966:
1038:. The Imam had an army of over 15,000 soldiers including 200 Turkish musketeers, where as the Abyssinians and Portuguese had a combined force of around 8,000 men. The Abyssinians charged but the Adalites counterattacked and seemed to be pushing back the initial assault. The Abyssinian cavalry then threw themselves vigorously into the Adal lines which pushed the Adalites back. The Imam seeing his men lose ground moved up to encourage them, it was here that the Imam was killed while attempting to rally his men, although the sources differ in how he died. Upon seeing the death of the Imam, his followers had begun to flee from the battlefield. What followed was a devastating rout as the Abyssinians pursued the fleeing Adalites and cut them down as they ran.
937:
losses on the
Adalites. Over the next several days, Imam Ahmad's forces were reinforced by arrivals of fresh troops. Understanding the need to act swiftly, da Gama on April 16 again formed a square which he led against Imam Ahmad's camp. Castanhoso laments that "the victory would have been complete this day had we only one hundred horses to finish it, for the King was carried on men's shoulders in a bed, accompanied by horsemen, and they fled in no order." Da Gama marched southward after Imam Ahmad's force, coming within sight of him ten days later. However, the onset of the
2050:
attempts have been made to present a number of arguments are adequate to conclude that Imam was maternally of Afar origin. But the evidences that discuss his Afar connection, no concrete linkage is established with his with his paternal side while the Balaw tradition could at least off paternal relation. If then, Imam Ahmad was a Balaw in his paternal side and we accept an Afar connection due to his maternal ancestry. Imam Ahmad was a Balaw because genealogy is counted based on the paternal clan identity in most societies found in the Horn of Africa.
781:
1770:, Takla Sadiq Mekuria, devoted a 950-page book to the question of origin of Gragn and in his rough monograph on the Gragn Wars (1961) called "Ya Gragn Warara" (The Conquests of Gragn), in it he draws on the evidence from Arab Faqih Sihab Uddin and the chronicles of Sarsa-Dengel. Through the mediation of Dagazmac Wargnah he interviewed Ahmed Ali Shami, the highest authoritative scholar of Harar that produced the concise manuscript history of Harar for several European institutions and concludes Gragn's father was to come from the
1049:, abandoning the occupation of Abyssinia. The corpse of the Imam was beheaded and Gelawdewos ordered his head to be set on a spear, and carried around in all of Abyssinia, so that the people know that the conqueror who had wrought them such evils was indeed dead. The Abyssinians then set up great festivals across the country celebrating the death of the Imam, as Castanhoso narrates "We remained in great pleasure, seeing each day the Abyssinians delighting in that victory, and in the liberty in which they found themselves."
1101:
1031:, killing Sayid Mehmed. From the prisoners it was learned that the Imam was camped only 5 days' march away at Deresgue, and flush with victory the army marched to confront their enemy. The Imam and his men were apparently stunned that the Portuguese had managed to reassemble and were looking for battle, according to Castanhoso this demoralized the Adalites and put fear into their hearts as "they understood well that we had only come to avenge the past".
807:, but the locals of Tigray had all assembled to defend their holy city. The Imam defeated and killed a large number of them as Arab Faqih states, "Not a single one managed to slip away. They killed them in the forts, in the valleys and in the gorges. The ground was so thickly covered with their corpses, that it was impossible to walk in that place because of the dead bodies." he estimates that over 10,000 Christians were killed. The Imam reached
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692:
340:
60:
831:, the subsequent Adalite occupation was bitterly resisted by the locals who killed the Imam's nephew, Vizier 'Addole, sending his head to the Ethiopian Emperor. The Emperor upon receiving it had drums beaten and flutes played, optimistically declaring that the fortunates of the war were soon turning. The Imam, enraged at the death of his nephew marched with his forces into
558:
465:
461:. Ahmad was unprepared and in a mountain encampment on Gara Muleta. The sultan besieged Ahmad and his small force for ten days, when he hoped to starve them. However, at this critical moment, the sheikhs of Harar intervened and reconciled the two leaders. Ahmad was forced to recognize the authority of the Adalite state for the first time in his career.
614:. Although they differ in the corresponding figures which they give, both Christian and Muslim sources are unanimous about the superiority of the Emperor's army in terms of the numbers of soldiers. Despite the enormous size of the Abyssinians' army, the Imam was able to inflict a devastating defeat on the Christians and routed them completely.
457:. The remaining Abyssinian army who were not killed fled in panic, thus Ahmed's troops won decisively and were able to recover stolen booty. Ahmad's victory not only strengthened his fighting capacity, but also spread his fame far and wide. The Sultan hearing about this gathered a large force of his Somali followers and besieged his capital at
849:. After this Imam returned to Tigray where he discovered the region was undergoing a severe famine that took a huge toll on the Adalite army. The conditions were so dire that many Muslims in Ahmad's army converted to Christianity, realizing the impossibility of his position the Imam soon withdrew to the more fertile province of
1237:
920:. The Imam then sent a messenger to Gama demanding that the Portuguese force either leave Ethiopia, join the Imam, or be destroyed. On the Imam's orders, the messenger produced the gift of a monk's habit, an expensive insult to Gama. Gama responded with his own messenger, who delivered "a few lines in
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to resolve disputes between the different tribes that made up his army. He used this opportunity to build up an army that was loyal to him and not to any specific tribal leaders. Finally in 1531 he reconstructed his forces and was able to begin the definite invasion and occupation of
Abyssinia. With
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which helped bring down the fortress. Arab Faqih states that thousands of
Christians were captured, the Imam ordered those captured to be beheaded. As the Imam marched into Tigray, his cousin Zaharbui Muhammad was killed in an ambush. The Imam grieved over his death and the next day he set out with
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However, based on available meager documents, it has been tried to show that Imam Ahmad was an ethnic Balaw on his father's side and an Afar on his mother's side. The former is arguably based on the evidence weighed Gragn's paternal ancestry to be more convincing. As far as the later is concerned,
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should be brought before him. Among those brought before the Imam were two
Christian chiefs, finding them adamant in their faith, he then declared “We have decided to cut your heads off!” To which the Christians replied “Very well”. The Imam was surprised but ordered them to be put to death. The
527:. He invited the Somali chiefs of the area to participate in his jihad (holy war) against Ethiopia. Besides the Somalis, Ahmad had also incorporated into his army other peoples in the area who had been in continuous conflict with the Christian empire ever since the fourteenth century, such as the
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on the throne as his puppet. Imam Ahmad would spend the next several months in subjugating the surrounding Somali clans with diplomacy and war. He had hoped to unite all the warring Muslim nomads under his authority which he had done so successfully. The Imam was also able to start stockpiling on
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and marched against the Imam's lines, repelling successive waves of
Adalite attacks with musket and cannon. This battle ended when Imam Ahmad was wounded in the leg by a chance shot; seeing his banners signal retreat, the Portuguese and their Abyssinian allies fell upon them, inflicting immense
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had joined the survivors, and seeing the number of men who flocked to the
Emperor's standard, at Christmas "we went to the Preste, and begged him to help us avenge the death of Dom Christovão." Gelawdewos agreed to march against the Imam. The Portuguese firearms which had been stored at
1127:, Adal would never recover from the death of Imam Ahmad as the Sultanate of Adal was too newly established to transcend tribal differences. His successors were unable to exert their authority over the nomadic tribes and the Adalite state became mostly centered around the city of
570:. The Emperor had apparently expected this confrontation, and had mobilized a large army to defend his realms. The troops were recruited from all over the empire and the list of Christian generals who participated in the battle includes the Bahr-Negash and other officials from
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Of the early history of the Imam Ahmad but little is known. He was the son of one
Ibrahim el Ghazi, and both he and his father were common soldiers in the troop of the Garâd Aboun. Nothing even is said as to his nationality. He was certainly not an Arab: probably he was a
1131:. The result he claims was that the nomadic people instinctively return to their "eternal disintegrating struggles of people against people and tribe against tribe." By 1577 the Adal Sultanate would eventually disintegrate due to tribal infighting and pressure from the
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Praised be God who has conquered the whole of the land of
Abyssinia. Now let us send to the land of Sa'd ad-Din, to bring up our wives and our children. Let us make our homes in Abyssinia. It is no longer possible for us to go back down to our country, or to leave this
622:. This battle was probably the first time Ethiopian forces had to fight against a force equipped with firearms. He adds that the Abyssinians were unable to endure the “Thunder of the Turkish artillery” and did not know how to cure the wounds which the bullets made.
928:" and on the "following day he would see what the Portuguese were worth", and delivered Gama's own insulting gift: a pair of "small tweezers for the eyebrows, and a very large mirror – making him out a woman." The first encounter took place during the
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The Imam asked all the Arabs who were with him, "Is there the like of this church, with its images and its gold, in
Byzantium, or in India, or in any other place?" They replied, "We never saw or heard of its like in Byzantium or India or anywhere in the
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with his Somali allies. Ahmad did not follow him. After raising another large body of Somali followers, Abu Bakr met Ahmad for the second time. It was an indecisive clash that only forced the Sultan to retreat back into the Ogaden and Ahmad remained in
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The Imam was certain that the surviving
Portuguese were scattered, without their firearms, and alone in a foreign land, he concluded that this threat was ended, dismissed all but two hundred of the foreign musketeers, and proceeded to his camp at
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and through weight of numbers killed all but 140 of da Gama's troops. Da Gama himself, badly wounded, was captured with ten of his men and, after refusing an offer to spare his life if he would convert to Islam, was tortured and executed.
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Imam Ahmad’s invasion was arguably the single most important chapter in Ethiopia's long history. The destruction of cultural assets and national pride was immense. Imam Ahmad’s invasion left an indelible mark on the Ethiopian psyche. As
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the explorer claimed that the second part could be found "in Mocha or Hudaydah", but, despite later investigation, no one else has reported seeing a copy of this second part. The surviving first part was translated into French by
1122:
folklore portrays Imam Ahmed as a giant of mythical stature who was only halted by 500 men, on 500 horses, with 500 rifle shots. Ethiopian chronicles claim that 90% of the Empire was islamized during his conquests. According to
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The chronicle of Imam Ahmad's invasion of Abyssinia is depicted in various Arabic, Abyssinian and other foreign sources. In 1529 Imam Ahmad finally decided to embark on a conquest of Abyssinia, he soon met the Abyssinians at the
1654:
Imam Ahmed, born in 1506 at Hubat (specifically at Za‟ka, 32 km northeast of Harar town), was the leader of the militant Muslim Sultanate of Adal which embarked on a conquest of the Christian highland kingdom between 1529 and
1932:, but Somalis from a number of clans, particularly the Gorgora, a clan that probably originated around Zelia, certainly fought in his armies. Ahmed himself probably had no direct links with Somalis other than recruiting them.
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near Lake Ashenge, still within sight of his opponent. Ahmad was forced to retreat further south, where with fortune against him, the local population now openly defied him by refusing to provide him supplies or soldiers.
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in 1525. The remnants of Adashe's forces retreated back to Hubat where their numbers soon rose to over 100. The Sultan attempted to pursue but Ahmad defeated the Sultan in the field; Abu Bakr was forced to take refuge in
479:, Ahmad fled back to Hubat where he continued to struggle against the Sultan. At about this time a swarm of bees enlightened on Ahmad's head, this incident was considered so miraculous that people gave him the title of
543:. By about 1527-9, the Imam was at the head of a strong state, with an ever-increasing sphere of influence in the interior of the Horn, and ready to lead the crucial military offensive against the Christian empire.
1117:
referred to him in his memoirs: "I have often had villagers in northern Ethiopia point out sites of towns, forts, churches and monasteries destroyed by Gragn as if these catastrophes had occurred only yesterday."
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sent his general Degelhan to confront him. The Abyssinian campaign originally seemed successful as large amounts of women and children of Adal were captured by Degelhan including the mother of Ahmad's commander
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Nevertheless, he ordered all of the churches built by the Abyssinians to be destroyed, including Mekane Selassie, Atronsa Maryam, Debre Nagwadgwad and Ganata Giyorgis. He soon campaigned against the people of
403:. It was during this conflict that Ahmad demonstrated his courage, intelligence and military leadership. Garad Abun, who was astonished by the military valour of Ahmad, arranged for him to marry the late
1978:
Ahmed Gurey (or Gragn as he is called by the Ethiopians, or Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi as the Arabs have called him) was probably the son of a local Harari chieftain who rose in the local military.
666:. It was here in Amhara that the Adalites came across many churches and palaces built by the Abyssinians. The Imam was stunned by the beauty of these churches and according to Arab Faqih:
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by Ahmad's follower Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir. In its current version, it is incomplete, covering the story only to 1537, narrating the Imam's raids on the islands of
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The Imam was passionately interested in converting newly occupied territories as his men were made up of religious zealots. But many of the conversions were forced. While in the
1317:
The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543, as Narrated by Castanhoso, with Some Contemporary Letters, the Short Account of Bermudez, and Certain Extracts from Correa
1219:
The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543, as Narrated by Castanhoso, with Some Contemporary Letters, the Short Account of Bermudez, and Certain Extracts from Correa
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to assist him. Meanwhile, due to casualties and other duties, da Gama's force was reduced to 300 musketeers. After the rains ended, Imam Ahmad attacked the Portuguese camp at
703:. The Adalites attempted to capture Degalhan but he was able to escape through Hadiya. For the next two years the Adalites would secure the southern Abyssinian provinces of
885:
and stayed there for eight months, and then went on to Angot. The Emperor was forced to live as an outlaw in his own realm constantly hounded by Imam Ahmed's soldiers the
1607:
Anqaṣa Amin: la porte de la foi. Apologie éthiopienne du christianisme contre l'Islam à partir du Coran. Introduction, texte critique et traduction par E.J. Van Donzel...
327:
was never again in a position to offer a pitched battle to his army and was subsequently forced to live as an outlaw constantly hounded by Imam Ahmed's soldiers, the
2550:
1798:
Probably of Somali origin, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, popularly called Gran — the left handed — served as a soldier in Garad Abun's army and married Imam Mahfuz's daughter
1065:
he rejected the inhabitants offers of gold for his wife and rebuked the protests of his top lieutenants insisting that the gold was to be used only for the jihad.
2002:
the local Harari amīr, Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ghāzī, nicknamed Gragn (in Amharic graññ, left-handed), unified the various Islamic peoples and conquered Ethiopia,
1113:
writes, "In Ethiopia the damage which Ahmad Gragn did has never been forgotten. Every Christian highlander still hears tales of Gragn in his childhood."
981:, offering "much money" and submission to the official, he received an additional 2,000 musketeers from Arabia, and artillery and 900 picked men from the
650:
telling him to struggle against the inhabitants until he had forced them to submit. The Adalites continued to advance northwards securing the province of
889:, Dawit then dispatched João Bermudes, who had arrived in Ethiopia with Dom Rodrigo de Lima, to reach out to the King of Portugal for military aid.
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However, the Imam wasn’t able to take advantage of this victory immediately due to tribal infighting within his army. He was forced to return to
449:. Meanwhile, Emir Ahmad had laid a trap in Hubat: splitting his unit into three, he waited for the Abyssinians to enter the region after sacking
1183:(Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967), and a complete translation into English by Paul Lester Stenhouse was published by Tsehai in 2003 (
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and her followers. Reinforced by her local auxiliaries, together they advanced into Tigray where they defeated a local Adal garrison during the
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1995:
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2338:. Translated by Stenhouse, Paul Lester. Annotations by Richard Pankhurst. Hollywood, California, USA: Tsehai Publishers & Distributors.
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523:. Before carrying out his invasion of Ethiopia, it is said he had access to several cannons as well as several well armed soldiers from
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Solomon Gebreyes Beyene, The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540-1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation, p. 185, Chap. 4,
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with his remaining followers, who were suffering from hunger and exhaustion. The Imam pursued the Abyssinians until they crossed the
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Imam would then call an assembly of his Emirs, chieftains and all the Muslim leaders to state his intention of staying in Abyssinia
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Jeremy Black, Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792, (Cambridge University Press: 1996), p.9.
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1813:
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31:
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Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
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Soon after assuming power in 1527 he forbade wine, gambling, and dances accompanied by drums. He also was known to patronize
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were produced. The allied forces spent the following months arming their troops before heading to Imam Ahmad's camp next to
699:
serious losses on the soldiers of the Imam because they held the high ground, among the dead was the Imam's right-hand man,
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during his conquest of Tigre. He was also very zealous in converting the Abyssinian population as he personally taught the
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Upon hearing that a rebel named Ahmad ibn Ibrahim was in a power struggle with the Adal leaders, the Emperor of Ethiopia
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2018:"The Genealogy and Ethnic Identity of Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Al-Gazi (Gragn) of Ethiopia: A Historiographical Reappraisal"
1727:"MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN"
1623:"The Genealogy and Ethnic Identity of Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Al-Gazi (Gragn) of Ethiopia: A Historiographical Reappraisal"
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1605:
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Historian Didier Morin states Ahmed Ibrahim who holds the title imam is often incorrectly identified with commander
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1916:
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815:. While in Aksum, a Balaw man informed the Adalites that the Christians had barricaded and hid themselves near the
716:
182:
1027:. On 13 February 1543, they defeated a group of cavalry and infantry led by the Imam's lieutenant Sayid Mehmed in
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Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region
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The King of Portugal would eventually send ships with 400 Portuguese musketeers, but when they arrived in 1541,
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the help of his advanced weaponry he was able to inflict another crushing defeat on the Abyssinians during the
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which was governed by Degalhan who had earlier pillaged Adal. They were able to defeat the Abyssinians in the
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1158:("The Conquest of Ethiopia"): Ahmad's invasion of Abyssinia is described in detail in this book, written in
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Somalia: From The Dawn of Civilization To The Modern Times: Chapter 8: Somali Hero - Ahmad Gurey (1506-43)
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for seven years. As an elite infantryman of Hubat, Ahmad joined Adashe in his power struggles against the
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Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's pioneering use of cannons figured in his conquest of Ethiopian territories.
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315:" by Orientalist Frederick A. Edwards, Imam Ahmed‘s conquests reached all the way to the borders of the
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The Ethiopian Borderlands: In Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century Essay
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where he was able to convince the people to convert to Islam. He then laid sieged to the fortress of
148:
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355:. The ethnicity of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim is disputed, with historians regarding him as either an ethnic
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1223:
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to the converted and above all children. During his invasion in 1535 the Imam visited the tomb of
909:
819:. When the Iman heard this news he set out to find them, when he found them he ordered them to pay
319:
Imam Ahmed won nearly all his battles against the Ethiopians before 1541 and after his victory at
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1320:. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 2nd series. Vol. 10. Translated by Whiteway. London:
1222:. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 2nd series. Vol. 10. Translated by Whiteway. London:
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320:
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Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from the History of High Ethiopia Or Abassia
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768:, around the same time the Adalites captured the Emperor's niece whom the Imam turned into his
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This peace was immediately broken by Abu Bakr, who tried to assassinate Ahmad while he was in
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30:"Ahmad ibn Ibrahim" redirects here. For the Sultan of Fez from 1374–1384 and 1387–1393, see
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area the Imam learned that the locals had not converted to Islam nor did they offer to pay
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assisted the Adalites in subduing the Christians and the establishments on the islands of
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1236:(collection of primary sources on the Portuguese expedition in English translation; also
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Journey to the eastern coast of the Red Sea, to the land of Adel and the kingdom of Choa
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into his army. Together with his Somali allies Abu Bakr defeated and killed Adashe near
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managed to escape the battlefield with the remnants of the army and retreated back to
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in Negash to pay his respects as well as naming his son Ahmed Al Najashi after him.
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German scholar Ewald Wagner states that Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim was a member of the
1816:, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim was originally a Somali warrior in the service of the ruler of
1006:, who had taken refuge at the "Mountain of the Jews", which Whiteway identifies as
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2406:. Early visitors to Ethiopia commonly identified the Emperor with the legendary
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but they refused so he massacred them. An army division from Adal crossed the
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The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543 as Narrated by Castanhoso
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An illustration of the young Imam Ahmad demonstrating his phenomenal strength
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Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was born in 1506 and hailed from the lowlands of
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The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record
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Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir, also known as ʻArab Faqīh (2003).
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attributes Imam Ahmad's victory to the presence amongst his followers of
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The emir was almost certainly from one of the pre-Somali peoples around
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483:. After much war the Imam defeated and killed Abu Bakr who fled to the
420:
383:, Ahmad would leave Harar and return to Hubat. After the death of Imam
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1897:"National Identity and Historical Mythology in Eritrea and Somaliland"
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772:. The Imam was able to acquire newly purchased cannons imported from
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but this was quite difficult as the Christians were able to inflict
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Jami mosque in Harar, the location of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim's gravestone
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The Abyssinians and Portuguese met Ahmad on 21 February 1543 in the
292:, both meaning the left-handed, he led the invasion and conquest of
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1679:. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. 85.
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Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša: The Conquest of Abyssinia [16th Century]
1076:. Shihab Ad Din mentions that he built many mosques and towns in
881:, and massacred the people there. The next year the Imam went to
1940:"The Genealogy of the later Walashma' Sultans of Adal and Harar"
480:
265:
50:
1719:, for we find him closely connected with many who were Somalis.
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prevented da Gama from engaging Ahmad. On the advice of Queen
924:", stating that he had come to Ethiopia "by order of the great
2279:
The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050
912:
was still holding out. They were soon met by the Queen Mother
1540:"The Tragedy of Emperor Libne-Dingil of Ethiopia (1508-1540)"
2422:
The Mosques of Harar: An Archaeological and Historical Study
1198:
The Ethiopian-Adal War, 1529-1543: The Conquest of Abyssinia
973:
The Imam successfully petitioned to the Turkish governor of
1681:
His earlier years were passed in Hūbat (the region between
1976:(Ph.D). Paris Institute of Political Studies. p. 39.
1490:
Somalia: From The Dawn of Civilization To The Modern Times
1002:. However, the Portuguese had regrouped and joined Queen
1057:
Muslim sources paint the Imam as an ascetic and a model
873:
were looted and destroyed. In 1536 the Adalites invaded
695:
A soldier of Imam Ahmad armed with a musket and a cannon
2301:
2299:
1944:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
1462:(37 & 38). Woking: The Oriental Institute: 320–360.
1179:
made a partial translation into English as part of his
2022:
East African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
1627:
East African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
1014:
had arrived. Castanhoso states that after the Emperor
642:. The Imam then dispatched his Somali brother in law,
2266:. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press.
1889:
Ibrahim, a provincial governor of Sim in Harla realm.
760:
where the Emperor now resides. He first went through
2501:
Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber
742:. He then ordered that anyone who failed to embrace
2371:
An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia
777:his army eager to avenge the death of his cousin.
225:
203:
170:
158:
138:
119:
115:
105:
95:
84:
76:
41:
27:
16th century Imam and General of the Adal Sultanate
2546:The Ethiopian Muslim and Christian War (1528-1560)
1861:argued Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi belonged to the
954:identifies the Imam's refuge near a village named
437:as an independent governor of the rebel province.
371:. Ahmad spent a great deal of time in the city of
1885:Mohammed Hassan states that Ahmed was the son of
1871:Hassen, Mohammed. "Review work Futuh al habasa".
1488:Pal Ruhela, Satya; Farah Aidid, Mohammed (1994).
1346:Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
487:among his Somali supporters. He then returned to
1061:. Shihab Ad Din notes that during a campaign in
1413:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. p. 163.
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2233:Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792
1987:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
1524:. Vol. 1. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
561:Early 20th century illustration of Imam Ahmad
375:. According to sixteenth century Adal writer
8:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1450:Edwards, Frederick A. (January–April 1905).
784:An illustration of the Imam's order for the
594:, as well as from the frontier provinces of
2469:Rochet d'Héricourt, Charles-Xavier (1841).
2062:David H. Shinn, Thomas P. Ofcansky (2013).
1907:(3). Michigan State University Press: 174.
1845:(Ph.D). University of London. p. 133.
1521:A History of Ethiopia Nubia & Abyssinia
1376:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 178.
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
900:had succeeded him. The Portuguese led by
415:is said to have established his capital at
1873:International Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1766:The leading historian of Ethiopia, under
1550:(2). Michigan State University Press: 32.
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
304:. He is often referred to as the "King of
58:
38:
2437:
2435:
1804:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford (1954).
1533:
1531:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1410:The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1
264:21 July 1506 – 10 February 1543) was the
779:
556:
272:from 1527 to 1543. Commonly named Ahmed
2518:Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982
1513:
1511:
1509:
1314:Whiteway, Richard Stephen, ed. (1902).
1277:
1216:Whiteway, Richard Stephen, ed. (1902).
391:would become the most popular ruler of
2504:. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 218.
2016:Hinika, Mohammed Hassen (2017-12-13).
1621:Hinika, Mohammed Hassen (2017-12-13).
1610:(in French). Brill Archive. p. 9.
731:the Imam marched north with his army.
2445:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1865:dynasty of rulers through his father.
1786:. Taylor & Francis. p. 105.
756:They would then make plans to invade
634:which allowed the Adalites to occupy
7:
2282:. Cambridge University Press. 1975.
2207:. University of London. p. 30.
932:, da Gama formed his troops into an
395:, sparking conflict with the ruling
379:, due to the secular rule of Sultan
2448:. Hurst & Company. p. 90.
2068:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 20–21.
245:
2428:. University of Exeter. p. 6.
1010:. Ten days later her son, Emperor
857:, the Imam pacified the people of
25:
2521:. KARTHALA Editions. p. 42.
2065:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1702:Richard Stephen Whiteway (1902).
1175:and published from 1897 to 1901;
1140:Ahmed Girri Bin Hussein Al Somali
1814:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford
1810:. Hakluyt Society. p. 105.
419:and recruited a large number of
2487:https://d-nb.info/1116605163/34
2214:from the original on 2020-02-13
2180:from the original on 2023-04-08
2153:from the original on 2021-05-08
2118:from the original on 2023-04-08
2040:from the original on 2021-02-14
1950:(2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 377.
1919:from the original on 2021-08-20
1849:from the original on 2021-04-21
1757:from the original on 2022-03-09
1645:from the original on 2021-02-14
1586:from the original on 2022-09-27
1427:from the original on 2023-04-08
1390:from the original on 2023-04-08
1201:. Warwick: Helion and Company.
813:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
723:. After the Adalites conquered
574:, many district governors from
32:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, al-Mustansir
2596:People from the Adal Sultanate
1973:A political history of Somalia
1725:Kropp, Manfred Hassen (1990).
1475:First Footsteps in East Africa
1181:The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles
945:, da Gama made winter camp at
1:
2231:Cambridge illustrated atlas,
1839:Aregay, Merid Wolde. (1971).
727:and subjugated the pagans of
261:
123:
91:1527 – 21 February 1543
88:
2601:16th-century Somalian people
1774:(Somali clan) in the Ogaden.
1518:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
1370:Saheed A. Adejumobi (2008).
811:where upon he destroyed the
662:to the relative security of
1990:. Oxford University Press.
1708:. Hakluyt Society. p.
1452:"The Conquest of Abyssinia"
1261:History of Medieval Somalia
2617:
2098:Richard Pankhurst (1997).
1343:R. Michael Feener (2004).
835:and massacred the locals.
795:He defeated the armies of
788:priests be eaten alive by
550:
238:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
215:Ahmed ibn Ahmad Al-Najashi
42:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
29:
2586:Somalian military leaders
2566:People from Harari Region
2373:. London: Lalibela House.
1970:Kluijver, Robert (2021).
1901:Northeast African Studies
1544:Northeast African Studies
1538:Molvaer, Reidulf (1998).
1349:. ABC-CLIO. p. 219.
515:, which he obtained from
453:and ambushed them in the
323:, the Ethiopian Emperor,
57:
48:
2367:Pankhurst, Richard R. K.
654:by the end of the year.
582:, the Agaw territories,
64:Statue of Imam Ahmad in
1895:Gikes, Patrick (2003).
1780:Mordechai Abir (1980).
1373:The History of Ethiopia
258:Axmed Ibraahim al-Qaasi
2515:Morin, Didier (2004).
2442:Paul B. Henze (2002).
2255:Trimingham, J. Spencer
2235:, by Jeremy Black pg 9
1938:Wagner, Ewald (1991).
1668:Trimingham, J. Spencer
1195:Jeffrey, Shaw (2021).
1105:
970:
792:
696:
568:Battle of Shimbra Kure
562:
472:
407:'s youngest daughter,
344:
257:
246:أحمد بن إبراهيم الغازي
44:أحمد بن إبراهيم الغازي
1984:Shahin, Emad (2014).
1556:10.1353/nas.1998.0011
1103:
968:
952:J. Spencer Trimingham
896:was dead and his son
817:Abba Garima Monastery
783:
694:
658:fell back behind the
560:
547:Invasion of Abyssinia
467:
413:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad
381:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad
342:
308:" in medieval texts.
218:Nasr Ad-Din ibn Ahmad
100:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad
1492:. Vikas Pub. House.
1238:on Wikimedia Commons
1036:Battle of Wayna Daga
803:and marched towards
468:Ruins of Hubat near
311:Dubbed "The African
252:: አሕመድ ኢብራሂም አል-ጋዚ,
187:Daughter of Makattar
1322:The Hakluyt Society
1266:History of Ethiopia
1224:The Hakluyt Society
853:. Upon arriving in
2198:Hassan, Mohammed.
1859:Merid Wolde Aregay
1251:Imam Ahmed Stadium
1106:
971:
877:, to the south of
793:
697:
686:Battle of Amba Sel
632:Battle of Antukyah
563:
553:Ethiopian-Adal War
473:
411:. The Adal sultan
345:
321:Battle of Amba Sel
317:Sultanate of Funj.
302:Ethiopian-Adal War
212:Mohammad ibn Ahmad
2498:Cerulli, Enrico.
2419:Insoll, Timothy.
2260:Islam in Ethiopia
2201:Oromo of Ethiopia
2104:. Red Sea Press.
1997:978-0-19-973935-6
1731:Afrika-Studien II
1673:Islam in Ethiopia
1604:ʻěnbāqom (1969).
1473:Burton, Richard.
1189:978-0-9723172-5-2
1177:Richard Pankhurst
998:on the shores of
918:Battle of Baçente
910:Bahr Negus Yeshaq
902:Cristóvão da Gama
616:Richard Pankhurst
298:Sultanate of Adal
235:
234:
146:(aged 36–37)
16:(Redirected from
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1133:Oromo migrations
1043:Bati del Wambara
1041:The Imam's wife
958:overlooking the
519:via the port of
491:where he placed
409:Bati del Wambara
397:Walashma dynasty
263:
247:
178:Bati del Wambara
153:Ethiopian Empire
145:
142:21 February 1543
125:
90:
62:
39:
21:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2571:Somali monarchs
2556:
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2061:
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2056:
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2015:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1983:
1969:
1937:
1922:
1920:
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1194:
1148:
1146:Further reading
1098:
1055:
960:Afar Depression
934:infantry square
930:Battle of Jarte
926:Lion of the Sea
904:had arrived in
555:
549:
455:Battle of Hubat
337:
221:
199:
166:
147:
143:
127:
110:Nur ibn Mujahid
72:
43:
35:
28:
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22:
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12:
11:
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2593:
2591:Somalian imams
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2540:External links
2538:
2535:
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2490:
2478:
2475:. p. 209.
2461:
2454:
2431:
2411:
2396:
2387:
2385:, pp. 381–384.
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2307:The Ethiopians
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2008:
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1967:
1935:
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1792:
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1768:Haile Selassie
1737:(2): 105–113.
1693:
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1527:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1477:. p. 179.
1465:
1458:. 3rd series.
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1256:Adal Sultanate
1253:
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1242:
1241:
1213:
1208:978-1914059681
1207:
1192:
1168:Richard Burton
1147:
1144:
1125:Enrico Cerulli
1115:Haile Selassie
1097:
1094:
1054:
1051:
827:and conquered
754:
753:
673:
672:
551:Main article:
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459:Siege of Hubat
447:Abu Bakr Qatin
353:Adal Sultanate
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1999:
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1989:
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1965:
1964:ethnic group.
1963:
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2028:(2): 21–40.
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1633:(2): 21–40.
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1004:Seble Wongel
992:
975:Yemen Eyalet
972:
943:Seble Wongel
939:rainy season
914:Seble Wongel
891:
841:had fled to
837:
794:
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736:Debre Berhan
733:
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624:
620:matchlockmen
564:
500:such as the
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2581:1543 deaths
2305:Pankhurst,
1875:: 179–180.
1173:René Basset
1074:theologians
867:Beta Israel
829:Medri Bahri
825:Mareb River
766:Amba Geshen
701:Garad Matan
652:Bete Amhara
644:Garad Matan
572:Medri Bahri
389:Abun Adashe
335:Early years
300:during the
230:Sunni Islam
96:Predecessor
18:Ahmad Gragn
2560:Categories
2218:2023-04-05
2184:2021-05-08
2157:2021-05-08
2122:2019-02-11
2044:2020-12-27
1923:2021-08-22
1853:2021-04-21
1761:2020-12-27
1649:2020-12-27
1590:2023-04-05
1431:2019-02-11
1394:2019-02-11
1272:References
1021:Debre Damo
1016:Gelawdewos
1012:Gelawdewos
898:Gelawdewos
660:Abay River
511:, and the
377:Arab Faqīh
149:Wayna Daga
77:Leader of
2034:2521-2192
1743:2521-2192
1639:2521-2192
1580:143584847
1564:0740-9133
1330:0072-9396
1232:0072-9396
1164:Lake Tana
1156:Al-Ḥabaša
1063:Gendebelo
1053:Character
1025:Lake Tana
1000:Lake Tana
879:Lake Tana
871:Lake Tana
847:Blue Nile
786:Ethiopian
770:concubine
502:matchlock
470:Dire Dawa
296:from the
294:Abyssinia
193:Niece of
106:Successor
66:Mogadishu
2354:57236304
2257:(1952).
2209:Archived
2178:Archived
2176:. 1905.
2151:Archived
2147:41965889
2116:Archived
2038:Archived
1956:43378336
1917:Archived
1913:41931244
1881:27828848
1847:Archived
1755:Archived
1751:40732663
1683:Gildessa
1670:(1952).
1643:Archived
1584:Archived
1572:41931161
1425:Archived
1388:Archived
1245:See also
1078:Begemder
1008:Amba Sel
983:Ottomans
894:Dawit II
887:Malassay
855:Begmeder
851:Begmeder
839:Dawit II
656:Dawit II
584:Begemder
539:and the
513:arquebus
498:firearms
493:Umar Din
442:Dawit II
401:Walashma
387:, Garad
329:Malassay
325:Dawit II
226:Religion
195:Dawit II
2309:, p. 88
1090:Najashi
1082:Dembiya
1070:jurists
1059:Mujahid
996:Derasge
906:Massawa
863:Dembiya
843:Dembiya
801:Tembien
713:Fatagar
671:world."
636:Fatagar
600:Fatagar
533:Argobba
509:cannons
421:Somalis
367:, or a
351:in the
280:Amharic
268:of the
190:Hajirah
183:Mureyas
164:Sentara
70:Somalia
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2173:Adashe
2145:
2138:Adashe
2108:
2072:
2032:
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1962:Harari
1954:
1911:
1879:
1822:Mahfuz
1790:
1772:Hawiye
1749:
1741:
1717:Somali
1710:xxxiii
1637:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1496:
1417:
1380:
1353:
1328:
1230:
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1160:Arabic
1120:Shewan
1096:Legacy
1029:Wogera
922:Arabic
908:where
883:Dawaro
875:Gojjam
865:. The
859:Siemen
833:Seraye
790:hyenas
758:Tigray
717:Hadiya
705:Dawaro
682:Dawaro
664:Gojjam
604:Dawaro
588:Gojjam
580:Amhara
576:Tigray
535:, the
531:, the
517:Arabia
505:musket
485:Ogaden
430:Ogaden
405:Mahfuz
385:Mahfuz
365:Harari
357:Somali
313:Attila
290:Somali
254:Somali
250:Harari
242:Arabic
171:Spouse
159:Burial
2426:(PDF)
2383:Futuh
2264:(PDF)
2212:(PDF)
2205:(PDF)
2143:JSTOR
1952:JSTOR
1930:Harar
1909:JSTOR
1887:Garad
1877:JSTOR
1863:Harla
1818:Zeila
1747:JSTOR
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1687:Harar
1677:(PDF)
1655:1543.
1576:S2CID
1568:JSTOR
1154:Futūḥ
1129:Harar
1086:Quran
1047:Harar
987:Wolfa
979:Zabid
947:Wofla
821:jizya
809:Aksum
805:Aksum
797:Agame
774:Zeila
762:Angot
744:Islam
740:jizya
729:Gafat
725:Damot
646:, to
640:Shewa
627:Harar
612:Damot
592:Shewa
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529:Harla
525:Yemen
521:Zeila
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369:Balaw
361:Harla
349:Hubat
306:Zeila
285:Gurey
275:Gragn
205:Issue
129:Hubat
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2450:ISBN
2350:OCLC
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