232:– something very acute in developing countries. To provide a source of credit, farmers can group together funds that can be loaned out to members. Alternatively, the credit union can raise loans at better rates from commercial banks due to the cooperative having a larger associative size than an individual farmer. Often members of a credit union will provide mutual or peer-pressure guarantees for repayment of loans. In some instances, manufacturing/marketing cooperatives may have credit unions as part of their broader business. Such an approach allows farmers to have a more direct access to critical farm inputs, such as seeds and implements. The loans for these inputs are repaid when the farmer sends produce to the manufacturing/marketing cooperative.
157:
780:, with a single marketing cooperative, is India's largest self-sustaining industry and its largest rural employment provider. Successful implementation of the Anand model has made India the world's largest milk producer. Here small, marginal farmers with a couple or so heads of milch cattle queue up twice daily to pour milk from their small containers into the village union collection points. The milk after processing at the district unions is then marketed by the state cooperative federation nationally under the
186:
765:
31:
217:: A farm does not always have the means of transportation necessary for delivering its produce to the market, or else the small volume of its production may put it in an unfavorable negotiating position with respect to intermediaries and wholesalers; a cooperative will act as an integrator, collecting the output from members, sometimes undertaking manufacturing, and delivering it in large aggregated quantities downstream through the marketing channels.
2488:
134:
2500:
247:
2524:
153:, where "two or more agents working together to produce a result not obtainable by any of the agents independently". While it may seem reasonable to conclude that the larger the cooperative the better, this is not necessarily true. Cooperatives exist across a broad membership base, with some cooperatives having fewer than 20 members while others can have over 10,000.
2512:
755:
The Amazon region of
Ecuador is known for producing world-renowned cacao beans. In the Napo region 850 Kichwa families have come together with help from American biologist, Judy Logback, to form an agricultural marketing cooperatives, Kallari Association. This cooperative has helped increase benefits
181:
farmers with access to natural and educational resources, tools, and otherwise inaccessible marketplaces. Producer organisations can also empower smallholders to become more resilient; in other words, they build the capacity of farmers to prepare for and react to economic and environmental stressors
784:
brand name, India's largest food brand. With the Anand pattern three-fourths of the price paid by the mainly urban consumers goes into the hands of millions of small dairy farmers, who are the owners of the brand and the cooperative. The cooperative hires professionals for their expertise and skills
144:
A practical motivation for the creation of agricultural cooperatives is related to the ability of farmers to pool production and/or resources. In many situations within agriculture, it is simply too expensive for farmers to manufacture products or undertake a service. Cooperatives provide a method
79:
The default meaning of "agricultural cooperative" in
English is usually an agricultural service cooperative, the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives: supply cooperatives and marketing cooperatives. Supply cooperatives supply their
60:
A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually-farming members, and agricultural production cooperatives in which production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly.
169:
While the economic benefits are a strong driver in forming cooperatives, it is not the sole consideration. In fact, it is possible for the economic benefits from a cooperative to be replicated in other organisational forms, such as an IOF. An important strength of a cooperative for the farmer is
361:
aggregate purchases, storage, and distribution of farm inputs for their members. By taking advantage of volume discounts and utilizing other economies of scale, supply cooperatives bring down the cost of the inputs that the members purchase from the cooperative compared with direct purchases from
629:
Peninsula. With active support by the New
Zealand government, and small cooperatives being suitable in isolated areas, cooperatives quickly began to dominate the industry. By 1905, dairy cooperatives were the main organisational structure in the industry. In the 1920s–'30s, there were around 500
120:
objectives, whereas cooperatives strive to maximize the benefits they generate for their members (which usually involves zero-profit operation). Agricultural cooperatives are therefore created in situations where farmers cannot obtain essential services from IOFs (because the provision of these
362:
commercial suppliers. Supply cooperatives provide inputs required for agricultural production including seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and farm machinery. Some supply cooperatives operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services (e.g., plowing, harvesting) to their members.
121:
services is judged to be unprofitable by the IOFs), or when IOFs provide the services at disadvantageous terms to the farmers (i.e., the services are available, but the profit-motivated prices are too high for the farmers). The former situations are characterized in economic theory as
170:
that they retain the governance of the association, thereby ensuring they have ultimate ownership and control. This ensures that the profit reimbursement (either through the dividend payout or rebate) is shared only amongst the farmer members, rather than shareholders as in an IOF.
164:
coffee farmer in
Colombia contributing her coffee to an agricultural cooperative. Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets, especially commodity crops like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses who can manipulate
330:
agricultural cooperatives were created also in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. They spread later to North
America and the other continents. They have become one of the tools of agricultural development in emerging countries. Farmers also cooperated to form
211:: A family farm may be too small to justify the purchase of expensive farm machinery, which may be only used irregularly, say only during harvest; instead local farmers may get together to form a machinery pool that purchases the necessary equipment for all the members to use.
1626:
182:
and shocks in a way that limits vulnerability and promotes their sustainability. Research suggests that membership in a producer organisation is more highly correlated with farmer output or income than other standalone investments such as training, certification, or credit.
653:. This mega-merger was supported by the New Zealand Government as part of broader dairy industry deregulation, which allowed other companies to directly export dairy products. Two smaller cooperatives did not join Fonterra, preferring to remain independent – the
129:
to oppose the IOFs. The concept of competitive yardstick implies that farmers, faced with an unsatisfactory performance by IOFs, may form a cooperative firm whose purpose is to force the IOFs, through competition, to improve their service to farmers.
223:
Farmers, especially in developing countries, can be charged relatively high interest rates by commercial banks, or credit may not even be available for farmers to access. When providing loans, these banks are often mindful of high
800:
to the mill. Over the last sixty years, the local sugar mills have played a crucial part in encouraging rural political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians. This is particularly true in the state of
772:
In India, there are networks of cooperatives at the local, regional, state and national levels that assist in agricultural marketing. The commodities that are mostly handled are food grains, jute, cotton, sugar, milk and nuts
624:
New
Zealand has a strong history of agricultural cooperatives, dating back to the late 19th century. The first was the small Otago Peninsula Co-operative Cheese Factory Co. Ltd, started in 1871 at Highcliff on the
96:. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transportation, packaging, pricing, distribution, sales and promotion of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on
637:, with the advent of improved transportation, processing technologies and energy systems, a trend to merge dairy cooperatives occurred. By the late 1990s, there were two major cooperatives: the
173:
As agricultural production is often the main source of employment and income in rural and impoverished areas, agricultural cooperatives play an instrumental role in socio-economic development,
145:
for farmers to join in an 'association', through which a group of farmers can acquire a better outcome, typically financial, than by going alone. This approach is aligned to the concept of
1399:
813:
had ties to sugar cooperatives from their respective local areas. Mismanagement and manipulation of the cooperative principles have made a number of these operations inefficient.
1794:
1378:
References on
Agricultural History and Rural Life in the United States: Descriptive Studies, Historical Analyses, Novels on Agricultural Pioneering, and Documentaries
676:, which has struggled at times, has proposed various mergers similar to the creation of Fonterra; however, these have failed to gain the necessary member support.
2473:
2128:
2091:
1503:
3212:
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or missing services motive. The latter drive the creation of cooperatives as a competitive yardstick or as a means of allowing farmers to build countervailing
3131:
1826:
601:
475:
1773:
688:. These farmer-owned cooperatives bought and transported grain throughout Western Canada. They replaced the earlier privately and often foreign-owned
785:
and uses hi-tech research labs and modern processing plants & transport cold-chains, to ensure quality of their produce and value-add to the milk.
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268:
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businesses owned by farmers, to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock.)
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1749:
559:
463:
1671:
342:. They were created in the same periods, with the initial purpose of offering farm loans. Some became universal banks such as
200:
In agriculture, there are broadly three types of cooperatives: a machinery pool, a manufacturing/marketing cooperative, and a
3121:
3039:
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528:
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257:
1230:
John M. Staatz, "Farmers' incentives to take collective action via cooperatives: A transaction-cost approach, " in:
2614:
2188:
2123:
1950:
1521:
810:
732:
451:
1292:
Serfilippi, E; Ramnath, G (2018). "Resilience
Measurement and Conceptual Frameworks: A Review of the Literature".
276:
261:
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1925:
992:
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539:
404:
3165:
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2022:
1935:
1877:
938:
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409:
65:
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76:, a federation of agricultural cooperatives that handles 70% of the sales of chemical fertilizers in Japan.
2994:
2363:
2086:
2081:
1972:
1940:
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666:
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502:
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for the families involved as well as to protect and defend their Kichwa culture and the Amazon rainforest.
30:
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2358:
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607:
93:
2871:
2817:
2807:
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2027:
922:
672:
The other main agricultural co-operatives in New
Zealand are in the meat and fertiliser industries. The
156:
1422:
2876:
2812:
2724:
2605:
2492:
2328:
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1977:
1930:
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897:
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229:
1725:
2964:
2911:
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2794:
2716:
2696:
2683:
2574:
1945:
1190:"India's Amul: Keeping Up with the Times - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School"
943:
764:
658:
534:
117:
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185:
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3044:
3004:
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845:
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17:
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2017:
1987:
1767:
1616:
1554:
1458:
1117:
958:
308:
225:
840:
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The first agricultural cooperatives were created in Europe in the seventeenth century in the
2906:
2859:
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2706:
2333:
2291:
2183:
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1982:
1967:
1709:
1610:
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696:(privatized), and several mergers occurred. Now all the former wheat pools are part of the
584:
508:
435:
332:
3009:
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1507:
1103:
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owned by local farmers. The shareholders include all farmers, small and large, supplying
544:
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320:
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1872:
1721:
1313:
1234:, ed. J.S. Royer, Washington, DC: USDA ACS Service Report 18 (July 1987), pp. 87–107.
673:
645:-based Kiwi Co-operative Dairies. In 2001 these two cooperatives, together with the
174:
112:
are distinct from the more common investor-owned firms (IOFs). Both are organized as
1742:
3065:
2999:
2691:
2378:
2237:
2212:
2054:
2012:
1957:
1917:
1667:
1595:
1269:"Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development"
1245:"Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development"
855:
654:
634:
339:
312:
201:
189:
178:
161:
133:
126:
113:
97:
823:
Tnuva
Central Cooperative for the Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Israel Ltd.
630:
co-operative dairy companies compared to less than 70 that were privately owned.
3080:
2570:
2368:
2303:
2286:
2259:
2232:
2217:
2193:
2064:
1907:
1835:
1108:
These are cooperative farms, jointly owned or managed by a cooperative society.
1053:
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802:
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and came to dominate the market in the post-war period. By the 1990s, most had
689:
685:
613:
246:
85:
50:
2059:
2007:
2002:
1887:
1713:
1078:
387:
1351:
192:, one of hundreds of grain-oriented agricultural marketing coops in the U.S.
3034:
2729:
2269:
1997:
1133:
996:
797:
382:
1268:
1244:
1962:
1790:
McBride, Glynn (2014), Agricultural Cooperatives: Their Why and Their How
1430:
Welcome to the Hocken: Bulletins of the Friends of the Hocken Collections
1392:"Jersey Fresh produce found at nation's oldest fruit and vegetable co-op"
1039:
917:
650:
589:
513:
425:
347:
327:
1579:"Problems and prospects of agricultural marketing in India: An overview"
3024:
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1305:
1016:
744:
697:
638:
316:
150:
138:
109:
73:
54:
2296:
2222:
1892:
1882:
1695:"Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective"
1043:
952:
901:
421:
35:
768:
Sugarcane weighing at a cooperative sugar mill in Maharashtra, India
1644:
137:
Headquarters of Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in
100:
as a source of financing for both working capital and investments.
3191:
2924:
2313:
1612:
India's white revolution Operation Flood, food aid and development
1057:
1024:
1020:
968:
911:
822:
789:
763:
626:
579:
184:
155:
132:
81:
29:
684:
In Canada, the most important cooperatives of this kind were the
2204:
1992:
1012:
888:
781:
777:
315:
lived together in organized agricultural cooperatives next to a
89:
69:
2946:
2585:
2543:
1808:
228:
on small loans, or may refuse credit altogether due to lack of
72:, the largest food product marketing organization in India and
1804:
1005:(organic milk, cheese, eggs, soy, butter, yogurt, snack items)
891:
850:
240:
728:
Other agricultural marketing cooperatives in Canada include:
1641:"National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited"
1352:"Understanding Cooperatives: Farmer Cooperative Statistics"
80:
members with inputs for agricultural production, including
64:
Notable examples of agricultural cooperatives include
1584:
International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science
1476:
A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry: 1840–1935
805:
where a large number of politicians belonging to the
57:
pool their resources in certain areas of activities.
1162:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989), p. 50.
27:
Autonomous association of farmers and food producers
3140:
3109:
3053:
2978:
2957:
2899:
2852:
2831:
2793:
2760:
2715:
2682:
2675:
2643:
2603:
2596:
2450:
2394:
2342:
2203:
2107:
1906:
1865:
1796:
The cooperative movement of Brazil and South Africa
1328:"Empowering Farmers through Producer Organizations"
792:from sugarcane mostly takes place at cooperative
1668:"Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra"
569:Saline Valley Farm Cooperative, established 1931
1615:. London: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 10.
1380:. Pennsylvania: Milton C. Hallberg. p. 64.
149:and can also be related as a form of economic
2555:
1820:
602:category: agricultural marketing cooperatives
8:
835:Coöperatieve Nederlandse Bloembollencentrale
476:National Agricultural Cooperative Federation
499:Landisville Produce Co-op, established 1914
275:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2954:
2943:
2679:
2600:
2593:
2582:
2562:
2548:
2540:
1827:
1813:
1805:
1491:. Wellington: The New Zealand Dairy Board.
1294:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
372:Category: Agricultural supply cooperatives
2970:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity
1030:Snokist Growers (pears, apples, cherries)
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
1226:
1224:
1363:United States Department of Agriculture
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
641:-based New Zealand Dairy Group and the
533:Farmers Cooperative Association, Inc.;
524:National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
388:Westralian Farmers Co-operative Limited
68:, the largest dairy company in the US,
1772:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1765:
311:, where the wives and children of the
1064:Tillamook County Creamery Association
7:
3213:Agricultural marketing organizations
3148:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
2511:
1522:"Meat mega merger hits a bumpy road"
1402:from the original on 28 October 2017
273:adding citations to reliable sources
177:and poverty reduction. They provide
3187:History of the cooperative movement
2658:International Co-operative Alliance
2523:
1674:from the original on 28 August 2011
1463:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
981:Michigan Milk Producers Association
935:(Dairy), formerly Dairymen's League
215:Manufacturing/marketing cooperative
2374:Environmental impact of irrigation
1702:The Journal of Development Studies
1232:Cooperative Theory: New Approaches
739:Gay Lea Foods Co-operative Limited
383:Co-operative Bulk Handling Limited
25:
1478:. Wellington: Government Printer.
1136:, Israeli expert on cooperatives
2522:
2510:
2498:
2487:
2486:
1629:from the original on 2018-05-03.
1501:Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd.
1439:from the original on 17 May 2011
1421:Petchey, Peter (November 1998).
1213:BĂ©la A. Balassa; Marcus Noland.
1173:"Dairy Industries International"
1069:Lone Star Milk Producers (dairy)
975:Maine's Own Organic Milk Company
359:Agricultural supply cooperatives
245:
2442:Agriculture and the environment
2179:British Agricultural Revolution
1755:from the original on 2015-09-24
1643:. Coopsugar.org. Archived from
961:(dairy), formerly a cooperative
873:Ukrainian cooperative movements
464:Japan Agricultural Cooperatives
333:mutual farm insurance societies
18:Agricultural supply cooperative
3040:Socially responsible investing
2386:Climate change and agriculture
2159:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1520:Hembry, Owen (14 April 2008).
667:West Coast of the South Island
488:Ukrainian cooperative movement
190:Hays Coop elevator and offices
1:
2663:Cooperative wholesale society
1576:Vadivelu A, Kiran BR (2013).
1092:Zapatista coffee cooperatives
1050:Sunsweet Growers Incorporated
1034:Sunkist Growers, Incorporated
34:Agricultural cooperatives in
3086:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
2839:Health insurance cooperative
2702:Savings and loan association
2164:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1376:Hallberg, Milton C. (2007).
703:Former wheat pools include:
3233:Rural community development
1666:Patil, Anil (9 July 2007).
1609:Scholten, Bruce A. (2010).
1160:Cooperatives in Agriculture
885:American Legend Cooperative
776:Dairy farming based on the
529:Southern States Cooperative
400:Farmers' Storehouse Company
3254:
2124:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1215:Japan in the World Economy
1115:
1101:
733:Organic Meadow Cooperative
599:
452:Granot central cooperative
369:
108:Cooperatives as a form of
3228:Agricultural cooperatives
3182:
3154:United Farmers of Alberta
2953:
2942:
2592:
2581:
2483:
2474:Universities and colleges
2092:Universities and colleges
1899:
1842:
1714:10.1080/00220380802265108
1510:. Reference For Business.
1489:A Command of Cooperatives
1361:, Report 45, Section 13,
949:Florida's Natural Growers
933:Dairylea Cooperative Inc.
929:), formerly a cooperative
540:Ocean Spray (cooperative)
405:United Farmers of Alberta
3166:Nepal Co-operative Party
2459:Agriculturist profession
1936:Agricultural engineering
1922:Agricultural cooperative
939:Dairy Farmers of America
410:Farmers of North America
66:Dairy Farmers Of America
43:agricultural cooperative
3223:Agricultural production
2364:Agricultural wastewater
2087:Sustainable food system
2082:Sustainable agriculture
1973:Animal-free agriculture
1941:Agricultural technology
1474:Philpott, H.G. (1937).
1359:Cooperative Information
1098:Production cooperatives
718:Saskatchewan Wheat Pool
713:Manitoba Pool Elevators
647:New Zealand Dairy Board
338:Also related are rural
3238:Agricultural economics
2995:Cooperative federalism
2990:Co-operative economics
2464:Agricultural machinery
2422:History of agriculture
2407:Agriculture by country
2402:Agricultural machinery
2359:Agricultural pollution
2354:Agricultural expansion
2129:Austronesian expansion
2040:Mechanised agriculture
1693:Lalwani, Mala (2008).
1526:The New Zealand Herald
1423:"La crème de la crème"
1158:Cobia, David, editor,
1129:Winemaking cooperative
987:Michigan Sugar Company
769:
663:Westland Milk Products
608:Agricultural marketing
596:Marketing cooperatives
503:Rockingham Cooperative
197:
166:
141:
38:
2808:Community wind energy
2604:Primary cooperative (
2469:Government ministries
2412:Agriculture companies
2248:Convertible husbandry
1926:Agricultural supplies
1878:Agricultural Engineer
1793:Derr, Jascha (2013),
1116:Further information:
923:Diamond of California
767:
560:Wilco stores (Oregon)
505:, established in 1921
188:
159:
136:
110:business organization
33:
2575:mutual organizations
2119:Neolithic Revolution
1978:Cellular agriculture
1931:Agricultural science
1073:United Egg Producers
898:Blue Diamond Growers
894:) "Blackglama" brand
723:United Grain Growers
269:improve this section
51:producer cooperative
2965:Rochdale Principles
2912:Agent-owned company
2697:Mutual savings bank
1598:– via Scribd.
1487:Ward, A.H. (1975).
1459:Catherine Mathieson
659:Tatua Dairy Company
535:Frederick, Maryland
354:Supply cooperatives
237:Origins and history
118:profit maximization
98:credit cooperatives
3218:Agricultural labor
3160:Co-operative Party
3045:Solidarity economy
3005:Economic democracy
2770:Collective farming
2253:Rotational grazing
2169:Columbian exchange
1647:on 5 February 2012
1557:on 6 February 2015
1506:2011-06-14 at the
1306:10.1111/apce.12202
1077:Welch Foods Inc. (
770:
708:Alberta Wheat Pool
565:Grange Cooperative
198:
167:
147:economies of scale
142:
116:, but IOFs pursue
94:machinery services
45:, also known as a
39:
3200:
3199:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3141:Political parties
3096:Rochdale Pioneers
3091:David Schweickart
3030:Social enterprise
2982:economic theories
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2895:
2894:
2671:
2670:
2537:
2536:
2097:Urban agriculture
2070:Rice-duck farming
2018:Intensive farming
1988:Extensive farming
1708:(10): 1474–1505.
1622:978-1-4416-7658-0
1118:CPA (agriculture)
999:and citrus fruit)
959:Humboldt Creamery
649:, merged to form
309:Military Frontier
305:
304:
297:
226:transaction costs
16:(Redirected from
3245:
2955:
2944:
2907:Friendly society
2844:Mutual insurance
2707:Building society
2680:
2601:
2594:
2583:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2334:Wildlife farming
2184:Green Revolution
2135:Ancient history
2075:Rice-fish system
1983:Contract farming
1968:Animal husbandry
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1724:. Archived from
1699:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1670:. Rediff India.
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1553:. Archived from
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1398:. 23 July 2015.
1388:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1156:
971:and farm supply)
861:FrieslandCampina
794:sugar cane mills
509:MFA Incorporated
436:Pays de la Loire
300:
293:
289:
286:
280:
249:
241:
21:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3170:
3136:
3105:
3071:David Griffiths
3049:
3010:Guild socialism
2983:
2981:
2974:
2949:
2930:
2891:
2887:Social services
2848:
2827:
2789:
2756:
2740:Housing society
2735:Student housing
2711:
2667:
2639:
2588:
2577:
2568:
2538:
2533:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2446:
2437:Poultry farming
2390:
2345:
2338:
2309:Poultry farming
2199:
2175:Modern history
2155:Post-classical
2103:
2102:
2101:
2045:Organic farming
1902:
1901:
1897:
1861:
1838:
1833:
1802:
1787:
1785:Further reading
1782:
1781:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:"Archived copy"
1741:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1508:Wayback Machine
1499:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1104:collective farm
1100:
1088:
881:
869:
831:
819:
762:
753:
735:(organic dairy)
682:
633:However, after
622:
604:
598:
576:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
418:
396:
379:
374:
368:
356:
344:Crédit Agricole
301:
290:
284:
281:
266:
250:
239:
194:Interior Plains
106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3127:United Kingdom
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Neo-capitalism
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2265:Insect farming
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2144:Ancient Greece
2141:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1734:
1731:on 2014-01-17.
1685:
1658:
1632:
1621:
1601:
1590:(3): 108–118.
1568:
1538:
1512:
1493:
1480:
1467:
1450:
1413:
1383:
1368:
1343:
1319:
1300:(4): 645–664.
1284:
1260:
1236:
1220:
1217:. p. 228.
1205:
1181:
1164:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1047:
1037:
1036:(citrus fruit)
1031:
1028:
1009:Riceland Foods
1006:
1003:Organic Valley
1000:
990:
984:
978:
972:
962:
956:
946:
941:
936:
930:
920:
915:
908:Cabot Creamery
905:
895:
880:
877:
876:
875:
868:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
830:
827:
826:
825:
818:
815:
807:Congress party
788:Production of
761:
758:
752:
749:
748:
747:
742:
736:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
681:
678:
621:
618:
597:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Michigan Sugar
547:
542:
537:
531:
526:
521:
519:Organic Valley
516:
511:
506:
500:
495:
492:
491:
490:
483:
480:
479:
478:
471:
468:
467:
466:
459:
456:
455:
454:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
429:
417:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
395:
392:
391:
390:
385:
378:
375:
367:
364:
355:
352:
303:
302:
253:
251:
244:
238:
235:
234:
233:
221:Credit Union:
218:
212:
209:Machinery pool
139:Sapporo, Japan
123:market failure
105:
102:
47:farmers' co-op
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3250:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3132:United States
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3101:Beatrice Webb
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:G. D. H. Cole
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:Key theorists
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2980:Political and
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Reforestation
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2597:By governance
2595:
2591:
2587:Organizations
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Meat industry
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Biotechnology
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:Environmental
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Sheep farming
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Dairy farming
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2205:Farming Types
2202:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Ancient Egypt
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Paludiculture
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:Biotechnology
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Agriculturist
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:"Our Mission"
1542:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:, especially
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
989:(sugar beets)
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
945:
944:Edible Garden
942:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
890:
886:
883:
882:
879:United States
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
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494:United States
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470:Korea (South)
469:
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313:border guards
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254:This section
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175:food security
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52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
3076:William King
3066:Charles Gide
3000:Distributism
2923:
2916:
2762:Agricultural
2761:
2692:Credit union
2571:Cooperatives
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2379:Overdrafting
2238:Goat farming
2149:Ancient Rome
2055:Permaculture
2013:Horticulture
1958:Agroforestry
1918:Agribusiness
1801:
1795:
1757:. Retrieved
1737:
1726:the original
1705:
1701:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1635:
1611:
1604:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:the original
1550:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1429:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1395:
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1371:
1358:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1322:
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1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1239:
1231:
1214:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
1167:
1159:
1107:
965:Land O'Lakes
856:FloraHolland
787:
775:
771:
754:
727:
702:
694:demutualized
690:grain buyers
683:
671:
655:Morrinsville
635:World War II
632:
623:
610:cooperatives
606:
605:
545:Land O'Lakes
358:
357:
337:
325:
306:
291:
282:
267:Please help
255:
220:
214:
208:
202:credit union
199:
172:
168:
143:
127:market power
114:corporations
107:
78:
63:
59:
46:
42:
40:
3081:Robert Owen
2745:egalitarian
2529:Wikiproject
2369:Overgrazing
2304:Pig farming
2287:Paddy field
2260:Hydroponics
2233:Fur farming
2218:Aquaculture
2213:Agrivoltaic
2194:Monoculture
2115:Prehistory
2065:Polyculture
1888:Farm worker
1866:Occupations
1836:Agriculture
1678:27 December
1651:27 December
1551:Kallari.com
1531:13 February
1443:13 February
1194:www.hbs.edu
1054:dried fruit
997:cranberries
993:Ocean Spray
846:Royal Cosun
829:Netherlands
803:Maharashtra
686:wheat pools
620:New Zealand
614:cooperative
574:Netherlands
321:public bath
179:smallholder
162:smallholder
86:fertilizers
3207:Categories
2785:Wheat pool
2780:Winemaking
2676:By product
2645:Federation
2630:Purchasing
2395:Categories
2060:Plantation
2008:Free range
2003:Feed ratio
1759:2015-09-28
1561:6 February
1406:28 October
1199:2024-02-01
1141:References
600:See also:
370:See also:
326:The first
230:collateral
3110:By region
3035:Socialism
3015:Mutualism
2872:Recycling
2832:Insurance
2823:Broadband
2818:Telephone
2730:Cohousing
2427:Livestock
2270:Livestock
1998:Farmhouse
1722:154425894
1336:17 August
1314:158989942
1277:17 August
1253:17 August
1134:Zvi Galor
798:sugarcane
377:Australia
285:June 2022
256:does not
53:in which
3156:(Canada)
3150:(Canada)
2958:Identity
2877:Platform
2813:Electric
2725:Building
2635:Retailer
2615:Consumer
2493:Category
2319:Orchards
2292:Pastoral
1963:Agronomy
1768:cite web
1750:Archived
1672:Archived
1627:Archived
1504:Archived
1434:Archived
1400:Archived
1123:See also
1040:Sun-Maid
1017:soybeans
918:Darigold
651:Fonterra
643:Taranaki
590:Agrifirm
514:Darigold
441:Vivescia
426:Normandy
366:Examples
348:Rabobank
165:markets.
74:Zen-Noah
3122:Ukraine
3025:Owenism
2918:Stokvel
2795:Utility
2750:commune
2717:Housing
2684:Banking
2517:Commons
2329:Terrace
2275:Pasture
2243:Grazing
2189:Organic
2109:History
2023:animals
1946:Digital
1908:General
1852:History
1847:Outline
1596:4864110
1079:Welch's
1066:(dairy)
1044:raisins
983:(dairy)
977:(dairy)
902:almonds
867:Ukraine
841:Coforta
751:Ecuador
745:Agropur
741:(dairy)
698:Viterra
665:on the
657:-based
639:Waikato
555:Sunkist
482:Ukraine
432:Terrena
317:funfair
277:removed
262:sources
151:synergy
104:Purpose
55:farmers
49:, is a
3117:Canada
2948:Topics
2620:Worker
2505:Portal
2346:impact
2297:Bocage
2223:Cattle
1893:Herder
1883:Farmer
1720:
1619:
1594:
1432:(26).
1396:nj.com
1365:, 2011
1312:
1086:Mexico
1058:prunes
955:fruit)
953:citrus
817:Israel
680:Canada
585:Agrico
446:Israel
422:Agrial
416:France
394:Canada
319:and a
92:, and
36:Guinea
3192:.coop
2925:Artel
2900:Other
2882:Media
2853:Other
2451:Lists
2314:Ranch
2282:Mixed
2033:crops
1857:Index
1753:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1729:(PDF)
1718:S2CID
1698:(PDF)
1592:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1426:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
1272:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1025:wheat
969:dairy
912:dairy
837:(CNB)
790:sugar
760:India
627:Otago
580:Avebe
458:Japan
328:civil
82:seeds
3162:(UK)
2865:list
2860:Food
2799:list
2649:list
2624:list
2606:list
2573:and
2028:pigs
1993:Farm
1774:link
1680:2011
1653:2011
1617:ISBN
1563:2015
1533:2011
1445:2011
1408:2017
1338:2020
1279:2020
1255:2020
1112:Cuba
1023:and
1021:corn
1013:rice
927:nuts
889:mink
782:Amul
661:and
612:are
260:any
258:cite
90:fuel
70:Amul
1710:doi
1461:".
1302:doi
892:fur
851:ZON
811:NCP
809:or
346:or
271:by
41:An
3209::
1770:}}
1766:{{
1748:.
1716:.
1706:44
1704:.
1700:.
1625:.
1586:.
1582:.
1549:.
1524:.
1428:.
1394:.
1357:,
1308:.
1298:89
1296:.
1223:^
1192:.
1149:^
1019:,
1015:,
669:.
350:.
335:.
323:.
204:.
160:A
88:,
84:,
2801:)
2797:(
2651:)
2647:(
2626:)
2622:(
2608:)
2563:e
2556:t
2549:v
1828:e
1821:t
1814:v
1776:)
1762:.
1712::
1682:.
1655:.
1588:3
1565:.
1535:.
1465:.
1457:"
1447:.
1410:.
1340:.
1316:.
1304::
1281:.
1257:.
1202:.
1178:.
1081:)
1060:)
1052:(
1046:)
1042:(
1027:)
1011:(
995:(
967:(
951:(
925:(
914:)
910:(
904:)
900:(
887:(
438:)
434:(
428:)
424:(
298:)
292:(
287:)
283:(
279:.
265:.
196:.
20:)
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