376:
417:. They had longer legs and shorter faces than other bears, and were more lightly built. Their wide, short jaws could generate enormous bite force. It is not certain how this force was used by the living animal; a study designed to determine how the genus fed discovered that among living bears, the lowest bite force belongs to the predatory polar bear, which feeds largely on blubber, and the highest bite force belongs to the giant panda, a herbivore which uses it to crush
125:
107:
386:
measured around 2 metres (7 ft) in body length and weighed up to 750 kilograms (1,650 lb), making it larger than most living bears; however, mass estimates vary, with further studies presenting a lower mass estimate of 317–540 kilograms (699–1,190 lb). Along with other large bears such
464:
did not have the limb strength or speed needed for active hunting, either by ambush or by chasing down prey. It also did not show the long claws and increased forelimb strength typical of mammals that dig for food. These very large bears may have specialized on a combination of grazing, eating fruit
694:
Oldfield, C. C.; McHenry, C. R.; Clausen, P. D.; Chamoli, U.; Parr, W. C. H.; Stynder, D. D.; Wroe, S. (2012). "Finite element analysis of ursid cranial mechanics and the prediction of feeding behaviour in the extinct giant
Agriotherium africanum".
444:
that ate a lot of plant material. Though its teeth do not show adaptations for a carnivorous diet, isotope evidence suggests it did eat a significant amount of animal material, similar to some populations of modern
1116:
1049:
Petter, G.; Thomas, H. (1986). "Les
Agriotheriinae (Mammalia, Carnivora)néogènes de l'Ancien Monde presence du genre Indarctos dans la faune de Menacer (ex−Marceau), Algérie".
1147:
583:
Ogino, Shintaro, Naoko Egi, and
Masanaru Takai. "New species of Agriotherium (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene to early Pliocene of central Myanmar."
1969:
1903:
1113:
1994:
1974:
985:
Dalquest, W. W. (1986). "Lower Jaw and
Dentition of the Hemphillian Bear, Agriotherium (Ursidae), with the Description of a New Species".
496:, which it lived alongside in Texas, as evidenced by fossil deposits at Coffee Ranch. Its name was made from the Greek for "wild beast".
1959:
1954:
961:
1964:
1140:
879:
846:
656:
1989:
1984:
671:
Burness, G. P., Diamond, J., & Flannery, T. (2001). Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size.
468:
Very large size would have been necessary to steal and defend kills in environments dominated by some of the most powerful
465:
and invertebrate food in season, and intimidating predators away from carcasses in order to scavenge meat and bone marrow.
1133:
124:
1979:
1842:
1545:
758:
622:
405:
897:"New species of Agriotherium (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene to early Pliocene of central Myanmar"
597:
1672:
1949:
1791:
1999:
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1858:
1916:
1682:
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1890:
1821:
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1801:
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1095:
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819:
565:
119:
1253:
895:
Ogino, Shintaro; Egi, Naoko; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Thaung-Htike; Takai, Masanaru (2011-08-10).
1921:
871:
791:
425:
that eat grasses but evolved from non-grazing ancestors, and in bone-crushing scavengers, like
1525:
924:
875:
842:
811:
766:
712:
652:
481:, with whom it shared territory in both Afro-Eurasia and North America, and the bone-cracking
1078:
Sorkin, B. (2006). "Ecomorphology of the giant short-faced bears
Agriotherium and Arctodus".
1751:
1721:
1437:
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1731:
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469:
1070:
1938:
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864:
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84:
49:
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1373:
1190:
947:"Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya)"
745:
457:
414:
388:
176:
136:
89:
33:
649:
The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
1875:
1580:
1385:
1309:
1299:
1184:
1178:
1014:
Miller, W. E.; Carranza-Castañeda, O.; Carranza-Castaneda, Oscar (1996).
679:
530:
451:
441:
393:
364:
156:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
792:"Ecomorphology of the giant short-faced bears Agriotherium and Arctodus"
1908:
1636:
1457:
1395:
1160:
1041:
1006:
549:
486:
482:
421:. Shortened jaws with high bite forces are found in other mammals like
344:
332:
328:
94:
69:
106:
1172:
841:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 53–54.
541:
523:
418:
348:
166:
146:
1852:
1032:
1015:
998:
553:
545:
540:
ranged widely; fossils of four or more species have been found in
509:
374:
352:
1895:
1016:"Agriotherium schneideri from the Hemphillian of Central Mexico"
729:
Sorkin, B. (2006). Ecomorphology of the giant short-faced bears
561:
186:
1856:
1129:
449:. Several studies of the skeleton, including a comparison with
436:
Analysis of the teeth, jaw, and tooth wear patterns identifies
351:. This long-lived genus persisted from at least ~11.6–2.5
403:, and an extinct subspecies of the modern polar bear
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1807:
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1563:
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1467:
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1405:
1369:
1329:
1283:
1217:
1205:
413:was among the largest known terrestrial members of
759:"Researchers Chew Over a Prehistoric Bear's Diet"
673:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
870:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
1141:
8:
1853:
1700:
1641:
1569:
1507:
1411:
1214:
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1134:
1126:
651:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 217.
472:mammals that have ever lived, such as the
105:
20:
1031:
903:. Suture Zones and Geodynamic Processes.
746:https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960500476366
866:The Big Cats and their fossil relatives
576:
689:
687:
680:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251548698
623:"Fossilworks: Agriotherium africanum"
7:
490:and the massive feliform sabertooth
962:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
456:a fossil bear widely accepted as a
355:Materials from the late-surviving
14:
1970:Cenozoic mammals of North America
945:; Garcia, Nuria (December 2007).
709:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00862.x
123:
901:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
585:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
359:in Africa have suggested that
297:(Falconer & Cautley, 1836)
1:
1995:Fossil taxa described in 1837
1975:Prehistoric carnivoran genera
1071:10.1016/s0016-6995(86)80055-9
921:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.05.017
757:Switek, Brian (2012-10-29).
504:Sites and age of specimens:
248:Falconer & Cautley, 1836
790:Sorkin, B. (January 2006).
598:"Fossilworks: Agriotherium"
331:whose fossils are found in
2016:
1960:Cenozoic mammals of Africa
1955:Cenozoic mammals of Europe
1843:Category:Prehistoric bears
1114:Illustration at ScienceArt
363:died out during the early
1839:
1703:
1644:
1572:
1167:
1092:10.1080/08912960500476366
808:10.1080/08912960500476366
258:
253:
231:
224:
120:Scientific classification
118:
113:
104:
23:
1965:Cenozoic mammals of Asia
837:Antón, Mauricio (2013).
647:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
564:known to have colonized
406:Ursus maritimus tyrannus
313:Jiangzuo and Flynn, 2019
1990:Pleistocene extinctions
1985:Pleistocene carnivorans
1673:Helarctos sinomalayanus
522:Vialette, Haute Loire,
327:is an extinct genus of
242:Agriotherium sivalensis
1159:members of the family
380:
16:Extinct genus of bears
1917:Paleobiology Database
862:Turner, Alan (1997).
587:42.3 (2011): 408-414.
378:
1020:Journal of Mammalogy
987:Journal of Mammalogy
739:Historical Biology,
391:, short-faced bears
371:Description and diet
265:(Ogino et al., 2011)
1792:U. sackdillingensis
1063:1986Geobi..19..573P
913:2011JAESc..42..408O
678:(25), 14518–14523.
500:Fossil distribution
1683:Melursus theobaldi
1546:A. wulingshanensis
1119:2019-02-17 at the
1080:Historical Biology
796:Historical Biology
697:Journal of Zoology
566:sub-Saharan Africa
381:
281:(Qiu et al., 1991)
1980:Pleistocene bears
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1931:
1859:Taxon identifiers
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515:Lang. E Quarry,
508:Venta del Moro,
478:Amphimachairodus
452:Hemicyon ursinus
339:-aged strata of
312:
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289:(Lydekker, 1878)
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236:Ursus sivalensis
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29:Temporal range:
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273:(Gervais, 1859)
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993:(4): 623–631.
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427:spotted hyenas
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658:1-84028-152-9
654:
650:
643:
640:
628:
624:
618:
615:
603:
599:
593:
590:
586:
580:
577:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
533:~11.6–3.6 Ma.
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
506:
505:
499:
497:
495:
494:
493:Barbourofelis
489:
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396:
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385:
377:
370:
368:
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362:
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354:
350:
346:
342:
341:North America
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
316:
311:
303:
295:
294:A. sivalensis
287:
279:
278:A. inexpetans
271:
263:
257:
252:
244:
243:
237:
230:
227:
223:
216:
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204:
201:
200:Agriotheriini
195:
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188:
185:
182:
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168:
165:
162:
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158:
155:
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151:
148:
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138:
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117:
112:
108:
103:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
26:
22:
19:
1867:Agriotherium
1866:
1841:
1822:U. vitabilis
1820:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1742:U. ingressus
1740:
1730:
1720:
1712:U. deningeri
1710:
1693:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1622:
1611:
1599:
1591:Arctotherium
1589:
1579:
1565:Tremarctinae
1544:
1534:
1524:
1511:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1469:Ailuropodini
1456:
1446:
1436:
1428:Agriotherium
1427:
1426:
1394:
1384:
1354:
1344:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1234:Adelpharctos
1232:
1210:Hemicyoninae
1083:
1079:
1054:
1050:
1023:
1019:
990:
986:
966:. Retrieved
957:
953:
937:
904:
900:
890:
865:
857:
838:
832:
799:
795:
785:
774:. Retrieved
762:
752:
740:
738:
734:
731:Agriotherium
730:
725:
700:
696:
674:
672:
667:
648:
642:
630:. Retrieved
626:
617:
605:. Retrieved
601:
592:
584:
579:
558:South Africa
538:Agriotherium
537:
536:
526:~3.2–2.5 Ma.
519:~5.3–3.6 Ma.
517:South Africa
503:
491:
485:
476:
467:
462:Agriotherium
461:
460:, show that
450:
438:Agriotherium
437:
435:
411:Agriotherium
410:
404:
400:Arctotherium
398:
392:
384:A. africanum
383:
382:
361:A. africanum
360:
357:A. africanum
356:
324:Agriotherium
323:
322:
321:
309:
302:A. africanum
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
259:
241:
240:
235:
226:Type species
219:Wagner, 1837
214:Agriotherium
213:
212:
25:Agriotherium
24:
18:
1812:U. spelaeus
1782:U. rossicus
1732:U. etruscus
1653:Aurorarctos
1601:Plionarctos
1491:Ailurarctos
1346:Phoberocyon
1288:Hemicyonini
1274:Phoberogale
1264:Filholictis
1244:Cephalogale
802:(1): 1–20.
744:(1), 1–20.
632:17 December
607:17 December
470:carnivorous
447:brown bears
431:borophagine
337:Pleistocene
1939:Categories
1762:U. minimus
1663:Protarctos
1613:Tremarctos
1536:A. microta
1513:Ailuropoda
1481:Agriarctos
1356:Plithocyon
1320:Zaragocyon
1254:Cyonarctos
1197:Caniformia
1195:Suborder:
968:2009-10-15
954:Kirtlandia
839:Sabertooth
776:2020-03-16
703:(2): 171.
572:References
310:A. hendeyi
270:A. insigne
1802:U. savini
1526:A. baconi
1448:Indarctos
1374:Ursavinae
1191:Carnivora
1171:Kingdom:
964:: 121–139
929:1367-9120
816:0891-2963
771:1059-1028
717:1469-7998
415:Carnivora
389:cave bear
177:Carnivora
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
1882:Q2333795
1876:Wikidata
1581:Arctodus
1386:Ballusia
1310:Hemicyon
1300:Dinocyon
1185:Mammalia
1179:Chordata
1177:Phylum:
1173:Animalia
1117:Archived
1100:85301983
1086:: 1–20.
824:85301983
735:Arctodus
531:Ethiopia
458:predator
442:omnivore
394:Arctodus
379:Mandible
365:Gelasian
335:through
254:Species
183:Family:
167:Mammalia
157:Chordata
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
1909:3240363
1896:4441515
1637:Ursinae
1458:Miomaci
1438:Huracan
1396:Ursavus
1189:Order:
1183:Class:
1161:Ursidae
1157:Extinct
1059:Bibcode
1051:Geobios
1042:1382830
1007:1381124
979:Sources
909:Bibcode
550:Myanmar
512:6.2 Ma.
487:Epicyon
387:as the
345:Eurasia
333:Miocene
206:Genus:
193:Tribe:
187:Ursidae
173:Order:
163:Class:
1098:
1040:
1005:
927:
878:
845:
822:
814:
769:
715:
655:
562:ursoid
556:, and
542:Europe
524:France
440:as an
433:dogs.
419:bamboo
349:Africa
347:, and
1922:41303
1695:Ursus
1096:S2CID
1038:JSTOR
1003:JSTOR
950:(PDF)
820:S2CID
763:Wired
554:China
546:India
510:Spain
483:canid
329:bears
1904:GBIF
925:ISSN
876:ISBN
843:ISBN
812:ISSN
767:ISSN
733:and
713:ISSN
653:ISBN
634:2021
609:2021
429:and
397:and
353:Mya.
239:(= †
40:PreꞒ
1891:EoL
1088:doi
1067:doi
1028:doi
995:doi
958:556
917:doi
872:201
804:doi
705:doi
701:286
1941::
1919::
1906::
1893::
1878::
1094:.
1084:18
1082:.
1065:.
1055:19
1053:.
1036:.
1024:77
1022:.
1018:.
1001:.
991:67
989:.
960:.
956:.
952:.
923:.
915:.
905:42
899:.
874:.
818:.
810:.
800:18
798:.
794:.
765:.
761:.
741:18
737:.
711:.
699:.
686:^
675:98
625:.
600:.
568:.
552:,
548:,
544:,
409:,
367:.
343:,
90:Pg
34:Ma
1818:†
1808:†
1798:†
1788:†
1778:†
1768:†
1758:†
1748:†
1738:†
1728:†
1718:†
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1679:†
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1659:†
1649:†
1620:†
1597:†
1587:†
1577:†
1542:†
1532:†
1522:†
1497:†
1487:†
1477:†
1454:†
1444:†
1434:†
1424:†
1392:†
1382:†
1371:†
1352:†
1342:†
1331:†
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1306:†
1296:†
1285:†
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1260:†
1250:†
1240:†
1230:†
1219:†
1207:†
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
1102:.
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1073:.
1069::
1061::
1044:.
1030::
1009:.
997::
971:.
931:.
919::
911::
884:.
851:.
826:.
806::
779:.
719:.
707::
661:.
636:.
611:.
454:,
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300:†
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284:†
276:†
268:†
260:†
245:)
233:†
210:†
197:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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