796:), a plant native to the Caribbean, has become endemic in Tuvalu. It is competing with low-growing herbaceous species along beaches and roadsides, where it inhibits the growth of seedlings of medicinal plants and other native species of cultural importance. Thaman (2016) described about 362 species or distinct varieties of vascular plants that have been recorded at some time on Tuvalu, of which only about 59 (16%) are possibly indigenous.
813:
health. Tuvaluans adopted a diet that includes high levels of corned beef, rice and sugar. This food is consumed even when fish and traditional vegetables are available. This diet is believed to contribute to increasing levels of diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases among
Tuvaluans.
696:
system, a pit may contain numerous small individual holdings with boundaries marked by small stones or with each holding divided by imaginary lines between trees on the edge of the pits. The custom of inheritance of land, and the resolution of disputes over the boundaries of holdings, land ownership
812:
pits are no longer maintained. Imported foods are often high in sugar, leading also to an increase in the need for dental care. The
Tuvaluans benefited from the canned food supplied by the American forces, although the change in diet continued after the war, which resulted in long term impacts on
1431:
1437:. Report to the Tuvaluan Ministries of Health and Education: Ph D Candidate Centre for Development Studies - “Transnational Pacific Health through the Lens of Tuberculosis” Research Group. Department of Anthropology, The University of Auckland, N.Z. Archived from
772:), which form dense, multi-queen super-colonies and releases an acid that burns on skin contact. On Funafuti, the YCA has destroyed crops and attacked animals such as chickens, land crabs, hermit crabs, and coconut crabs, and it threatens seabird populations;
675:
pits as usually being shared between different families, with their total area providing an average of about 40 square yards (36.576 square metres) per head of population, although the area of pits varied from island to island depending on the extent of the
64:
values of up to 8.2 to 8.9. The soils are usually deficient in most of the important nutrients needed for plant growth(e.g., nitrogen, potassium and micronutrients such as iron, manganese, copper and zinc), so garden beds need to be enhanced with
1438:
1221:
1398:
431:
While some use is made of traditional flora, modern Tuvalu imports building materials and other products to replace the things traditionally harvested from the native broadleaf forest.
1399:"Te Maama Pala: Continuity and change in coping with Tuberculosis in Tuvalu: A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Arts in History"
816:
On
Funafuti, the Fatoaga Fiafia Garden grows vegetables, including cucumbers, beans, pumpkins and Chinese cabbages, and tests salt-tolerant crops, such as a hybrid pawpaw.
688:– a system of land based on kinship-based bonds, which changed over time to become a land ownership system where the land was held by individual owners - known as
760:, all of which cause leaf deformation and yellowing due either directly to the pests or indirectly through the pest allowing plant viruses to enter the plants;
1405:
735:. The use of chemical control and the destruction of infested plant materials, has been not been successful in preventing repeated infestations by the pest;
804:
Besides rising saltwater levels, "changing lifestyles and eating habits" also threaten the cultivation of the crop, a process that began during and after
603:
In modern times there is lower demand for copra and coconut oil as other commodities can be substituted for what were the earlier uses of these products.
1243:
1537:
1189:. Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission, EU EDF8-SOPAC Project Report 75: Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States. Archived from
1064:
680:
that is located under each island. Kennedy also describe the land ownership as having evolved from the pre-European contact system known as
105:) is the main agricultural export of Tuvalu, with other agricultural products consumed locally. Because of the young geological age of the
1565:
1464:
651:
established that the pits were either too saline or very marginal for swamp taro production, although a more salt tolerant species of
920:
455:, instead of the animal milk. Apart from its food value coconut palm leaves and wood have traditional uses as building materials.
1711:
133:
Charles Hedley (1896) identified the uses of plants and trees that were harvested from the native broadleaf forest as including:
1676:
1686:
1600:
1375:
1279:
865:
842:
946:
Randy Thaman; Feagaiga
Penivao; Faoliu Teakau; Semese Alefaio; Lamese Saamu; Moe Saitala; Mataio Tekinene; Mile Fonua (2017).
1610:
916:
1716:
1580:
1747:
1311:
1726:
1530:
890:
1671:
1643:
1175:
451:
and the flesh of the coconut being used to flavour dishes. Various desserts made on the islands include coconut and
1757:
1752:
1706:
1666:
1590:
666:
378:
1701:
1681:
684:(lit. “eat-as-one”), in which the land held by family groups under the control of the senior male member of the
627:
makes up the bulk of the islanders' traditional diet; it is usually supplemented by fish. Since the unprocessed
1560:
955:
Rapid
Biodiversity Assessment of the Conservation Status of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) In Tuvalu
748:
742:
636:
117:
the soil is relatively poor. Wealth and status in traditional
Tuvaluan culture was determined by possession of
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792:
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307:
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25:
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Tuvalu
Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Nanumaga and Nanumea
866:
Tuvalu
Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Nanumaga and Nanumea
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41:
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are usually shallow, porous, alkaline, coarse-textured, with carbonate mineralogy and high
114:
1432:"Ethnographic Research on Meanings and Practices of Health in Tuvalu: A Community Report"
1312:
Tuvalu
Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Funafuti
542:
Copra, taro, pulaka, pandanus, a few bananas, a very little sugar cane and bread fruit.
470:, which were mainly used to manufactured into other products. In 1892 Captain Davis of
1741:
444:
1356:
1120:
1107:
The Lives and Times of
Resident Traders In Tuvalu: An Exercise in History from Below
808:, when American occupying troops supplied the islands with imported foods and many
805:
715:), which has severely infested the coconut palms, breadfruit, papaya, bananas, and
639:, which increase saltwater levels subsoil in the atolls and islands of Tuvalu. On
620:
452:
448:
924:
1371:
753:
537:
467:
78:
1176:"Tuvalu Technical Report: Assessment of Salinity of Groundwater in Swamp Taro (
494:
357:
98:
1347:
1334:
477:, reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited:
832:
640:
524:
411:
219:
1080:
705:
The agricultural pests that are a threat to the agriculture of Tuvalu are:
697:
and inheritance was traditionally determined by the elders of each island.
443:, is based on the staple of coconut which is used in different forms with
1515:
1190:
725:
716:
644:
563:
507:
400:
175:
983:"Tuvalu Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity"
589:
576:
422:
234:
162:
141:
82:
20:
982:
1491:"Batiri Kei Baravi: The Ethnobotany of Pacific Island Coastal Plants"
757:
671:
631:
are toxic, they must always be cooked, usually in an earth oven. The
550:
342:
94:
90:
50:
35:
30:
781:
spp. pose a threat as this pest is present in neighbouring islands.
529:
Copra, taro, pulaka, pandanus, a little sugar cane, a few bananas
463:
150:
110:
102:
66:
948:"Report on the 2016 Funafuti Community-Based Ridge-To-Reef (R2R)"
685:
652:
628:
106:
46:
1519:
1081:"A Brief History of Tuvalu: Christianity and European Traders"
665:, the resident District Officer in the administration of the
647:
a survey of the pits that have previously been used to grow
61:
101:
are supplemental crops. The dried flesh of the coconut (
1374:. Institute of Pacific Studies and Extension Services,
723:
and taro) and other cultural trees such as frangipani (
499:
Copra, taro, popoi, a few bananas, a little sugar cane
393:
208:
202:
184:
45:) but "with bigger leaves and larger, coarser roots";
1465:"A Visit to Tuvalu, Surrounded by the Rising Pacific"
1657:
1634:
1553:
1129:1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis
1335:"The Flora of Tuvalu: Lakau Mo Mouku o Tuvalu"
1531:
8:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
69:and fertiliser to increase their fertility.
1500:(361). National Museum Of Natural History,
1314:(Report). The Pacific Community. p. 57
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1282:(Report). The Pacific Community. p. 76
1244:"Conflict of Old And New In Ellice Islands"
885:
883:
868:(Report). The Pacific Community. p. 64
615:) of composted soil below the water table,
1538:
1524:
1516:
1009:"General account of the Atoll of Funafuti"
719:and slightly affects the main root crops (
1346:
545:About 100 tons of copra - in a good year
1404:. University of Auckland. Archived from
1215:
1213:
1211:
1055:Peter Bennetts and Tony Wheeler (2001).
669:Colony from 1932 to 1938, described the
479:
824:
1397:Resture, Setapu Asenati (March 2010).
1057:Time & Tide: The Islands of Tuvalu
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
977:
975:
973:
971:
1002:
1000:
917:"Leaflet No. 1 - Revised 1992 - Taro"
571:15 to 20 tons copra - in a good year
558:About 50 tons copra - in a good year
7:
740:pink mealybug or hibiscus mealybug (
1378:/Tuvalu Ministry of Social Services
1222:"Land tenure in the Ellice Islands"
746:), black mirid garden fleahoppers (
516:, Bananas, sugar cane, bread fruit
129:Traditional use of broadleaf forest
462:were active in the acquisition of
14:
1333:Thaman, Randolph (October 2016).
1310:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 October 2020).
1226:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1109:, (1987) 10(2) Pacific Studies 73
921:Food and Agriculture Organization
1278:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 August 2020).
1220:Kennedy, Donald Gilbert (1953).
864:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 August 2020).
841:. Institute of Pacific Studies,
659:) was being grown in Fongafale.
1463:Taylor, Alan (15 August 2018).
1376:University of the South Pacific
843:University of the South Pacific
1566:Federated States of Micronesia
1248:XXV(5) Pacific Islands Monthly
1174:Webb, Dr Arthur (March 2007).
838:The material culture of Tuvalu
594:Copra, taro, pulaka, pandanus
555:Copra, taro, pulaka, pandanus
1:
891:"Tuvalu could lose root crop"
519:About 25 to 30 tons of copra
39:), which is similar to taro (
985:. Government of Tuvalu. 2016
394:
209:
203:
185:
790:Wedelia or trailing daisy (
1774:
692:(“to divide”). Under the
667:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
458:From the mid 19th century
379:Heliotropium foertherianum
1489:Thaman, R.R. (May 1992).
777:Fruit flies of the genus
189:, or woman's fibre tree (
1712:Northern Mariana Islands
1348:10.5479/si.0077-5630.611
1045:Hedley (1896), p. 40–41.
1016:Australian Museum Memoir
1007:Hedley, Charles (1896).
749:Microtechnites bractatus
743:Maconellicoccus hirsutus
532:About twenty tons copra
1677:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1547:Agriculture in Oceania
1502:Smithsonian Institution
1498:Atoll Research Bulletin
1430:Panapa, Tufoua (2012).
1339:Atoll Research Bulletin
1178:Cyrtosperma Chamissonis
1125:- 'The Davis Diaries' (
793:Sphagneticola trilobata
619:is the main source for
489:Annual export of copra
1370:Telavi, Melei (1983).
1119:Resture, Jane (2010).
923:. 1992. Archived from
770:Anoplolepis gracilipes
709:coconut scale insect (
663:Donald Gilbert Kennedy
635:pits are at risk from
581:Copra, pandanus, taro
568:Copra, taro, pandanus
308:Calophyllum inophyllum
49:is also cultivated in
1660:and other territories
1164:Koch (1990), p. 73–85
712:Aspidiotus destructor
637:increasing sea levels
611:Grown in large pits (
125:) and coconut trees.
17:Agriculture in Tuvalu
1372:"Tuvalu - A History"
597:About 50 tons copra
584:30 to 40 tons copra
512:Copra, taro, pulaka
502:About 10 tons copra
282:Rhizophora mucronata
256:Rhizophora mucronata
26:Cyrtosperma merkusii
1748:Geography of Tuvalu
1155:Koch (1990), p. 46.
897:. 17 September 2008
732:Premna serratifolia
657:Colocasia esculenta
42:Colocasia esculenta
1196:on 17 October 2013
701:Agricultural pests
369:Morinda citrifolia
328:Guettarda speciosa
318:Gardenia taitensis
292:Morinda citrifolia
246:Thespesia populnea
192:Hibiscus tiliaceus
113:and high level of
81:food of Tuvalu is
1758:Economy of Tuvalu
1753:Culture of Tuvalu
1735:
1734:
1727:Wallis and Futuna
1635:Associated states
1444:on 3 October 2013
1411:on 5 October 2013
1250:. 1 December 1954
1127:H.M.S. Royalist,
1085:Tuvaluislands.com
1066:978-1-86450-342-5
1059:. Lonely Planet.
927:on 28 August 2009
895:Radio New Zealand
766:Yellow Crazy Ants
601:
600:
460:traders in Tuvalu
441:cuisine of Tuvalu
395:Talla talla gemoa
389:Premna tahitensis
338:Premna tahitensis
272:Premna tahitensis
58:islands of Tuvalu
56:The soils of the
1765:
1717:Pitcairn Islands
1687:French Polynesia
1672:Christmas Island
1601:Papua New Guinea
1581:Marshall Islands
1554:Sovereign states
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1184:Pits in Tuvalu"
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800:Changes in diet
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121:and taro pits (
115:soil salination
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1483:External links
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1467:. The Atlantic
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1123:Tuvalu History
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1286:13 February
1022:(2): 60–63.
989:11 November
901:17 November
486:Production
468:coconut oil
418:Lakoumonong
384:Valla valla
353:Tulla tulla
333:Valla valla
267:Valla valla
138:Food plants
1742:Categories
1507:8 February
1318:6 February
872:6 February
833:Koch, Gerd
820:References
779:Bactrocera
495:Nukulaelae
425:strigulosa
414:sarmentosa
403:triquetrum
360:procumbens
358:Triumfetta
99:breadfruit
89:and taro.
1561:Australia
1254:2 October
643:islet of
641:Fongafale
525:Nukufetau
472:HMS
412:Cardamine
349:Medicinal
220:Hernandia
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1448:16 March
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717:pandanus
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119:pulaka
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