 at the
2025:"Population Aging"
2016:2008-09-23 at the
2004:2021-02-05 at the
1982:2008-10-13 at the
1935:2009-04-17 at the
911:on August 19, 2005
430:The Silver Tsunami
420:Population decline
301:
286:tertiary education
186:
38:
2258:
2257:
2250:Population ageing
2141:Population ageing
1834:978-94-007-4049-5
1708:978-0-415-62616-3
1658:978-3-319-21418-4
865:(5570): 1029–31.
704:(7179): 716–719.
653:978-620-3-19697-9
506:978-0-19-530511-1
466:978-1-4020-8355-6
147:, a conservative
43:is an increasing
41:Population ageing
16:(Redirected from
2288:
2243:Related articles
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405:Gerontology
335:demographic
271:health care
89:median ages
55:and rising
2265:Categories
2071:2006-11-06
1355:Demography
1296:2013-03-20
1271:2013-03-20
1246:2013-03-20
1057:2020-07-16
1021:2017-05-01
996:2008-05-04
956:2008-05-03
549:: 672157.
441:References
425:Senescence
324:automation
167:See also:
149:think tank
49:population
45:median age
1892:0022-1422
1781:0360-0572
1531:CiteSeerX
1424:2165-0799
1375:0070-3370
1336:1932-8796
1214:1435-9871
1200:: 27–58.
1159:(1): 17.
1129:August 7,
1116:201101995
1094:CiteSeerX
1052:0261-3077
915:8 October
475:390135418
282:education
260:inflation
108:fertility
104:longevity
73:geriatric
2086:Archived
2040:Archived
2014:Archived
2002:Archived
1980:Archived
1973:Deloitte
1933:Archived
1789:12343802
1595:Horizons
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1508:10905001
1432:29506442
1383:24302530
1222:26347928
1145:(2021).
1077:(2007).
879:12004104
842:45827427
726:18204438
575:21188229
359:See also
297:dementia
83:Overview
1900:1573213
1634:3552194
1440:3664469
1161:Bibcode
905:who.int
887:1132260
858:Science
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826:3349767
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201:cohort
197:Africa
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883:S2CID
838:S2CID
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730:S2CID
672:(PDF)
627:(PDF)
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365:Aging
275:taxes
47:in a
1896:PMID
1888:ISSN
1829:ISBN
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1504:PMID
1469:2015
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1320:2006
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917:2011
875:PMID
830:PMID
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722:PMID
648:ISBN
571:PMID
547:2010
501:ISBN
471:OCLC
461:ISBN
195:and
193:Asia
171:and
155:and
77:2050
1880:doi
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