138:
581:
463:
1649:. These engines require clean-burning fuels. The fuels that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids and gases. Thus, liquids meet the requirements of being both energy-dense and clean-burning. In addition, liquids (and gases) can be pumped, which means handling is easily mechanized, and thus less laborious. As there is a general movement towards a low carbon economy, the use of liquid fuels such as hydrocarbons is coming under scrutiny.
4428:
743:
719:
707:
695:
29:
4380:
3978:
731:
4002:
4402:
1909:
4464:
4452:
1661:
1589:
916:
768:
4440:
4014:
4391:
3990:
1972:, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased;
1390:. In theory, a wide variety of substances could be a nuclear fuel, as they can be made to release nuclear energy under the right conditions. However, the materials commonly referred to as nuclear fuels are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress. Nuclear fuel can be "burned" by
816:
for storage or transport. While their gaseous nature can be advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas, leading to the risk
1566:
nuclei are produced, no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies. Any nucleii heavier than Fe and Ni would thus absorb energy instead of giving it off when fused. Therefore, fusion stops and the star dies. In attempts by humans, fusion is
2326:
Global
Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
1056:
because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of
1976:, p. 54: Abundant empirical evidence of the unprecedented rate and global scale of impact of human influence on the Earth System (Steffen et al., 2016; Waters et al., 2016) has led many scientists to call for an acknowledgment that the Earth has entered a new geological epoch: the
1530:
whose nucleii will combine easily. Energy is required to start fusion by raising the temperature so high that nuclei can collide together with enough energy that they stick together before repelling due to electric charge. This process is called fusion and it can give out energy.
557:
today. The use of some solid fuels (e.g. coal) is restricted or prohibited in some urban areas, due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions. The use of other solid fuels as wood is decreasing as heating technology and the availability of good quality fuel improves. In some areas,
688:(CNG) but is denser than air, does not burn as cleanly, and is much more easily compressed. Commonly used for cooking and space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles. Propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally.
1422:
273:, because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power, but are
1077:) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to
2401:"Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 13 December 1999, relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars"
811:
that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels, though some fuel gases are
1558:. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements, although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy. Once
637:
Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport and can be handled easily. They are also relatively easy to use for all engineering applications and in home use. Fuels like
1522:. This involves two or more nuclei combining into larger nuclei. Fuels that produce energy by this method are currently not utilized by humans, but they are the main source of fuel for
1352:=1 means that it is assumed that the fuel and the oxidising agent (oxygen in air) are present in exactly the correct proportions so that they are both fully consumed in the reaction.
855:. Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture.
874:
were present at the sites. As a fuel, wood has remained in use up until the present day, although it has been superseded for many purposes by other sources. Wood has an
2119:
2071:
262:. By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate
106:
and related organic molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized.
1459:
When some of these fuels are struck by neutrons, they are in turn capable of emitting neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining
1009:
that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary
634:, have been developed as a way to make heavy oil fractions usable as liquid fuels. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy.
1929:
1398:(combining nuclei together) to derive nuclear energy. "Nuclear fuel" can refer to the fuel itself, or to physical objects (for example bundles composed of
240:
4087:
3038:
2334:
1567:
only carried out with hydrogen (H (deuterium) or H (tritium)) to form helium-4 as this reaction gives out the most net energy. Electric confinement (
167:, derived from coal, as European forests started to become depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for
990:. Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years. This
303:
Chemical fuels are divided in two ways. First, by their physical properties, as a solid, liquid or gas. Secondly, on the basis of their occurrence:
672:, can only exist as a liquid at very low temperatures (regardless of pressure), which limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most applications.
4296:
3091:
182:
3711:
2714:
1878:(2008). "1000 Years of Missing Industrial History". In Emilia Calvo Labarta; MercĂš Comes Maymo; Roser Puig Aguilar; MĂČnica Rius Pinies (eds.).
1775:
1797:
3755:
3430:
2383:
2283:
1891:
1495:
2443:
1367:
1108:
1944:
3897:
2045:
1811:
2101:
1628:
1006:
825:
are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is
3838:
2145:
186:
159:
nearly two million years ago. Throughout most of human history only fuels derived from plants or animal fat were used by humans.
1924:
606:
of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure inside the Earth's crust. However, there are several types, such as
4077:
3028:
2567:
1104:
4018:
4052:
3848:
1610:
858:
Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at
742:
296:
Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by the process of
4418:
2123:
2079:
684:, both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the advantages of
3378:
2638:
2572:
2324:
2271:
1551:
3196:
1482:(Pu). The actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel together make up the
4489:
3937:
3084:
2171:
2347:
1061:
is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion
2707:
2562:
2534:
2275:
1803:
1646:
1599:
580:
4200:
3843:
3701:
3363:
3308:
3288:
3283:
1112:
2415:
730:
4301:
3772:
3116:
2808:
2800:
2744:
2547:
2436:
1046:
694:
599:. They must also take the shape of their container; the fumes of liquid fuels are flammable, not the fluids.
4069:
3932:
3917:
3313:
3293:
2823:
2653:
2597:
2577:
1883:
1720:
1257:
1053:
462:
386:
209:
by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled. RÄzi also gave the first description of a
137:
4205:
4195:
4143:
3445:
3341:
3268:
3258:
3139:
3077:
2504:
1760:
971:
685:
554:
163:, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals. It was only supplanted by
3385:
3176:
2700:
1750:
1700:
1606:
951:
over hundreds of millions of years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing
813:
653:
538:
274:
270:
20:
718:
706:
224:, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century,
4401:
2262:
3833:
3806:
3784:
3691:
3624:
3373:
3303:
3248:
2301:
2227:
1572:
1124:
502:
95:
947:
of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the
3912:
3855:
3777:
3750:
3435:
3298:
3273:
2849:
2429:
4001:
1151:
641:
are rationed in some countries, for example in government-subsidized shops in India for home use.
4432:
4045:
3994:
3892:
3870:
3860:
3696:
2557:
1856:
1755:
1690:
1563:
1483:
1010:
987:
542:
986:
coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of
254:
in the United
Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use, the combustion of which releases
4322:
3794:
3619:
3480:
3440:
3410:
3395:
3368:
3278:
3181:
3121:
3111:
2856:
2612:
2592:
2552:
2379:
2279:
1948:
1887:
1817:
1807:
1680:
1645:. This occurs naturally in liquids and solids. High energy density can also be provided by an
1491:
1453:
1403:
1096:
999:
898:
592:
526:
237:
114:
71:
43:
is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as
4394:
4247:
4226:
3953:
3927:
3922:
3902:
3887:
3728:
3718:
3498:
3425:
3161:
2997:
2676:
2494:
2235:
2149:
1914:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1875:
1840:
1740:
1058:
1022:
1014:
952:
948:
936:
864:
848:
847:
Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from
842:
591:
Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create
550:
118:
2049:
1127:, the chemically correct air and fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of fuel, and its
4468:
4133:
3982:
3963:
3877:
3644:
3559:
3415:
3405:
3390:
3348:
3253:
3203:
3154:
3058:
3043:
2681:
2663:
2587:
2197:
2105:
1745:
1735:
1464:
1441:
1437:
1391:
1336:
1135:
1128:
1042:
800:
627:
585:
255:
60:
52:
3033:
2323:(2018). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; et al. (eds.).
2231:
4484:
4444:
4359:
4113:
4103:
3958:
3907:
3882:
3686:
3651:
3584:
3574:
3490:
3470:
3465:
3450:
3420:
3400:
3358:
3336:
3318:
3218:
3208:
3144:
2939:
2607:
2524:
1715:
1695:
1642:
1519:
1499:
1468:
1460:
1448:
can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of
1410:
1395:
1100:
1092:
1070:
995:
875:
596:
278:
247:
in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.
110:
87:
64:
48:
44:
1421:
28:
4478:
4456:
4383:
4082:
4038:
4006:
3865:
3825:
3789:
3745:
3671:
3634:
3552:
3475:
3243:
3238:
3191:
3171:
2967:
2844:
2765:
2452:
1920:
1915:
1770:
1666:
1535:
1487:
1387:
1332:
1156:
1018:
818:
661:
607:
435:
210:
56:
1575:(heating by laser) and heating by strong electric currents are the popular methods.
982:, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like
51:. The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing
4334:
4275:
4118:
3762:
3706:
3656:
3639:
3460:
3233:
3166:
2893:
2818:
2775:
2602:
2542:
2519:
1977:
1730:
1675:
1425:
1361:
1305:
1026:
889:
Recently biofuels have been developed for use in automotive transport (for example
870:
808:
784:
603:
546:
506:
405:
251:
155:
2400:
2261:(2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.).
1991:
1366:
258:
that can be used to turn water into steam. Coal was later used to drive ships and
2218:
Fewell, M. P. (1995). "The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy".
4364:
4280:
4254:
4128:
4123:
3767:
3733:
3607:
3597:
3540:
3523:
3508:
3455:
3353:
2934:
2919:
2883:
2878:
2828:
2723:
2643:
2484:
2474:
2274:
1588:
1475:
1177:
1030:
940:
924:
915:
910:
826:
804:
767:
665:
645:
575:
534:
530:
439:
410:
374:
364:
353:
263:
164:
103:
75:
2346:
Allen, M. R.; Dube, O. P.; Solecki, W.; AragĂłn-Durand, F.; et al. (2018).
1490:
and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear energy by
4344:
4108:
3801:
3723:
3661:
3629:
3569:
3263:
2957:
2871:
2866:
2813:
2633:
1821:
1765:
1656:
1034:
983:
890:
859:
749:
631:
623:
611:
559:
457:
330:
297:
259:
244:
233:
146:
83:
1933:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 274â286.
1641:
Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually require high
862:, South Africa. It is unknown which hominid species first used fire, as both
4463:
4451:
4349:
4339:
4329:
4270:
4242:
4138:
3811:
3738:
3612:
3592:
3564:
3503:
3053:
3048:
3002:
2987:
2982:
2962:
2914:
2861:
2790:
2671:
2628:
2479:
1710:
1705:
1660:
1555:
1546:. In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen, which can combine to form
1066:
1038:
991:
956:
932:
894:
657:
563:
431:
369:
225:
202:
178:
174:
122:
2175:
1342:(The fuel-air ratio (FAR) is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio (AFR).)
4317:
3547:
3528:
3513:
3213:
2992:
2977:
2972:
2888:
2785:
2770:
2734:
2648:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2469:
1996:
1725:
1527:
1449:
1273:
1241:
1225:
1209:
975:
883:
822:
796:
762:
649:
638:
619:
490:
427:
415:
390:
382:
378:
357:
285:
190:
168:
160:
150:
126:
99:
91:
55:
but has since also been applied to other sources of heat energy, such as
32:
82:, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that accompanies
3681:
3223:
2924:
2739:
2582:
2514:
2019:
1685:
1613: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1559:
1543:
1515:
1511:
1433:
1289:
1193:
1087:(this is the ratio of the molecular/atomic weights) or 3.7 tonnes of CO
979:
838:
792:
788:
677:
669:
615:
482:
423:
419:
398:
394:
217:
206:
79:
2291:
4164:
3228:
3149:
3100:
2780:
1969:
1547:
1539:
1486:. Not all types of nuclear fuels create energy from nuclear fission.
1479:
1062:
967:
944:
681:
673:
566:
are used as smokeless fuel. They are also used to start a coal fire.
522:
478:
185:, with clear descriptions given in Arabic handbooks such as those of
70:
The heat energy released by reactions of fuels can be converted into
4405:
2239:
4221:
4179:
4174:
3023:
3007:
2929:
2898:
2760:
1420:
1371:
1365:
1328:
914:
879:
851:. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or powerâknown as
766:
579:
514:
510:
474:
461:
347:
189:. He described the process of distilling crude oil/petroleum into
136:
27:
1123:
The amount of energy from different types of fuel depends on the
4169:
4061:
3602:
3535:
3186:
2416:
Council
Directive 80/1268/EEC Fuel consumption of motor vehicles
2320:
2297:
2258:
1568:
1523:
1452:) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural,
928:
498:
494:
486:
466:
343:
339:
335:
266:, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005.
229:
4034:
3073:
2696:
2692:
2425:
955:
that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as
4354:
2421:
2075:
1582:
970:
and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They range from
780:
518:
443:
284:
Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as
221:
1432:
The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy
2339:
533:). Solid fuels have been used by humanity for many years to
213:
using crude mineral oil, referring to it as the "naffatah".
803:, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential
783:
under ordinary conditions. Many fuel gases are composed of
485:, usually released through combustion. Solid fuels include
2292:
AR5 Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis â IPCC
201:). Kerosene was also produced during the same period from
3069:
602:
Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from the
1402:) composed of the fuel material, mixed with structural,
1386:
Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive
1374:("CANada Deuterium Uranium") fuel bundles, each about 50
4030:
1534:
In stars that undergo nuclear fusion, fuel consists of
664:
and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines.
311:. Thus, a general classification of chemical fuels is:
109:
Fuels are contrasted with other substances or devices
4416:
281:
and related effects that are caused by burning them.
129:, springs, compressed air, or water in a reservoir).
78:. Other times, the heat itself is valued for warmth,
562:
is often the only solid fuel used. In
Ireland, peat
4310:
4289:
4263:
4235:
4214:
4188:
4152:
4096:
4068:
3946:
3822:
3670:
3583:
3489:
3329:
3130:
3016:
2950:
2907:
2837:
2799:
2753:
2662:
2621:
2533:
2462:
897:), but there is widespread public debate about how
1013:in the world. Non-fossil sources in 2006 included
779:Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that are
193:, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, in his
2264:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
1538:that can release energy by the absorption of a
1463:that releases energy at a controlled rate in a
1880:A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West
4046:
3085:
2708:
2437:
2198:"US Department of Energy on greenhouse gases"
1973:
959:. These latter sources are properly known as
626:, which are all categorized as liquid fuels.
537:. Coal was the fuel source which enabled the
269:Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the
8:
2309:
2039:
2037:
1467:, or at a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a
1428:pellets are used to release nuclear energy.
4053:
4039:
4031:
3092:
3078:
3070:
2715:
2701:
2693:
2444:
2430:
2422:
2146:"U.S. EIA International Energy Statistics"
1970:IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013
1526:. Fusion fuels are light elements such as
1474:The most common fissile nuclear fuels are
1133:
477:material that are used as fuel to produce
35:was one of the first fuels used by humans.
4088:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
3039:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
2355:
2335:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2270:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
1629:Learn how and when to remove this message
966:Fossil fuels contain high percentages of
228:were exploited in the area around modern
1107:of the Earth to rise in response, which
549:. Wood was also extensively used to run
313:
4423:
4297:International Flame Research Foundation
1788:
1348:is the air-fuel equivalence ratio, and
1109:the vast majority of climate scientists
994:was first introduced by German scholar
690:
553:. Both peat and coal are still used in
102:are oxidized to release usable energy.
16:Material used to create heat and energy
3712:Integrated gasification combined cycle
1947:. World Coal Institute. Archived from
1799:Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels
1776:World energy resources and consumption
1496:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
473:Solid fuel refers to various types of
113:, such as those that directly release
3756:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
3431:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
2374:Ratcliff, Brian; et al. (2000).
1436:elements that can be made to undergo
529:technology also uses solid fuel (see
236:. These fields were described by the
7:
4390:
3989:
1796:Schobert, Harold (17 January 2013).
1611:adding citations to reliable sources
145:The first known use of fuel was the
4013:
3898:World energy supply and consumption
1510:In contrast to fission, some light
1456:, or neutron reflecting materials.
1406:, or neutron-reflecting materials.
2172:"International Energy Annual 2006"
1854:Bilkadi, Zayn. "The Oil Weapons".
1837:Studies in Early Petroleum History
505:, and pellets made from wood (see
14:
2046:"Canada's Fossil Fuel Dependency"
1992:"Bones hint at first use of fire"
1049:was growing about 2.3% per year.
1007:Energy Information Administration
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4400:
4389:
4379:
4378:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3977:
3976:
2348:"Chapter 1: Framing and Context"
1907:
1659:
1587:
1115:. Fuels are a source of energy.
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
315:General types of chemical fuels
125:) or mechanical energy (such as
4078:Control of fire by early humans
3029:Control of fire by early humans
2568:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
1598:needs additional citations for
1579:Liquid fuels for transportation
1413:of all practical fuel sources.
1091:. Carbon dioxide is one of the
2378:. Cambridge University press.
1990:Rincon, Paul (22 March 2004).
1884:Edicions Universitat Barcelona
1:
1835:Forbes, Robert James (1958).
1409:Nuclear fuel has the highest
86:. Fuels are also used in the
2639:Automatic transmission fluid
2573:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
2525:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
1552:proton-proton chain reaction
1518:(H) can be used as fuel for
1394:(splitting nuclei apart) or
1131:, the energy per unit mass.
250:With the development of the
243:in the 10th century, and by
241:Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ƫdī
2220:American Journal of Physics
2022:. The Physics Hypertextbook
2020:"Chemical Potential Energy"
1105:average surface temperature
652:in that it is a mixture of
309:secondary (artificial fuel)
141:Wood as fuel for combustion
4508:
2563:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
2340:Global Warming of 1.5 °C â
2302:"Summary for Policymakers"
2276:Cambridge University Press
2048:. Elements. Archived from
1804:Cambridge University Press
1647:internal combustion engine
1359:
974:materials with low carbon:
908:
836:
760:
573:
455:
187:Muhammad ibn ZakarÄ«ya RÄzi
18:
4373:
3972:
3702:Fossil fuel power station
3364:Electric potential energy
3309:Thermodynamic temperature
3289:Thermodynamic free energy
3284:Thermodynamic equilibrium
3107:
2730:
736:Petroleum based motor oil
630:of oil in water, such as
404:
363:
329:
324:
321:
319:
4302:The Combustion Institute
3773:Concentrated solar power
2809:Autoignition temperature
2548:Butylated hydroxytoluene
1138:of common types of fuel
1047:World energy consumption
1005:It was estimated by the
868:and an early species of
111:storing potential energy
3314:Volume (thermodynamics)
3294:Thermodynamic potential
3197:Massâenergy equivalence
2824:Minimum ignition energy
2654:Windshield washer fluid
2598:Methyl tert-butyl ether
2578:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
2490:Lead Replacement Petrol
2272:Fifth Assessment Report
1930:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1721:Fuel management systems
1442:nuclear fission reactor
1111:agree will cause major
1054:non-renewable resources
919:Extraction of petroleum
325:Secondary (artificial)
4144:Spontaneous combustion
3269:Quantum thermodynamics
3259:Laws of thermodynamics
3140:Conservation of energy
2505:Compressed natural gas
1761:Marine fuel management
1429:
1383:
920:
776:
686:compressed natural gas
668:, composed chiefly of
660:. Kerosene is used in
654:aliphatic hydrocarbons
588:
555:electricity generation
470:
305:primary (natural fuel)
142:
94:in a process known as
36:
3386:Interatomic potential
3177:Energy transformation
2122:. EPA. Archived from
2018:Elert, Glenn (2007).
1945:"History of Coal Use"
1751:List of energy topics
1701:Fossil fuel phase-out
1440:chain reactions in a
1424:
1369:
1045:) amounting to 0.9%.
1002:in the 18th century.
998:in 1556 and later by
918:
770:
748:Residual fuel oil or
583:
539:Industrial Revolution
503:hexamine fuel tablets
465:
271:Industrial Revolution
140:
31:
21:Fuel (disambiguation)
3834:Efficient energy use
3807:Airborne wind energy
3785:Solar thermal energy
3692:Electricity delivery
3304:Thermodynamic system
3249:Irreversible process
2044:Dr. Irene Novaczek.
1607:improve this article
1573:inertial confinement
1125:stoichiometric ratio
595:, usually producing
275:falling out of favor
96:cellular respiration
19:For other uses, see
3856:Energy conservation
3778:Photovoltaic system
3751:Nuclear power plant
3436:Quantum fluctuation
3299:Thermodynamic state
3274:Thermal equilibrium
2850:Solar Spark Lighter
2232:1995AmJPh..63..653F
2052:on 4 September 2019
1886:. pp. 57â82 .
1498:and other types of
1139:
1099:and contributes to
943:), formed from the
821:. For this reason,
316:
4490:Energy development
3893:Sustainable energy
3871:Energy development
3861:Energy consumption
3697:Energy engineering
2558:1,2-Dichloroethane
2178:on 5 February 2009
1974:IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018
1857:Saudi Aramco World
1756:Low-carbon economy
1691:Bitumen-based fuel
1484:nuclear fuel cycle
1454:neutron moderating
1430:
1404:neutron moderating
1384:
1134:
1021:8.5%, and others (
1011:energy consumption
988:methane clathrates
945:fossilized remains
921:
777:
775:) propane cylinder
604:fossilized remains
589:
471:
322:Primary (natural)
314:
143:
47:or to be used for
37:
4414:
4413:
4323:List of wildfires
4028:
4027:
3795:Solar power tower
3441:Quantum potential
3279:Thermal reservoir
3182:Energy transition
3067:
3066:
2690:
2689:
2613:Tetranitromethane
2593:Metal deactivator
2553:1,2-Dibromoethane
2385:978-0-521-78778-9
2359:. pp. 49â91.
2327:eradicate poverty
2310:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
2285:978-1-107-05799-9
1951:on 7 October 2006
1893:978-84-475-3285-8
1681:Alternative fuels
1639:
1638:
1631:
1492:radioactive decay
1320:
1319:
1136:Energy capacities
1097:radiative forcing
1052:Fossil fuels are
1000:Mikhail Lomonosov
953:natural resources
923:Fossil fuels are
901:these fuels are.
700:Locomotive diesel
593:mechanical energy
551:steam locomotives
531:solid propellants
527:Solid-fuel rocket
449:
448:
115:electrical energy
72:mechanical energy
4497:
4467:
4466:
4455:
4454:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4404:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4227:Death by burning
4189:Individual fires
4055:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4016:
4015:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3979:
3954:Carbon footprint
3888:Renewable energy
3729:Hydroelectricity
3719:Geothermal power
3162:Energy condition
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3017:Related articles
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2677:MTBE controversy
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2389:
2360:
2352:
2338:
2332:
2314:
2306:
2289:
2269:
2244:
2243:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2174:. Archived from
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:. Archived from
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:on 12 March 2007
2116:
2110:
2109:
2104:. Archived from
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2082:on 12 March 2007
2078:. Archived from
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1987:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1876:Salim Al-Hassani
1872:
1866:
1865:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:Brill Publishers
1832:
1826:
1825:
1793:
1741:Hydrogen economy
1669:
1664:
1663:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1591:
1583:
1500:atomic batteries
1381:
1377:
1140:
1093:greenhouse gases
1086:
1085:
1081:
1059:renewable energy
937:liquid petroleum
865:Australopithecus
843:Biomass (energy)
774:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
676:is a mixture of
628:Emulsified fuels
317:
220:were paved with
183:Persian chemists
98:, where organic
4507:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4369:
4306:
4285:
4259:
4231:
4210:
4184:
4148:
4134:Fire protection
4092:
4064:
4059:
4029:
4024:
3968:
3964:Waste-to-energy
3942:
3878:Energy security
3824:
3818:
3674:
3666:
3645:Natural uranium
3579:
3560:Mechanical wave
3491:Energy carriers
3485:
3325:
3254:Isolated system
3132:
3126:
3103:
3098:
3068:
3063:
3059:Survival skills
3044:Outdoor cooking
3012:
2951:Other equipment
2946:
2908:Modern starters
2903:
2833:
2795:
2749:
2726:
2721:
2691:
2686:
2682:Pay at the pump
2658:
2617:
2588:Ethylenediamine
2529:
2470:Gasoline/petrol
2458:
2450:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:Further reading
2386:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2350:
2345:
2330:
2319:
2304:
2296:
2286:
2267:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2240:10.1119/1.17828
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2108:on 10 May 2012.
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1923:, ed. (1911). "
1919:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1814:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1746:Hypergolic fuel
1736:Filling station
1665:
1658:
1655:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1592:
1581:
1508:
1465:nuclear reactor
1438:nuclear fission
1419:
1392:nuclear fission
1379:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1147:
1146:Specific energy
1129:specific energy
1121:
1113:adverse effects
1090:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
992:biogenic theory
913:
907:
845:
837:Main articles:
835:
801:carbon monoxide
772:
765:
759:
752:
746:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
710:
701:
698:
656:extracted from
586:filling station
578:
572:
469:is a solid fuel
460:
454:
294:
288:like alcohols.
256:chemical energy
238:Arab geographer
216:The streets of
199:Book of Secrets
135:
61:nuclear fission
53:chemical energy
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4397:
4386:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:Slash-and-burn
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Dust explosion
4111:
4106:
4104:Chain reaction
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4083:Historic fires
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3959:Jevons paradox
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Energy storage
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Electric power
3684:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3585:Primary energy
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Entropic force
3216:
3209:Thermodynamics
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2838:Early starters
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:Tetraethyllead
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:Fuel additives
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:IPCC SR15 2018
2317:
2316:
2315:
2284:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2226:(7): 653â658.
2210:
2189:
2163:
2152:on 27 May 2013
2137:
2111:
2093:
2063:
2033:
2010:
1982:
1962:
1936:
1921:Chisholm, Hugh
1899:
1892:
1867:
1846:
1843:. p. 149.
1827:
1813:978-0521114004
1812:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Fuel container
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Cryogenic fuel
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1654:
1651:
1643:energy density
1637:
1636:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1520:nuclear fusion
1507:
1504:
1469:nuclear weapon
1461:chain reaction
1418:
1415:
1411:energy density
1388:nuclear energy
1382:cm in diameter
1378:cm long and 10
1360:Main article:
1357:
1354:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:17.2 : 1
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:6.47 : 1
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:17.2 : 1
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:15.6 : 1
1247:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:34.3 : 1
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:14.7 : 1
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:14.5 : 1
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1157:stoichiometric
1152:Airâfuel ratio
1149:
1144:
1120:
1117:
1103:, causing the
1101:global warming
1095:that enhances
1088:
1074:
1071:carbon dioxide
996:Georg Agricola
909:Main article:
906:
903:
899:carbon neutral
876:energy density
834:
831:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
754:
753:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
726:
723:
716:
714:
711:
704:
702:
699:
692:
662:kerosene lamps
648:is similar to
597:kinetic energy
574:Main article:
571:
568:
560:smokeless coal
541:, from firing
456:Main article:
453:
450:
447:
446:
413:
408:
402:
401:
372:
367:
361:
360:
351:
333:
327:
326:
323:
320:
293:
290:
279:global warming
195:Kitab al-Asrar
134:
131:
65:nuclear fusion
57:nuclear energy
45:thermal energy
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4503:
4502:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4424:
4420:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:Organizations
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4021:
4020:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:United States
3936:
3934:
3933:South America
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:Energy policy
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Solar furnace
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:Nuclear power
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:Energy system
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Gravitational
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:Hydrogen fuel
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:Gravitational
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Heat transfer
3242:
3240:
3239:Heat capacity
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Negative mass
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Energy system
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Feather stick
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:Burning glass
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Friction fire
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Fire triangle
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2410:(140 KB)
2402:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2120:"Fossil fuel"
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2102:"Fossil fuel"
2097:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:"Fossil fuel"
2067:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:public domain
1903:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Recycled fuel
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:Energy portal
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:This section
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:atomic nuclei
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Plutonium-238
1485:
1481:
1480:plutonium-239
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:1.7 : 1
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:hydroelectric
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
961:mineral fuels
958:
954:
950:
949:Earth's crust
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
917:
912:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
844:
840:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
819:gas explosion
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
769:
764:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:Conventional
642:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:hydrogen fuel
605:
600:
598:
594:
587:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
556:
552:
548:
547:steam engines
545:, to running
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
464:
459:
451:
445:
441:
437:
436:blast furnace
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Gaseous fuels
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
332:
328:
318:
312:
310:
306:
301:
299:
291:
289:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
211:kerosene lamp
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
139:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4335:Firefighting
4276:Fire worship
4159:
4119:Fire ecology
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3763:Oil refinery
3707:Cogeneration
3640:Nuclear fuel
3518:
3446:Quintessence
3234:Free entropy
3167:Energy level
3131:Fundamental
3034:Firem'n Chit
2894:Fire striker
2724:Firelighting
2603:Nitromethane
2543:Butyl rubber
2520:Butanol fuel
2455:
2375:
2354:
2325:
2308:
2263:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2114:
2106:the original
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2026:11 September
2024:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:11 September
2001:. Retrieved
1995:
1985:
1978:Anthropocene
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:the original
1939:
1928:
1902:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1798:
1791:
1731:Fuel poverty
1676:Alcohol fuel
1640:
1625:
1616:
1605:Please help
1600:verification
1597:
1550:through the
1533:
1509:
1473:
1458:
1446:nuclear fuel
1445:
1431:
1426:Nuclear fuel
1408:
1399:
1385:
1362:Nuclear fuel
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:â 0.37
1331:â 0.28
1326:
1306:Nitromethane
1163:
1122:
1051:
1004:
978:ratios like
965:
960:
927:, primarily
925:hydrocarbons
922:
905:Fossil fuels
888:
869:
863:
857:
853:biomass fuel
852:
846:
809:light energy
785:hydrocarbons
778:
771:A 20-pound (
750:Bunker C oil
643:
636:
601:
590:
570:Liquid fuels
507:wood pellets
481:and provide
472:
365:Liquid fuels
308:
304:
302:
295:
283:
268:
252:steam engine
249:
215:
198:
194:
173:
156:Homo erectus
154:
144:
108:
104:Hydrocarbons
69:
40:
38:
25:
4433:Agriculture
4365:Fire making
4281:Terra preta
4255:Firefighter
4129:Flash point
4124:Fire piston
4019:WikiProject
3839:Agriculture
3768:Solar power
3734:Tidal power
3608:Natural gas
3598:Fossil fuel
3541:Latent heat
3509:Electricity
2920:Ferrocerium
2884:Fire plough
2879:Fire piston
2829:Smouldering
2644:Brake fluid
2495:Electricity
2485:Biogasoline
2376:Chemistry 1
2251:Works cited
2203:9 September
1864:(1): 20â27.
1476:uranium-235
1201:9 : 1
941:natural gas
911:Fossil fuel
827:natural gas
805:heat energy
773:9.1 kg
666:Natural gas
576:Liquid fuel
535:create fire
411:natural gas
331:Solid fuels
277:due to the
264:electricity
260:locomotives
76:heat engine
4479:Categories
4406:Wiktionary
4345:Fire whirl
4243:Pyromanias
4201:By country
4153:Components
4109:Combustion
3802:Wind power
3724:Hydropower
3675:components
3630:Hydropower
3620:Geothermal
3570:Sound wave
3481:Zero-point
3411:Mechanical
3396:Ionization
3369:Electrical
3264:Negentropy
3145:Energetics
2958:Char cloth
2872:Pump drill
2867:Hand drill
2857:Fire drill
2814:Combustion
2754:Components
2634:Antifreeze
2463:Fuel types
2368:References
2182:8 February
2156:12 January
2130:18 January
2086:18 January
2056:18 January
1822:1113751780
1766:Propellant
1554:or by the
1143:Fuel type
1067:gigatonnes
1023:geothermal
984:anthracite
891:bioethanol
860:Swartkrans
632:orimulsion
624:bio-diesel
612:automotive
564:briquettes
521:and other
458:Solid fuel
452:Solid fuel
442:oven gas,
298:combustion
245:Marco Polo
234:Azerbaijan
226:oil fields
147:combustion
123:capacitors
84:combustion
4350:Blue lava
4340:Firestorm
4330:Backdraft
4318:Wildfires
4271:Cremation
4139:Pyrolysis
3913:Australia
3849:Transport
3844:Computing
3812:Wind farm
3739:Wave farm
3613:Petroleum
3593:Bioenergy
3565:Radiation
3504:Capacitor
3426:Potential
3054:Pyromania
3049:Pyrolysis
3003:Tinderbox
2988:Matchbook
2983:Fire ring
2963:Chuckmuck
2915:Blowtorch
2862:Bow drill
2791:Wood fuel
2672:Fuel card
2629:Motor oil
2480:Biodiesel
1955:10 August
1783:Footnotes
1711:Fuel cell
1706:Fuel card
1619:June 2016
1564:nickel-56
1556:CNO cycle
1450:fuel rods
1400:fuel rods
1162:Energy @
957:tar sands
933:petroleum
895:biodiesel
878:of 10â20
823:odorizers
814:liquefied
787:(such as
658:petroleum
432:water gas
370:petroleum
203:oil shale
179:distilled
175:Crude oil
171:cooking.
127:flywheels
119:batteries
117:(such as
100:molecules
92:organisms
4469:Clothing
4384:Category
3983:Category
3548:Hydrogen
3514:Enthalpy
3416:Negative
3406:Magnetic
3391:Internal
3349:Chemical
3214:Enthalpy
3133:concepts
2993:Matchbox
2978:Fire pit
2973:Fire pan
2940:Electric
2889:Fire-saw
2786:Wood ash
2771:Firewood
2745:Glossary
2735:Campfire
2649:Gear oil
2510:Hydrogen
2500:Kerosene
2300:(2013).
1997:BBC News
1726:Fuel oil
1653:See also
1528:hydrogen
1514:such as
1512:nuclides
1478:(U) and
1274:Methanol
1242:Kerosene
1226:Hydrogen
1210:Gasoline
1148:(MJ/kg)
976:hydrogen
972:volatile
833:Biofuels
797:hydrogen
763:Fuel gas
757:Fuel gas
724:Kerosene
712:Gasoline
650:gasoline
639:kerosene
620:jet fuel
543:furnaces
491:charcoal
428:coal gas
416:hydrogen
391:coal tar
383:kerosene
379:gasoline
358:charcoal
292:Chemical
286:biofuels
191:kerosene
169:barbecue
161:Charcoal
151:firewood
33:Firewood
4445:Ecology
4419:Portals
4395:Commons
4264:Culture
4206:By year
4196:By type
4097:Science
4070:History
3995:Commons
3823:Use and
3682:Biomass
3652:Radiant
3499:Battery
3471:Thermal
3466:Surface
3451:Radiant
3421:Phantom
3401:Kinetic
3379:Binding
3359:Elastic
3342:Nuclear
3337:Binding
3224:Entropy
3122:Outline
3112:History
2925:Lighter
2740:Bonfire
2583:Ecalene
2515:Ethanol
2228:Bibcode
1918::
1686:Ammonia
1560:iron-56
1544:neutron
1516:tritium
1434:fissile
1417:Fission
1356:Nuclear
1327:1
1290:Methane
1194:Ethanol
1082:⁄
1019:nuclear
980:methane
849:biomass
839:Biofuel
793:propane
789:methane
781:gaseous
678:propane
670:methane
616:ethanol
614:uses),
483:heating
424:methane
420:propane
399:ethanol
395:naphtha
218:Baghdad
207:bitumen
133:History
80:cooking
4457:Energy
4399:
4388:
4377:
4236:People
4165:Oxygen
4007:Portal
3928:Mexico
3923:Europe
3918:Canada
3903:Africa
3826:supply
3635:Marine
3524:Fossil
3476:Vacuum
3229:Exergy
3150:Energy
3101:Energy
2801:Topics
2781:Tinder
2664:Retail
2622:Fluids
2475:Diesel
2408:
2382:
2282:
1912:
1890:
1820:
1810:
1548:helium
1540:proton
1506:Fusion
1396:fusion
1380:
1376:
1316:6.841
1310:11.63
1300:3.219
1284:3.045
1268:2.698
1252:2.949
1236:4.140
1220:3.156
1204:2.933
1188:3.310
1178:Diesel
1168:(MJ/kg
1119:Energy
1065:(21.3
1063:tonnes
1017:6.3%,
968:carbon
682:butane
674:LP gas
646:diesel
523:grains
479:energy
375:diesel
350:, etc.
74:via a
4485:Fuels
4311:Other
4248:Child
4222:Arson
4215:Crime
4180:Smoke
4175:Flame
3947:Misc.
3657:Solar
3461:Sound
3330:Types
3204:Power
3155:Units
3117:Index
3024:Arson
3008:Torch
2935:Black
2930:Match
2899:Flint
2776:Spark
2761:Ember
2456:fuels
2453:Motor
2404:(PDF)
2351:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2305:(PDF)
2268:(PDF)
1524:stars
1372:CANDU
1323:Notes
1294:55.5
1278:19.7
1262:46.4
1214:46.4
1198:26.4
1170:(Air)
1069:) of
1043:waste
1031:tidal
1027:solar
817:of a
610:(for
515:wheat
475:solid
438:gas,
88:cells
59:(via
4170:Heat
4160:Fuel
4062:Fire
3908:Asia
3662:Wind
3603:Coal
3575:Work
3536:Heat
3519:Fuel
3456:Rest
3354:Dark
3319:Work
3187:Mass
2998:Punk
2380:ISBN
2321:IPCC
2298:IPCC
2280:ISBN
2259:IPCC
2205:2007
2184:2009
2158:2010
2132:2007
2088:2007
2058:2007
2028:2007
2005:2007
1957:2006
1925:Fuel
1888:ISBN
1818:OCLC
1808:ISBN
1569:ITER
1370:Two
1230:142
1039:wood
1035:wind
931:and
929:coal
893:and
871:Homo
841:and
680:and
622:and
511:corn
499:coal
495:peat
487:wood
467:Coal
440:coke
354:coke
348:dung
344:peat
340:coal
336:wood
307:and
230:Baku
205:and
177:was
165:coke
121:and
63:and
49:work
41:fuel
4355:Ash
3529:Oil
2236:doi
2076:EPA
1927:".
1609:by
1571:),
1562:or
1542:or
1494:in
1337:HPh
1333:kWh
1258:LPG
1246:46
1182:48
1073:(CO
939:or
807:or
795:),
791:or
519:rye
509:),
444:CNG
387:LPG
222:tar
181:by
153:by
149:of
90:of
67:).
4481::
2353:.
2342:.
2333:.
2307:.
2290:.
2278:.
2234:.
2224:63
2222:.
2074:.
2036:^
1994:.
1882:.
1862:46
1860:.
1839:.
1816:.
1806:.
1802:.
1502:.
1471:.
1444:;
1339:.
1329:MJ
1172:)
1166:=1
1159:)
1084:12
1080:44
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1029:,
1025:,
963:.
886:.
884:kg
880:MJ
829:.
799:,
618:,
584:A
525:.
517:,
513:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
356:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
300:.
232:,
39:A
4421::
4054:e
4047:t
4040:v
3093:e
3086:t
3079:v
2716:e
2709:t
2702:v
2445:e
2438:t
2431:v
2418:.
2412:.
2406:.
2388:.
2337:.
2313:.
2288:.
2242:.
2238::
2230::
2207:.
2186:.
2160:.
2134:.
2090:.
2060:.
2030:.
2007:.
1980:.
1959:.
1896:.
1824:.
1632:)
1626:(
1621:)
1617:(
1603:.
1350:λ
1346:λ
1164:λ
1155:(
1089:2
1075:2
935:(
882:/
197:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
