221:– something very acute in developing countries. To provide a source of credit, farmers can group together funds that can be loaned out to members. Alternatively, the credit union can raise loans at better rates from commercial banks due to the cooperative having a larger associative size than an individual farmer. Often members of a credit union will provide mutual or peer-pressure guarantees for repayment of loans. In some instances, manufacturing/marketing cooperatives may have credit unions as part of their broader business. Such an approach allows farmers to have a more direct access to critical farm inputs, such as seeds and implements. The loans for these inputs are repaid when the farmer sends produce to the manufacturing/marketing cooperative.
146:
769:, with a single marketing cooperative, is India's largest self-sustaining industry and its largest rural employment provider. Successful implementation of the Anand model has made India the world's largest milk producer. Here small, marginal farmers with a couple or so heads of milch cattle queue up twice daily to pour milk from their small containers into the village union collection points. The milk after processing at the district unions is then marketed by the state cooperative federation nationally under the
175:
754:
20:
206:: A farm does not always have the means of transportation necessary for delivering its produce to the market, or else the small volume of its production may put it in an unfavorable negotiating position with respect to intermediaries and wholesalers; a cooperative will act as an integrator, collecting the output from members, sometimes undertaking manufacturing, and delivering it in large aggregated quantities downstream through the marketing channels.
2477:
123:
2489:
236:
2513:
142:, where "two or more agents working together to produce a result not obtainable by any of the agents independently". While it may seem reasonable to conclude that the larger the cooperative the better, this is not necessarily true. Cooperatives exist across a broad membership base, with some cooperatives having fewer than 20 members while others can have over 10,000.
2501:
744:
The Amazon region of
Ecuador is known for producing world-renowned cacao beans. In the Napo region 850 Kichwa families have come together with help from American biologist, Judy Logback, to form an agricultural marketing cooperatives, Kallari Association. This cooperative has helped increase benefits
170:
farmers with access to natural and educational resources, tools, and otherwise inaccessible marketplaces. Producer organisations can also empower smallholders to become more resilient; in other words, they build the capacity of farmers to prepare for and react to economic and environmental stressors
773:
brand name, India's largest food brand. With the Anand pattern three-fourths of the price paid by the mainly urban consumers goes into the hands of millions of small dairy farmers, who are the owners of the brand and the cooperative. The cooperative hires professionals for their expertise and skills
133:
A practical motivation for the creation of agricultural cooperatives is related to the ability of farmers to pool production and/or resources. In many situations within agriculture, it is simply too expensive for farmers to manufacture products or undertake a service. Cooperatives provide a method
68:
The default meaning of "agricultural cooperative" in
English is usually an agricultural service cooperative, the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives: supply cooperatives and marketing cooperatives. Supply cooperatives supply their
49:
A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually-farming members, and agricultural production cooperatives in which production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly.
158:
While the economic benefits are a strong driver in forming cooperatives, it is not the sole consideration. In fact, it is possible for the economic benefits from a cooperative to be replicated in other organisational forms, such as an IOF. An important strength of a cooperative for the farmer is
350:
aggregate purchases, storage, and distribution of farm inputs for their members. By taking advantage of volume discounts and utilizing other economies of scale, supply cooperatives bring down the cost of the inputs that the members purchase from the cooperative compared with direct purchases from
618:
Peninsula. With active support by the New
Zealand government, and small cooperatives being suitable in isolated areas, cooperatives quickly began to dominate the industry. By 1905, dairy cooperatives were the main organisational structure in the industry. In the 1920s–'30s, there were around 500
109:
objectives, whereas cooperatives strive to maximize the benefits they generate for their members (which usually involves zero-profit operation). Agricultural cooperatives are therefore created in situations where farmers cannot obtain essential services from IOFs (because the provision of these
351:
commercial suppliers. Supply cooperatives provide inputs required for agricultural production including seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and farm machinery. Some supply cooperatives operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services (e.g., plowing, harvesting) to their members.
110:
services is judged to be unprofitable by the IOFs), or when IOFs provide the services at disadvantageous terms to the farmers (i.e., the services are available, but the profit-motivated prices are too high for the farmers). The former situations are characterized in economic theory as
159:
that they retain the governance of the association, thereby ensuring they have ultimate ownership and control. This ensures that the profit reimbursement (either through the dividend payout or rebate) is shared only amongst the farmer members, rather than shareholders as in an IOF.
153:
coffee farmer in
Colombia contributing her coffee to an agricultural cooperative. Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets, especially commodity crops like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses who can manipulate
319:
agricultural cooperatives were created also in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. They spread later to North
America and the other continents. They have become one of the tools of agricultural development in emerging countries. Farmers also cooperated to form
200:: A family farm may be too small to justify the purchase of expensive farm machinery, which may be only used irregularly, say only during harvest; instead local farmers may get together to form a machinery pool that purchases the necessary equipment for all the members to use.
1615:
171:
and shocks in a way that limits vulnerability and promotes their sustainability. Research suggests that membership in a producer organisation is more highly correlated with farmer output or income than other standalone investments such as training, certification, or credit.
642:. This mega-merger was supported by the New Zealand Government as part of broader dairy industry deregulation, which allowed other companies to directly export dairy products. Two smaller cooperatives did not join Fonterra, preferring to remain independent – the
118:
to oppose the IOFs. The concept of competitive yardstick implies that farmers, faced with an unsatisfactory performance by IOFs, may form a cooperative firm whose purpose is to force the IOFs, through competition, to improve their service to farmers.
212:
Farmers, especially in developing countries, can be charged relatively high interest rates by commercial banks, or credit may not even be available for farmers to access. When providing loans, these banks are often mindful of high
789:
to the mill. Over the last sixty years, the local sugar mills have played a crucial part in encouraging rural political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians. This is particularly true in the state of
761:
In India, there are networks of cooperatives at the local, regional, state and national levels that assist in agricultural marketing. The commodities that are mostly handled are food grains, jute, cotton, sugar, milk and nuts
613:
New
Zealand has a strong history of agricultural cooperatives, dating back to the late 19th century. The first was the small Otago Peninsula Co-operative Cheese Factory Co. Ltd, started in 1871 at Highcliff on the
85:. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transportation, packaging, pricing, distribution, sales and promotion of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on
626:, with the advent of improved transportation, processing technologies and energy systems, a trend to merge dairy cooperatives occurred. By the late 1990s, there were two major cooperatives: the
162:
As agricultural production is often the main source of employment and income in rural and impoverished areas, agricultural cooperatives play an instrumental role in socio-economic development,
134:
for farmers to join in an 'association', through which a group of farmers can acquire a better outcome, typically financial, than by going alone. This approach is aligned to the concept of
1388:
802:
had ties to sugar cooperatives from their respective local areas. Mismanagement and manipulation of the cooperative principles have made a number of these operations inefficient.
1783:
1367:
References on
Agricultural History and Rural Life in the United States: Descriptive Studies, Historical Analyses, Novels on Agricultural Pioneering, and Documentaries
665:, which has struggled at times, has proposed various mergers similar to the creation of Fonterra; however, these have failed to gain the necessary member support.
2462:
2117:
2080:
1492:
3201:
114:
or missing services motive. The latter drive the creation of cooperatives as a competitive yardstick or as a means of allowing farmers to build countervailing
3120:
1815:
590:
464:
1762:
677:. These farmer-owned cooperatives bought and transported grain throughout Western Canada. They replaced the earlier privately and often foreign-owned
774:
and uses hi-tech research labs and modern processing plants & transport cold-chains, to ensure quality of their produce and value-add to the milk.
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257:
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businesses owned by farmers, to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock.)
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2167:
1738:
548:
452:
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331:. They were created in the same periods, with the initial purpose of offering farm loans. Some became universal banks such as
189:
In agriculture, there are broadly three types of cooperatives: a machinery pool, a manufacturing/marketing cooperative, and a
3110:
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261:
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2137:
1801:
873:
517:
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246:
1219:
John M. Staatz, "Farmers' incentives to take collective action via cooperatives: A transaction-cost approach, " in:
2603:
2177:
2112:
1939:
1510:
799:
721:
440:
1281:
Serfilippi, E; Ramnath, G (2018). "Resilience
Measurement and Conceptual Frameworks: A Review of the Literature".
265:
250:
3142:
2853:
2623:
1914:
981:
921:
528:
393:
3154:
3064:
2425:
2011:
1924:
1866:
927:
795:
398:
54:
1629:
65:, a federation of agricultural cooperatives that handles 70% of the sales of chemical fertilizers in Japan.
2983:
2352:
2075:
2070:
1961:
1929:
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655:
635:
491:
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for the families involved as well as to protect and defend their Kichwa culture and the Amazon rainforest.
19:
2978:
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2347:
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975:
651:
596:
82:
2860:
2806:
2796:
2773:
2738:
2733:
2236:
2016:
911:
661:
The other main agricultural co-operatives in New
Zealand are in the meat and fertiliser industries. The
145:
1411:
2865:
2801:
2713:
2594:
2481:
2317:
2107:
1966:
1919:
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886:
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218:
1714:
2953:
2900:
2811:
2783:
2705:
2685:
2672:
2563:
1934:
1179:"India's Amul: Keeping Up with the Times - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School"
932:
753:
647:
523:
106:
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174:
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135:
332:
3079:
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2006:
1976:
1756:
1605:
1543:
1447:
1106:
947:
297:
214:
829:
420:
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The first agricultural cooperatives were created in Europe in the seventeenth century in the
2895:
2848:
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2322:
2280:
2172:
2063:
1971:
1956:
1698:
1599:
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685:(privatized), and several mergers occurred. Now all the former wheat pools are part of the
573:
497:
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321:
2998:
2728:
2297:
2033:
1496:
1092:
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owned by local farmers. The shareholders include all farmers, small and large, supplying
533:
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1178:
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997:
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538:
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309:
111:
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2216:
2038:
1861:
1710:
1302:
1223:, ed. J.S. Royer, Washington, DC: USDA ACS Service Report 18 (July 1987), pp. 87–107.
662:
634:-based Kiwi Co-operative Dairies. In 2001 these two cooperatives, together with the
163:
101:
are distinct from the more common investor-owned firms (IOFs). Both are organized as
1731:
3054:
2988:
2680:
2367:
2226:
2201:
2043:
2001:
1946:
1906:
1656:
1584:
1258:"Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development"
1234:"Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development"
844:
643:
623:
328:
301:
190:
178:
167:
150:
122:
115:
102:
86:
812:
Tnuva
Central Cooperative for the Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Israel Ltd.
619:
co-operative dairy companies compared to less than 70 that were privately owned.
3069:
2559:
2357:
2292:
2275:
2248:
2221:
2206:
2182:
2053:
1896:
1824:
1097:
These are cooperative farms, jointly owned or managed by a cooperative society.
1042:
915:
791:
681:
and came to dominate the market in the post-war period. By the 1990s, most had
678:
674:
602:
235:
74:
39:
2048:
1996:
1991:
1876:
1702:
1067:
376:
1340:
181:, one of hundreds of grain-oriented agricultural marketing coops in the U.S.
3023:
2718:
2258:
1986:
1122:
985:
786:
371:
1257:
1233:
1951:
1779:
McBride, Glynn (2014), Agricultural Cooperatives: Their Why and Their How
1419:
Welcome to the Hocken: Bulletins of the Friends of the Hocken Collections
1381:"Jersey Fresh produce found at nation's oldest fruit and vegetable co-op"
1028:
906:
639:
578:
502:
414:
336:
316:
1568:"Problems and prospects of agricultural marketing in India: An overview"
3013:
2906:
2307:
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1005:
733:
686:
627:
305:
139:
127:
98:
62:
43:
2285:
2211:
1881:
1871:
1684:"Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective"
1032:
941:
890:
410:
24:
757:
Sugarcane weighing at a cooperative sugar mill in Maharashtra, India
1633:
126:
Headquarters of Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in
89:
as a source of financing for both working capital and investments.
3180:
2913:
2302:
1601:
India's white revolution Operation Flood, food aid and development
1046:
1013:
1009:
957:
900:
811:
778:
752:
615:
568:
173:
144:
121:
70:
18:
673:
In Canada, the most important cooperatives of this kind were the
2193:
1981:
1001:
877:
770:
766:
304:
lived together in organized agricultural cooperatives next to a
78:
58:
2935:
2574:
2532:
1797:
217:
on small loans, or may refuse credit altogether due to lack of
61:, the largest food product marketing organization in India and
1793:
994:(organic milk, cheese, eggs, soy, butter, yogurt, snack items)
880:
839:
229:
717:
Other agricultural marketing cooperatives in Canada include:
1630:"National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited"
1341:"Understanding Cooperatives: Farmer Cooperative Statistics"
69:
members with inputs for agricultural production, including
53:
Notable examples of agricultural cooperatives include
1573:
International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science
1465:
A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry: 1840–1935
794:
where a large number of politicians belonging to the
46:
pool their resources in certain areas of activities.
1151:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989), p. 50.
16:
Autonomous association of farmers and food producers
3129:
3098:
3042:
2967:
2946:
2888:
2841:
2820:
2782:
2749:
2704:
2671:
2664:
2632:
2592:
2585:
2439:
2383:
2331:
2192:
2096:
1895:
1854:
1785:
The cooperative movement of Brazil and South Africa
1317:"Empowering Farmers through Producer Organizations"
781:from sugarcane mostly takes place at cooperative
1657:"Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra"
558:Saline Valley Farm Cooperative, established 1931
1604:. London: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 10.
1369:. Pennsylvania: Milton C. Hallberg. p. 64.
138:and can also be related as a form of economic
2544:
1809:
591:category: agricultural marketing cooperatives
8:
824:Coöperatieve Nederlandse Bloembollencentrale
465:National Agricultural Cooperative Federation
488:Landisville Produce Co-op, established 1914
264:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2943:
2932:
2668:
2589:
2582:
2571:
2551:
2537:
2529:
1816:
1802:
1794:
1480:. Wellington: The New Zealand Dairy Board.
1283:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
361:Category: Agricultural supply cooperatives
2959:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity
1019:Snokist Growers (pears, apples, cherries)
284:Learn how and when to remove this message
1215:
1213:
1352:United States Department of Agriculture
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
630:-based New Zealand Dairy Group and the
522:Farmers Cooperative Association, Inc.;
513:National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
377:Westralian Farmers Co-operative Limited
57:, the largest dairy company in the US,
1761:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1754:
300:, where the wives and children of the
1053:Tillamook County Creamery Association
7:
3202:Agricultural marketing organizations
3137:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
2500:
1511:"Meat mega merger hits a bumpy road"
1391:from the original on 28 October 2017
262:adding citations to reliable sources
166:and poverty reduction. They provide
3176:History of the cooperative movement
2647:International Co-operative Alliance
2512:
1663:from the original on 28 August 2011
1452:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
970:Michigan Milk Producers Association
924:(Dairy), formerly Dairymen's League
204:Manufacturing/marketing cooperative
2363:Environmental impact of irrigation
1691:The Journal of Development Studies
1221:Cooperative Theory: New Approaches
728:Gay Lea Foods Co-operative Limited
372:Co-operative Bulk Handling Limited
14:
1467:. Wellington: Government Printer.
1125:, Israeli expert on cooperatives
2511:
2499:
2487:
2476:
2475:
1618:from the original on 2018-05-03.
1490:Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd.
1428:from the original on 17 May 2011
1410:Petchey, Peter (November 1998).
1202:BĂ©la A. Balassa; Marcus Noland.
1162:"Dairy Industries International"
1058:Lone Star Milk Producers (dairy)
964:Maine's Own Organic Milk Company
348:Agricultural supply cooperatives
234:
2431:Agriculture and the environment
2168:British Agricultural Revolution
1744:from the original on 2015-09-24
1632:. Coopsugar.org. Archived from
950:(dairy), formerly a cooperative
862:Ukrainian cooperative movements
453:Japan Agricultural Cooperatives
322:mutual farm insurance societies
3029:Socially responsible investing
2375:Climate change and agriculture
2148:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1509:Hembry, Owen (14 April 2008).
656:West Coast of the South Island
477:Ukrainian cooperative movement
179:Hays Coop elevator and offices
1:
2652:Cooperative wholesale society
1565:Vadivelu A, Kiran BR (2013).
1081:Zapatista coffee cooperatives
1039:Sunsweet Growers Incorporated
1023:Sunkist Growers, Incorporated
23:Agricultural cooperatives in
3075:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
2828:Health insurance cooperative
2691:Savings and loan association
2153:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1365:Hallberg, Milton C. (2007).
692:Former wheat pools include:
3222:Rural community development
1655:Patil, Anil (9 July 2007).
1598:Scholten, Bruce A. (2010).
1149:Cooperatives in Agriculture
874:American Legend Cooperative
765:Dairy farming based on the
518:Southern States Cooperative
389:Farmers' Storehouse Company
3243:
2113:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1204:Japan in the World Economy
1104:
1090:
722:Organic Meadow Cooperative
588:
441:Granot central cooperative
358:
97:Cooperatives as a form of
3217:Agricultural cooperatives
3171:
3143:United Farmers of Alberta
2942:
2931:
2581:
2570:
2472:
2463:Universities and colleges
2081:Universities and colleges
1888:
1831:
1703:10.1080/00220380802265108
1499:. Reference For Business.
1478:A Command of Cooperatives
1350:, Report 45, Section 13,
938:Florida's Natural Growers
922:Dairylea Cooperative Inc.
918:), formerly a cooperative
529:Ocean Spray (cooperative)
394:United Farmers of Alberta
3155:Nepal Co-operative Party
2448:Agriculturist profession
1925:Agricultural engineering
1911:Agricultural cooperative
928:Dairy Farmers of America
399:Farmers of North America
55:Dairy Farmers Of America
32:agricultural cooperative
3212:Agricultural production
2353:Agricultural wastewater
2076:Sustainable food system
2071:Sustainable agriculture
1962:Animal-free agriculture
1930:Agricultural technology
1463:Philpott, H.G. (1937).
1348:Cooperative Information
1087:Production cooperatives
707:Saskatchewan Wheat Pool
702:Manitoba Pool Elevators
636:New Zealand Dairy Board
327:Also related are rural
3227:Agricultural economics
2984:Cooperative federalism
2979:Co-operative economics
2453:Agricultural machinery
2411:History of agriculture
2396:Agriculture by country
2391:Agricultural machinery
2348:Agricultural pollution
2343:Agricultural expansion
2118:Austronesian expansion
2029:Mechanised agriculture
1682:Lalwani, Mala (2008).
1515:The New Zealand Herald
1412:"La crème de la crème"
1147:Cobia, David, editor,
1118:Winemaking cooperative
976:Michigan Sugar Company
758:
652:Westland Milk Products
597:Agricultural marketing
585:Marketing cooperatives
492:Rockingham Cooperative
186:
155:
130:
27:
2797:Community wind energy
2593:Primary cooperative (
2458:Government ministries
2401:Agriculture companies
2237:Convertible husbandry
1915:Agricultural supplies
1867:Agricultural Engineer
1782:Derr, Jascha (2013),
1105:Further information:
912:Diamond of California
756:
549:Wilco stores (Oregon)
494:, established in 1921
177:
148:
125:
99:business organization
22:
2564:mutual organizations
2108:Neolithic Revolution
1967:Cellular agriculture
1920:Agricultural science
1062:United Egg Producers
887:Blue Diamond Growers
883:) "Blackglama" brand
712:United Grain Growers
258:improve this section
40:producer cooperative
2954:Rochdale Principles
2901:Agent-owned company
2686:Mutual savings bank
1587:– via Scribd.
1476:Ward, A.H. (1975).
1448:Catherine Mathieson
648:Tatua Dairy Company
524:Frederick, Maryland
343:Supply cooperatives
226:Origins and history
107:profit maximization
87:credit cooperatives
3207:Agricultural labor
3149:Co-operative Party
3034:Solidarity economy
2994:Economic democracy
2759:Collective farming
2242:Rotational grazing
2158:Columbian exchange
1636:on 5 February 2012
1546:on 6 February 2015
1495:2011-06-14 at the
1295:10.1111/apce.12202
1066:Welch Foods Inc. (
759:
697:Alberta Wheat Pool
554:Grange Cooperative
187:
156:
136:economies of scale
131:
105:, but IOFs pursue
83:machinery services
34:, also known as a
28:
3189:
3188:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3130:Political parties
3085:Rochdale Pioneers
3080:David Schweickart
3019:Social enterprise
2971:economic theories
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2884:
2883:
2660:
2659:
2526:
2525:
2086:Urban agriculture
2059:Rice-duck farming
2007:Intensive farming
1977:Extensive farming
1697:(10): 1474–1505.
1611:978-1-4416-7658-0
1107:CPA (agriculture)
988:and citrus fruit)
948:Humboldt Creamery
638:, merged to form
298:Military Frontier
294:
293:
286:
215:transaction costs
3234:
2944:
2933:
2896:Friendly society
2833:Mutual insurance
2696:Building society
2669:
2590:
2583:
2572:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2323:Wildlife farming
2173:Green Revolution
2124:Ancient history
2064:Rice-fish system
1972:Contract farming
1957:Animal husbandry
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1713:. Archived from
1688:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1659:. Rediff India.
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1542:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:. 23 July 2015.
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1145:
960:and farm supply)
850:FrieslandCampina
783:sugar cane mills
498:MFA Incorporated
425:Pays de la Loire
289:
282:
278:
275:
269:
238:
230:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3159:
3125:
3094:
3060:David Griffiths
3038:
2999:Guild socialism
2972:
2970:
2963:
2938:
2919:
2880:
2876:Social services
2837:
2816:
2778:
2745:
2729:Housing society
2724:Student housing
2700:
2656:
2628:
2577:
2566:
2557:
2527:
2522:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2435:
2426:Poultry farming
2379:
2334:
2327:
2298:Poultry farming
2188:
2164:Modern history
2144:Post-classical
2092:
2091:
2090:
2034:Organic farming
1891:
1890:
1886:
1850:
1827:
1822:
1791:
1776:
1774:Further reading
1771:
1770:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:"Archived copy"
1730:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1497:Wayback Machine
1488:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1132:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1093:collective farm
1089:
1077:
870:
858:
820:
808:
751:
742:
724:(organic dairy)
671:
622:However, after
611:
593:
587:
565:
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
407:
385:
368:
363:
357:
345:
333:Crédit Agricole
290:
279:
273:
270:
255:
239:
228:
183:Interior Plains
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3116:United Kingdom
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Neo-capitalism
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2254:Insect farming
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:Ancient Greece
2130:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1723:
1720:on 2014-01-17.
1674:
1647:
1621:
1610:
1590:
1579:(3): 108–118.
1557:
1527:
1501:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1439:
1402:
1372:
1357:
1332:
1308:
1289:(4): 645–664.
1273:
1249:
1225:
1209:
1206:. p. 228.
1194:
1170:
1153:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1036:
1026:
1025:(citrus fruit)
1020:
1017:
998:Riceland Foods
995:
992:Organic Valley
989:
979:
973:
967:
961:
951:
945:
935:
930:
925:
919:
909:
904:
897:Cabot Creamery
894:
884:
869:
866:
865:
864:
857:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
819:
816:
815:
814:
807:
804:
796:Congress party
777:Production of
750:
747:
741:
738:
737:
736:
731:
725:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
670:
667:
610:
607:
586:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Michigan Sugar
536:
531:
526:
520:
515:
510:
508:Organic Valley
505:
500:
495:
489:
484:
481:
480:
479:
472:
469:
468:
467:
460:
457:
456:
455:
448:
445:
444:
443:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
418:
406:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
384:
381:
380:
379:
374:
367:
364:
356:
353:
344:
341:
292:
291:
242:
240:
233:
227:
224:
223:
222:
210:Credit Union:
207:
201:
198:Machinery pool
128:Sapporo, Japan
112:market failure
94:
91:
36:farmers' co-op
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3239:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3121:United States
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3090:Beatrice Webb
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:G. D. H. Cole
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:Key theorists
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2969:Political and
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Reforestation
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2586:By governance
2584:
2580:
2576:Organizations
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Meat industry
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Biotechnology
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2333:Environmental
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Sheep farming
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Dairy farming
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2194:Farming Types
2191:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Ancient Egypt
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Paludiculture
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:Biotechnology
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Agriculturist
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:"Our Mission"
1531:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:, especially
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
983:
980:
978:(sugar beets)
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
934:
933:Edible Garden
931:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
872:
871:
868:United States
867:
863:
860:
859:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
813:
810:
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767:Anand Pattern
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483:United States
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459:Korea (South)
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302:border guards
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243:This section
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164:food security
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41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
3065:William King
3055:Charles Gide
2989:Distributism
2912:
2905:
2751:Agricultural
2750:
2681:Credit union
2560:Cooperatives
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2368:Overdrafting
2227:Goat farming
2138:Ancient Rome
2044:Permaculture
2002:Horticulture
1947:Agroforestry
1907:Agribusiness
1790:
1784:
1746:. Retrieved
1726:
1715:the original
1694:
1690:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:the original
1624:
1600:
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1572:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1485:
1477:
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1430:. Retrieved
1418:
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1335:
1323:. Retrieved
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1264:. Retrieved
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1228:
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1203:
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1156:
1148:
1096:
954:Land O'Lakes
845:FloraHolland
776:
764:
760:
743:
716:
691:
683:demutualized
679:grain buyers
672:
660:
644:Morrinsville
624:World War II
621:
612:
599:cooperatives
595:
594:
534:Land O'Lakes
347:
346:
326:
314:
295:
280:
271:
256:Please help
244:
209:
203:
197:
191:credit union
188:
161:
157:
132:
116:market power
103:corporations
96:
67:
52:
48:
35:
31:
29:
3070:Robert Owen
2734:egalitarian
2518:Wikiproject
2358:Overgrazing
2293:Pig farming
2276:Paddy field
2249:Hydroponics
2222:Fur farming
2207:Aquaculture
2202:Agrivoltaic
2183:Monoculture
2104:Prehistory
2054:Polyculture
1877:Farm worker
1855:Occupations
1825:Agriculture
1667:27 December
1640:27 December
1540:Kallari.com
1520:13 February
1432:13 February
1183:www.hbs.edu
1043:dried fruit
986:cranberries
982:Ocean Spray
835:Royal Cosun
818:Netherlands
792:Maharashtra
675:wheat pools
609:New Zealand
603:cooperative
563:Netherlands
310:public bath
168:smallholder
151:smallholder
75:fertilizers
3196:Categories
2774:Wheat pool
2769:Winemaking
2665:By product
2634:Federation
2619:Purchasing
2384:Categories
2049:Plantation
1997:Free range
1992:Feed ratio
1748:2015-09-28
1550:6 February
1395:28 October
1188:2024-02-01
1130:References
589:See also:
359:See also:
315:The first
219:collateral
3099:By region
3024:Socialism
3004:Mutualism
2861:Recycling
2821:Insurance
2812:Broadband
2807:Telephone
2719:Cohousing
2416:Livestock
2259:Livestock
1987:Farmhouse
1711:154425894
1325:17 August
1303:158989942
1266:17 August
1242:17 August
1123:Zvi Galor
787:sugarcane
366:Australia
274:June 2022
245:does not
42:in which
3145:(Canada)
3139:(Canada)
2947:Identity
2866:Platform
2802:Electric
2714:Building
2624:Retailer
2604:Consumer
2482:Category
2308:Orchards
2281:Pastoral
1952:Agronomy
1757:cite web
1739:Archived
1661:Archived
1616:Archived
1493:Archived
1423:Archived
1389:Archived
1112:See also
1029:Sun-Maid
1006:soybeans
907:Darigold
640:Fonterra
632:Taranaki
579:Agrifirm
503:Darigold
430:Vivescia
415:Normandy
355:Examples
337:Rabobank
154:markets.
63:Zen-Noah
3111:Ukraine
3014:Owenism
2907:Stokvel
2784:Utility
2739:commune
2706:Housing
2673:Banking
2506:Commons
2318:Terrace
2264:Pasture
2232:Grazing
2178:Organic
2098:History
2012:animals
1935:Digital
1897:General
1841:History
1836:Outline
1585:4864110
1068:Welch's
1055:(dairy)
1033:raisins
972:(dairy)
966:(dairy)
891:almonds
856:Ukraine
830:Coforta
740:Ecuador
734:Agropur
730:(dairy)
687:Viterra
654:on the
646:-based
628:Waikato
544:Sunkist
471:Ukraine
421:Terrena
306:funfair
266:removed
251:sources
140:synergy
93:Purpose
44:farmers
38:, is a
3106:Canada
2937:Topics
2609:Worker
2494:Portal
2335:impact
2286:Bocage
2212:Cattle
1882:Herder
1872:Farmer
1709:
1608:
1583:
1421:(26).
1385:nj.com
1354:, 2011
1301:
1075:Mexico
1047:prunes
944:fruit)
942:citrus
806:Israel
669:Canada
574:Agrico
435:Israel
411:Agrial
405:France
383:Canada
308:and a
81:, and
25:Guinea
3181:.coop
2914:Artel
2889:Other
2871:Media
2842:Other
2440:Lists
2303:Ranch
2271:Mixed
2022:crops
1846:Index
1742:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
1707:S2CID
1687:(PDF)
1581:S2CID
1426:(PDF)
1415:(PDF)
1344:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1299:S2CID
1261:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1014:wheat
958:dairy
901:dairy
826:(CNB)
779:sugar
749:India
616:Otago
569:Avebe
447:Japan
317:civil
71:seeds
3151:(UK)
2854:list
2849:Food
2788:list
2638:list
2613:list
2595:list
2562:and
2017:pigs
1982:Farm
1763:link
1669:2011
1642:2011
1606:ISBN
1552:2015
1522:2011
1434:2011
1397:2017
1327:2020
1268:2020
1244:2020
1101:Cuba
1012:and
1010:corn
1002:rice
916:nuts
878:mink
771:Amul
650:and
601:are
249:any
247:cite
79:fuel
59:Amul
1699:doi
1450:".
1291:doi
881:fur
840:ZON
800:NCP
798:or
335:or
260:by
30:An
3198::
1759:}}
1755:{{
1737:.
1705:.
1695:44
1693:.
1689:.
1614:.
1575:.
1571:.
1538:.
1513:.
1417:.
1383:.
1346:,
1297:.
1287:89
1285:.
1212:^
1181:.
1138:^
1008:,
1004:,
658:.
339:.
324:.
312:.
193:.
149:A
77:,
73:,
2790:)
2786:(
2640:)
2636:(
2615:)
2611:(
2597:)
2552:e
2545:t
2538:v
1817:e
1810:t
1803:v
1765:)
1751:.
1701::
1671:.
1644:.
1577:3
1554:.
1524:.
1454:.
1446:"
1436:.
1399:.
1329:.
1305:.
1293::
1270:.
1246:.
1191:.
1167:.
1070:)
1049:)
1041:(
1035:)
1031:(
1016:)
1000:(
984:(
956:(
940:(
914:(
903:)
899:(
893:)
889:(
876:(
427:)
423:(
417:)
413:(
287:)
281:(
276:)
272:(
268:.
254:.
185:.
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