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52:
1870:. But those created by Areimanius, who were equal in number to the others, pierced through the egg and made their way inside; hence evils are now combined with good. But a destined time shall come when it is decreed that Areimanius, engaged in bringing on pestilence and famine, shall by these be utterly annihilated and shall disappear; and then shall the earth become a level plain, and there shall be one manner of life and one form of government for a blessed people who shall all speak one tongue. — Plutarch
1926:
2052:
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2826:, whose church was next door to the M. F. Cama Athornan Institute, the premier school for Zoroastrian priests. That the opinions of the Zoroastrian priesthood were barely represented in the debates that ensued was to some extent since the priesthood spoke Gujarati and not English, but also because they were (at the time) poorly equipped to debate with a classically trained theologian on his footing. Wilson had even taught himself Avestan.
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is
Honourable. But Areimanius created rivals, as it were, equal to these in number. Then Oromazes enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One star he set there before all others as a guardian and watchman, the
1861:
Oromazes, born from the purest light, and
Areimanius, born from darkness, are constantly at war with each other; and Oromazes created six gods, the first of Good Thought, the second of Truth, the third of Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, and one the Artificer of Pleasure in what
2208:
of Bombay since it provided a defense against
Christian missionary rhetoric, particularly the attacks on the Zoroastrian idea of an uncreated Evil that was as uncreated as God was. Following Haug, the Bombay Parsis began to defend themselves in the English-language press. The argument was that Angra
2130:
Zurvanism revokes
Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit and the "uncreated creator" of all and reduces him to a created spirit, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary spirit. Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and
2191:
30.3 that subsequently influenced
Zoroastrian doctrine significantly. According to Haug's interpretation, the "twin spirits" of 30.3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, the former being literally the "Destructive Spirit" and the latter being the "Bounteous Spirit" (of Ahura Mazda). Further, in
1885:, Plutarch has the Persian king invoke Arimanius by name, asking the god to cause the king's enemies to behave in such a way as to drive away their own best men; de Jong (1997) doubted that a Persian king would pray to his own national religion's god of evil, particularly in public.
1750:, the destructive spirit. Angra Mainyu was the source of all sin and misery in the universe. Zoroaster claimed that Ahura Mazda used the aid of humans in the cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is Angra Mainyu's superior, not his equal. Angra Mainyu and his
1963:
were
Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda. The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings. The most notable of all the inscriptions is the
2271:) through whom after he sacrificed himself to defend the world of light was consumed by the forces of darkness. Although Ormuzd is freed from the world of darkness his "sons", often called his garments or weapons, remain. After a series of events, his sons, later known as the
2835:
For a scholastic review of the theological developments in Indian
Zoroastrianism, particularly concerning the devaluation of Angra Mainyu to a position where the (epitome of) pure evil became viewed as a creation of Mazda (and so compromised their figure of pure good), see
2275:, will, for the most part, escape from matter and return to the world of light where they came from. Manicheans often identified many of Mani's cosmological figures with Zoroastrian ones. This may partly be because Mani was born in the greatly Zoroastrian Parthian Empire.
2213:
to be evil. Consequently, Haug's theories were disseminated as a Parsi interpretation in the West, where they appeared to be corroborating Haug. Reinforcing themselves, Haug's ideas came to be iterated so often that they are today almost universally accepted as doctrine.
2042:
period and the beginning of the
Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda remained symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture.
2033:
It is known that the reverence for Ahura Mazda, as well as
Anahita and Mithra, continued with the same traditions during this period. The worship of Ahura Mazda with symbolic images is noticed, but it stopped within the Sassanid period. Zoroastrian
1733:. As a result of this vision, Zoroaster felt that he was chosen to spread and preach the religion. He stated that this source of all goodness was the Ahura, worthy of the highest worship. He further stated that Ahura Mazda created spirits known as
1404:. In the Achaemenid period, there are no known representations of Ahura Mazda at the royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the
3051:
Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb
Classical Library. pp. 46–47; available online: Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. LacusCurtius. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp.
1998:
The early Achaemenid period contained no representation of Ahura Mazda. The winged symbol with a male figure formerly regarded by European scholars as Ahura Mazda has been now speculated to represent the royal
2679:
king of kings"/ Pahlavi inscription: "Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to
1778:" as one of the two rivals who were the artificers of good and evil. In terms of sense perception, Oromazes was to be compared to light, and Arimanius to darkness and ignorance; between these was
2233:). According to William W. Malandra both Varuna (in Vedic period) and Ahura Mazda (in old Iranian religion) represented same Indo-Iranian concept of a supreme "wise, all-knowing lord".
2163:
verse "Whom, Mazda hast thou appointed my protector". Zoroastrian prayers are to be said in the presence of light, either in the form of fire or the sun. In the Iranian languages
2021:
of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 5th century BC. Under Artaxerxes II, the first literary reference, as well as a statue of Ahura Mazda, was built by a Persian governor of
1586:
1721:
According to Zoroastrian tradition, at the age of 30, Zoroaster received a revelation: while fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw the shining figure of the
3923:
597:
1995:
Persepolis Fortification Tablets dated between 509–494 BC, offerings to Ahura Mazda are recorded in tablets #377, #338 (notably alongside Mitra), #339, and #771.
2204:
to be evil. Although these latter conclusions were not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition, at the time, Haug's interpretation was gratefully accepted by the
1574:
1562:
2200:
45.9 as an accommodation to explain where Angra Mainyu came from since Ahura Mazda created only good. The free will made it possible for Angra Mainyu to
1506:
1937:
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on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda, however, were present from the 5th century BC but were stopped and replaced with stone-carved figures in the
3890:
1396:), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone in all extant royal inscriptions. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was gathered in a triad with
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Some scholars (Kuiper. IIJ I, 1957; Zimmer. Münchner Studien 1984:187–215) believe that Ahura Mazda originates from *vouruna-miθra, or
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1729:, who led Zoroaster to the presence of Ahura Mazda, where he was taught the cardinal principles of the "Good Religion" later known as
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Besides Zurvanism, the Sassanian kings demonstrated their devotion to Ahura Mazda in different fashions. Five kings took the name
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2289:(Sogdian was written without a consistent representation of vowels) was the name used in place of Ahura Mazda. Via contacts with
1846:), which was to be pounded in a mortar and mixed with the blood of a sacrificed wolf. The substance was then carried to a place "
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775:
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of Ahriman, Ahura Mazda's opposing deity found at the mithraeum of C. Valerius Heracles and sons, dedicated 190
1850:" and cast therein. He adds that "water-rats" belong to this god, and therefore proficient rat-killers are fortunate men.
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1972:
which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found in a late Achaemenid temple at
1900:
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1429:
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All devotional acts in Zoroastrianism originating from the Sassanian period begin with homage to Ahura Mazda. The five
4187:
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Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III",
1503:
549:
529:
1647:
26:"Hormazd", "Hormozd", and "Hurmuzd" redirect here. For persons with these names, such as several Sassanid kings, see
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51:
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2014:
1801:, the name of the Greek ruler of the underworld used most commonly in texts and inscriptions pertaining to the
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27:
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2263:("god Ahura Mazda") was used for the primal figure Nāšā Qaḏmāyā, the "original man" and emanation of the
1705:, who proclaimed Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit, wholly wise, benevolent, and sound, as well as the
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2005:, the personification of divine power and regal glory. However, it was customary for every emperor from
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abarînkuhantavãn ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of maintaining the origin of the creations.")
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Haug's scheme, Angra Mainyu was now not Ahura Mazda's binary opposite, but—like Spenta Mainyu—an
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2315:) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.
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religion, he had not yet been given the title of "uncreated spirit". This title was given by
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to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses as a place for Ahura Mazda to accompany the
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912:
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56:
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abarîn-nô-tavã ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of rendering the creations anew.")
3489:
The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India
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on Persian kings in Plutarch's writing, and thus dubious evidence for actual behavior.
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asserted that the passage shows a "fairly accurate" knowledge of basic Zoroastrianism.
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Mainyu was not Mazda's binary opposite but his subordinate, who—as in Zurvanism also—
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According to Plutarch, the king then made a sacrifice and got drunk – essentially a
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3139:. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp. 46–47 – via
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noun). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit and, like its
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Most prominent of these voices was that of the Scottish Presbyterian minister
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1973:
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The Arimanius ritual required an otherwise-unknown plant that Plutarch calls "
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1413:
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717:
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187:
68:
3315:
William W. Malandra. An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion. 1983. p. 46
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687:
637:
437:
432:
197:
177:
156:
3746:
Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), "Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?",
3159:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule
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1793:
In describing a ritual to Arimanius, Plutarch says the god was invoked as
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3238:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 151, 771.
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as an important deity in their pantheon of gods. He is thought to be a
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3863:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 683–684
3795:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3741:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683
3481:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687
3126:. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 46–47;
2972:(2005). "Indo-Iranian elements in Fenno-Ugric mythological lexicon".
2719:
2226:
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created the title of "Ohrmazd-mowbad", which was continued after the
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2018:
1977:
1941:
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1397:
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472:
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327:
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227:
103:
64:
3540:
The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion
3177:
Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature
2151:
3806:
3768:
F.B.J. Kuiper Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology
3722:
3420:, except in the sense that death might be considered a bad thing –
4312:
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4160:
4140:
4086:
4045:
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3411:
3205:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
2942:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
2911:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
2734:
2662:
2235:
2066:
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2017:
on battles. The use of images of Ahura Mazda began in the western
1936:
1924:
1899:
1839:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1794:
1742:
1697:
Even though it is speculated that Ahura Mazda was a spirit in the
1347:
1074:
652:
347:
332:
237:
232:
20:
3845:, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
3451:, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
2861:"Ahura Mazda | Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam-Webster"
2675:
inscription: "The Mazda worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great
4334:
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2101:
1755:
1710:
1366:
The first notable invocation of Ahura Mazda occurred during the
955:
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192:
182:
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3868:
3520:
Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions
4402:
4172:
2107:
During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical and divergent form of
1630:
1259:
932:
795:
3664:
Boyce, Mary (2001), "Mithra the King and Varuna the Master",
2553:
bât-girdtum ("Transformer of air into girad, i.e. gathered.")
1782:
the Mediator. Arimanius received offerings that pertained to
1746:
who deserved no worship. These "bad" deities were created by
1740:
to aid him. Zoroaster proclaimed that some Iranian gods were
2541:âdhar-namgar ("Water of fire, i.e. transformer into water.")
2196:
of Him. Haug also interpreted the concept of a free will of
1805:, and in Greek dramatists and philosophers of Athens in the
1345:. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the
4103:
2783:
2330:
deity, a combination of the autochthonous Armenian figures
1809:. Turcan notes that Plutarch makes of Arimanius "a sort of
1282:
1262:
1250:
3842:
The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700
3693:
The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts
3448:
The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700
3657:
History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians
3500:
Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus
3414:
was the ruler of the dead or shades, but not an evil god
2607:
padhamãnî ("Maintainer of padman, i.e. the golden mean.")
1988:
makes this invocation Ahuramazda again during his reign.
1439:("to engender, beget"), and therefore it is cognate with
1273:
19:"Ormuzd" redirects here. For the kingdom of Ohrmuzd, see
2538:âdhar-bâtgar ("Air of fire, i.e. transformer into air.")
1754:, which attempt to attract humans away from the Path of
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3737:
Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), "Ahura",
2999:
2997:
2995:
2556:âdhar-kîbarît-tum ("Transformer of fire into jewels.")
2376:
bûnastah ("The origin of the formation of the world.")
3393:
For distinctions in usage between the two names, see
2055:
Ahura Mazda (on the right, with high crown) presents
1324:
1304:
1276:
1253:
3770:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 321–330.
3629:
The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research
2658:
frashôgar ("Restorer through increase of the soul.")
2565:
gel-âdhargar ("Transformer of the earth into fire.")
2529:
mînô-stîgar ("Creator of the Universe spiritually.")
1529:
1523:
1516:
1279:
3470:
History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period
3066:. Translated by Simmonds, F. London, UK: Heinemann.
2571:
gel-namgar ("Transformer of the earth into water.")
2247:with Ahuramazda on the reverse (Greek legend ωΡΟΜ,
1976:, which invoked Ahura Mazda and two other deities,
1502:". Both the Avestan and the Sanskrit words reflect
1270:
1267:
1256:
124:
119:
109:
99:
89:
75:
35:
3609:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z
3559:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
2568:gel-vâdhgar ("Transformer of the earth into air.")
1866:. Twenty-four other gods he created and placed in
1813:Pluto". Plutarch, however, names the Greek god as
83:
2589:a-garâgargar ("Creator of clusters of the stars")
2127:, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult.
1623:, but that interpretation is very controversial.
3039:
2418:âwzâ ("Causer of increase. The Lord of purity")
3331:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 327–328.
2544:bât-âdhargar ("Transformer of air into fire.")
2115:, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the
3884:
3801:, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–61,
3709:Kent, Roland G. (1945), "Old Persian Texts",
3375:
3170:
3168:
2583:garâgargar ("Creator of the entire creation")
2550:bât-gelgar ("Transformer of air into earth.")
2547:bât-namgar ("Transformer of air into water.")
1220:
591:
8:
3445:Andrea, Alfred; Overfield, James H. (2000),
2559:bâtgarjâi ("Who creates air in all places.")
3839:Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000),
3766:Kuiper, F. B. J. (1997). "Avestan Mazdā-".
3325:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999).
2805:For an explanation of the approximation of
2613:h'udhâvañd ("Lord-Master of the Universe.")
2604:frashûtanâ ("Eternal protector-increaser.")
2532:a-mînôgar ("Creator of much spirituality.")
2338:and the Iranian Ahura Mazda. In modern-day
2159:that "Ohrmazd is Lord" and incorporate the
1665:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3891:
3877:
3869:
2646:h'arehmand ("Full of khoreh, i.e. glory.")
2643:rayomañd ("Full of rae-lustre-splendour.")
2628:vaspâr ("Bringer of and attainer to all.")
2562:âwtum ("Creator of most excessive water.")
2514:snâyâ ("Recognizable, worth recognition.")
2454:harnekfareh ("All good auspicious-glory.")
1227:
1213:
851:
609:
598:
584:
155:
135:
50:
3202:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
2625:vaspãn ("Attainer to all the creations.")
2520:a-bîsh ("Without affliction or torment.")
2397:an-ayâfah ("Incomprehensible by anyone.")
1685:Learn how and when to remove this message
1545:, the name was either depicted using the
1464:'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form
3859:Schlerath, Bernfried (1983), "Ahurānī",
3825:, New Haven: American Oriental Society,
3399:Pluto in Greek literature and philosophy
3328:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3189:
3027:
2684:holding investiture wreath and sceptre.
2502:framãn-kãm ("Only wish is His command.")
2038:, which can be traced to the end of the
1573:). In Parthian, the name was written as
1412:and later removed altogether through an
3492:, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute
3386:
3351:
3291:
3267:
3064:Orpheus: A general history of religions
2852:
2746:
2652:kerfagar ("Lord of meritorious deeds.")
1933:contains many references to Ahura Mazda
945:
902:
854:
617:
147:
3666:Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80.
3303:
2837:
2586:a-garâgar ("Creator of four elements")
2469:pazohadhad ("Creator of good nature.")
2430:âyaîn-âyânah ("Not of various kinds.")
32:
3673:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938),
3255:
3015:
3003:
2915:(First American ed.). New York:
2792:
2756:
2481:â-sitôh ("Undefeated, undistressed.")
2400:ham-ayâfah ("Comprehensible of all.")
63:depicting Ahura Mazda presenting the
7:
3823:Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon
3363:
3279:
3208:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
3083:originally published 1989 in French.
2457:beshtarnâ ("Remover of affliction.")
2403:âdharô ("Most straight, most just.")
2119:, most notably the royal lineage of
1663:adding citations to reliable sources
3477:Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazdā",
2913:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
2367:harvasp-h'udhâ ("The Lord of all.")
2059:(left) with the ring of kingship. (
1461:, with the meaning 'lord, prince'.
1314:
1295:
520:Zoroastrianism in the United States
3108:– via Penelope.UChicago.edu.
2427:âyânah ("Protector of the world.")
2092:, with Ahura Mazda presenting the
1428:The most likely etymology is from
1351:. The literal meaning of the word
1185:Portrayals of God in popular media
14:
2535:mînô-nahab ("Hidden in Spirits.")
2466:farashak ("Fulfiller of wishes.")
2391:abravañt ("Apart from everyone.")
2187:proposed a new interpretation of
1829:("The Hidden One") and darkness.
3497:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1992),
3232:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
2699:
2484:raxôh ("Independent, carefree.")
2394:parvañdah ("Relation with all.")
2379:frâxtañtah ("Broad end of all.")
2342:, Aramazd is a male first name.
2297:, this Sogdian name came to the
1758:, would eventually be defeated.
1635:
1341:in the ancient Iranian religion
1246:
1191:
567:
3711:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3632:, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP,
3395:Pluto in the mysteries and cult
2616:ahuramazda ("Lord Omniscient.")
2577:garôgar ("Bestower of wishes.")
2574:gargar ("Artisan of artisans.")
2475:awaxshâyâ ("Bestower of Love.")
2451:har-hemît ("All good-natured.")
2421:nâshâ ("Reaching all equally.")
16:Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
4438:Names of God in Zoroastrianism
3668:, Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257
3612:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
2601:âmushthushyâr ("Intelligent.")
2511:hamârnâ ("Taker of accounts.")
2487:varûn ("Protector from evil.")
2155:start with the declaration in
1522:, literally meaning "placing (
1:
3537:Frye, Richard Nelson (1996),
3486:Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997),
3079:The Cults of the Roman Empire
2655:buxtâr ("Redeemer, saviour.")
2478:awarzâ ("Excessive bringer.")
2448:husipâs ("Worthy of thanks.")
2388:tum-afayah ("Most innocent.")
2385:parjahtarah ("More exalted.")
2370:abadah ("Without beginning.")
2361:harvasp-tavãn ("Omnipotent.")
2096:of sovereignty on the right.
1949:
1390:
1371:
3572:, Harvard University Press,
3543:, Markus Wiener Publishers,
2784:
2640:dâdhâr ("The just creator.")
2499:kãme-rat ("Lord of wishes.")
2412:cimnâ ("Reason of reasons.")
2364:harvasp-âgâh ("Omniscient.")
2358:yazat ("Worthy of worship.")
2301:, who still name this deity
1797:gives the identification as
1608:The name may be attested on
3606:Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995),
3592:, Oxford University Press,
3040:Andrea & Overfield 2000
2974:Indogermanische Forschungen
2523:a-frâzdum ("Most exalted.")
2493:awe-frîftah ("Undeceived.")
2460:tarônîs ("The triumphant.")
2439:mînôtum ("Most invisible.")
2433:an-âyanah ("Without form.")
2146:and through Islamic times.
1325:
1305:
550:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
530:Persecution of Zoroastrians
4474:
3760:10.1163/000000076790079465
3626:Nigosian, Solomon (1993),
3561:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ
3517:Corduan, Winfried (1998),
3503:, University of Michigan,
3161:. Brill. pp. 458–459.
2888:World History Encyclopedia
2773:
2634:ahû ("Lord of the world.")
2598:a-h'uãn ("Without sleep.")
2592:a-gûmãn ("Without doubt.")
2580:garâgar ("Creator of man")
2526:hamcûn ("Always uniform.")
2508:â-framôsh ("Unforgetful.")
2490:a-frîpah ("Undeceivable.")
2406:gîrâ ("Holding fast all.")
2382:jamakh ("Greatest cause.")
2373:awî-añjâm ("Without end.")
2349:
2179:Present-day Zoroastrianism
2171:, the sun is still called
2131:only contrasting spirits.
2078:on the left as the patron
1848:where the sun never shines
1716:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1416:movement supported by the
25:
18:
4453:Persian words and phrases
3954:
3906:
3776:10.1163/9789004653764_012
3675:History of Zoroastrianism
3229:Hallock, Richard (1969).
3175:de Jong, A. (1997).
3157:& Grenet, F. (1991).
2986:10.1515/9783110185164.162
2794:[hɔː.ro.máz.dɛːs]
2649:dâwar ("The just judge.")
2595:a-jamãn ("Without time.")
2505:âyextan ("Without body.")
2445:harvastum ("All in all.")
2436:xraoshît-tum ("Firmest.")
2144:Muslim conquest of Persia
1450:locates a borrowing from
49:
40:
3821:Kent, Roland G. (1950),
3691:Humbach, Helmut (1991),
3077:Turcan, Robert (2001) .
2610:pîrôzgar ("Victorious.")
2496:adhvaî ("Unparalleled.")
2472:xavâpar ("Beneficient.")
2409:acim ("Without reason.")
1906:"leontocephaline figure"
303:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
3586:Whitrow, G. J. (2003),
3566:King, Karen L. (2005),
2946:Oxford University Press
2758:[æhuːɾɒːmæzdɒː]
2637:âwaxsîdâr ("Forgiver.")
1357:is "lord", and that of
848:In particular religions
3695:, Heidelberg: Winter,
3523:, InterVarsity Press,
2940:Parpola, Asko (2015).
2754:Persian pronunciation:
2689:
2463:anaoshak ("Immortal.")
2442:vâsnâ ("Omnipresent.")
2424:parvarâ ("Nourisher.")
2267:(in Manicheism called
2252:
2104:
2064:
1956:
1934:
1917:
1872:
1853:Plutarch then gives a
1717:Zoroaster's revelation
268:Zoroastrian literature
3861:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3739:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3479:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3106:University of Chicago
2863:. Merriam-webster.com
2666:
2415:safinâ ("Increaser.")
2239:
2123:. Under the reign of
2070:
2054:
1940:
1928:
1903:
1859:
1601:term used during the
1561:), or spelled out as
1446:. Finnish Indologist
1394: 405/404–358 BC
1385:. Until the reign of
1297:𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁
555:Zoroastrian cosmology
505:Zoroastrians in India
261:Scripture and worship
80:𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃
4433:Ancient Iranian gods
4246:Sanghyang Adi Buddha
3748:Indo-Iranian Journal
3655:Boyce, Mary (1982),
3062:Reinach, S. (1909).
2790:Greek pronunciation:
2669:Hormizd I Kushanshah
2631:h'âwar ("Merciful.")
2517:a-tars ("Fearless.")
1966:Behistun Inscription
1931:Behistun Inscription
1883:Life of Themistocles
1827:Eleusinian tradition
1659:improve this section
1379:Behistun Inscription
735:Specific conceptions
510:Zoroastrians in Iran
376:Accounts and legends
125:Adversary equivalent
4188:God the Holy Spirit
3569:What is Gnosticism?
3410:In Greek religion,
2265:Father of Greatness
1955:showing Ahura Mazda
1948:, Satrap of Lydia,
1916:, Italy (CIMRM 312)
1513:Proto-Indo-European
1430:Proto-Indo-European
1198:Religion portal
613:Part of a series on
574:Religion portal
426:History and culture
3376:Sims-Williams 1992
3128:available online:
2690:
2318:The pre-Christian
2253:
2218:In other religions
2105:
2090:Emperor Khosrow II
2065:
1957:
1935:
1918:
1534:)", hence "wise".
1504:Proto-Indo-Iranian
393:Book of Arda Viraf
323:Cypress of Kashmar
67:of sovereignty to
4420:
4419:
4361:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto
3916:In Zoroastrianism
3852:978-0-618-04245-6
3785:978-90-04-65376-4
3677:, New York: OUP,
3639:978-0-7735-1144-6
3619:978-0-8028-3784-4
3599:978-0-19-860781-6
3579:978-0-674-01762-7
3550:978-1-55876-111-7
3530:978-0-8308-1524-1
3510:978-0-7286-0194-9
3458:978-0-618-04245-6
3338:978-81-208-1408-0
3306:, pp. 182ff.
3215:978-0-307-42518-8
3098:"Isis and Osiris"
2909:Wilkinson, Philip
2809:as "spirit", see
2782:
2293:peoples like the
2121:Sasanian emperors
2063:, 3rd century AD)
1921:Achaemenid Empire
1803:mystery religions
1695:
1694:
1687:
1375: 550–330 BC
1368:Achaemenid period
1329:), also known as
1323:
1303:
1237:
1236:
1133:Euthyphro dilemma
973:
972:
608:
607:
134:
133:
4465:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3835:
3817:
3789:
3762:
3742:
3733:
3705:
3687:
3669:
3660:
3642:
3622:
3602:
3582:
3562:
3557:Unknown (1999),
3553:
3533:
3513:
3493:
3482:
3473:
3461:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3402:
3391:
3379:
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3361:
3355:
3349:
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2990:
2989:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2882:Cristian, Radu.
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2352:101 Names of God
2086:Sasanian dynasty
1993:Elamite language
1970:Darius the Great
1954:
1951:
1807:Classical period
1784:warding off evil
1709:and upholder of
1690:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1639:
1631:
1587:𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣𐭩
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1459:Uralic languages
1452:Proto-Indo-Aryan
1418:Sassanid dynasty
1395:
1392:
1383:Darius the Great
1376:
1373:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1302:romanized:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
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1278:
1275:
1272:
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1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1196:
1195:
852:
766:Form of the Good
648:Classical theism
610:
600:
593:
586:
572:
571:
308:Adur Burzen-Mihr
159:
136:
85:
81:
54:
33:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4298:Nzambi a Mpungu
4119:Svayam Bhagavan
3950:
3929:In Christianity
3902:
3897:
3867:
3858:
3853:
3838:
3833:
3820:
3792:
3786:
3765:
3745:
3736:
3708:
3703:
3690:
3685:
3672:
3663:
3659:, Leiden: Brill
3654:
3650:
3648:Further reading
3645:
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3600:
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3472:, Leiden: Brill
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3174:
3173:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3136:Isis and Osiris
3129:
3124:Isis and Osiris
3118:
3117:
3113:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3076:
3075:
3071:
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3056:
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3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2993:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:. p. 114.
2939:
2938:
2934:
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2800:
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2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2707:Religion portal
2705:
2698:
2695:
2661:
2354:
2348:
2304:Qormusta Tengri
2220:
2181:
2117:Sasanian Empire
2049:
2047:Sasanian Empire
2031:
2029:Parthian Empire
1952:
1923:
1904:Drawing of the
1898:
1819:, not the name
1764:
1719:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1656:
1640:
1629:
1627:Characteristics
1426:
1410:Sassanid period
1393:
1374:
1296:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1158:Problem of evil
1128:
1120:
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1060:
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1013:Omnibenevolence
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776:Great Architect
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403:Story of Sanjan
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216:Divine entities
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59:-era relief at
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5:
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4260:
4258:I Am that I Am
4255:
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4233:
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4223:
4218:
4213:
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4211:
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4204:Gitche Manitou
4192:
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4185:
4180:
4178:God the Father
4170:
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3831:
3818:
3807:10.2307/283007
3790:
3784:
3763:
3754:(1–2): 25–42,
3743:
3734:
3723:10.1086/370756
3717:(4): 228–233,
3706:
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3457:
3441:
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3436:
3433:
3432:
3403:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3366:, p. 247.
3356:
3354:, p. 429.
3344:
3337:
3317:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3282:, p. 314.
3272:
3270:, p. 123.
3260:
3258:, p. 686.
3241:
3221:
3214:
3194:
3192:, p. 126.
3182:
3164:
3146:
3111:
3085:
3069:
3054:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
3006:, p. 685.
2991:
2970:Blazek, Václav
2961:
2955:978-0190226923
2954:
2932:
2925:
2919:. p. 70.
2900:
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2694:
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2671:(277-286 AD).
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2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2219:
2216:
2180:
2177:
2157:Middle Persian
2109:Zoroastrianism
2061:Naqsh-e Rostam
2048:
2045:
2030:
2027:
1986:Artaxerxes III
1922:
1919:
1897:
1894:
1763:
1760:
1731:Zoroastrianism
1718:
1715:
1693:
1692:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:, in the form
1599:Middle Persian
1575:𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃
1563:𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠
1543:Achaemenid era
1528:) one's mind (
1441:Proto-Germanic
1425:
1422:
1363:is "wisdom".
1343:Zoroastrianism
1339:god of the sky
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:Related topics
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
950:
949:
943:
942:
941:
940:
938:Zoroastrianism
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
907:
906:
900:
899:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
859:
858:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
627:Types of faith
626:
625:
622:
621:
615:
614:
606:
605:
603:
602:
595:
588:
580:
577:
576:
563:
562:
558:
557:
552:
546:
545:
543:Related topics
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
488:
487:
482:
477:
476:
475:
470:
460:
455:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
410:
408:Chinvat Bridge
405:
400:
398:Book of Jamasp
395:
390:
385:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
366:
365:
360:
355:
353:Khordeh Avesta
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
293:Airyaman ishya
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
223:Amesha Spentas
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
168:
166:Primary topics
165:
164:
161:
160:
152:
151:
149:Zoroastrianism
145:
144:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
94:Zoroastrianism
91:
87:
86:
77:
73:
72:
61:Naqsh-e Rostam
55:
47:
46:
44:God of the Sky
42:Lord of Wisdom
41:
38:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4470:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:Hiranyagarbha
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:0-940490-33-1
3828:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3702:3-533-04473-4
3698:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3684:0-404-12806-8
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3589:What is time?
3584:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3378:, p. 44.
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:Bromiley 1995
3186:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3042:, p. 86.
3041:
3036:
3033:
3030:, p. 12.
3029:
3028:Nigosian 1993
3024:
3021:
3018:, p. 14.
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2926:0-7894-4711-8
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2884:"Ahura Mazda"
2878:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2770:Ancient Greek
2766:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Creator deity
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:). 150–180 AD
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1953: 380 BC
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:According to
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:Amesha Spenta
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1686:
1678:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1644:This section
1642:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:a-u-r-m-z-d-a
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:, during the
1540:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:Proto-Iranian
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1388:
1387:Artaxerxes II
1384:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:creator deity
1332:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1293:
1287:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:Transcendence
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
979:
978:
967:
966:Hongjun Laozu
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
951:
948:
944:
939:
936:
934:
933:Yungdrung Bon
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
857:
853:
845:
844:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:Supreme Being
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
732:
731:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:Kathenotheism
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
620:
616:
612:
611:
601:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
581:
579:
578:
575:
570:
565:
564:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
540:
539:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
495:
494:
486:
483:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
423:
422:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
373:
372:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:Adur Gushnasp
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
258:
257:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
213:
212:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:
130:
127:
123:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
39:
34:
29:
22:
4443:Creator gods
4371:Umvelinqangi
4349:Sol Invictus
4195:Great Spirit
3963:
3944:In Mandaeism
3900:Names of God
3860:
3841:
3822:
3798:
3794:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3714:
3710:
3692:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3628:
3608:
3588:
3568:
3558:
3539:
3519:
3499:
3488:
3478:
3469:
3447:
3438:Bibliography
3427:
3416:
3406:
3389:
3371:
3359:
3352:Unknown 1999
3347:
3327:
3320:
3311:
3299:
3294:, p. 8.
3292:Whitrow 2003
3287:
3275:
3268:Corduan 1998
3263:
3231:
3224:
3204:
3197:
3185:
3176:
3158:
3149:
3141:LacusCurtius
3135:
3123:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3081:. Blackwell.
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2941:
2935:
2912:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2855:
2831:
2818:
2811:Angra Mainyu
2806:
2801:
2765:
2749:
2730:Names of God
2334:and his son
2317:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2286:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2221:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2129:
2106:
2098:Taq-e Bostan
2079:
2032:
2015:Persian army
2000:
1997:
1990:
1959:Whether the
1958:
1914:Ostia Antica
1887:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1860:
1855:cosmogonical
1852:
1847:
1833:
1831:
1825:used in the
1820:
1814:
1792:
1765:
1751:
1748:Angra Mainyu
1741:
1735:
1720:
1699:Indo-Iranian
1696:
1681:
1675:October 2023
1672:
1657:Please help
1645:
1621:Assara Mazaš
1620:
1617:Assurbanipal
1607:
1603:Sassanid era
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1536:
1518:*mn̥sdʰh₁éh₂
1515:
1507:
1496:intelligence
1491:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1448:Asko Parpola
1443:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:Nomenclature
1414:iconoclastic
1406:Persian army
1365:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1330:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1189:
1023:Omnipresence
937:
904:Indo-Iranian
895:Samaritanism
880:Baháʼí Faith
870:Christianity
836:Unitarianism
791:Summum bonum
413:Frashokereti
358:The Rivayats
313:Adur Farnbag
298:Fire Temples
288:Yenghe hatam
283:Ahuna Vairya
248:Angra Mainyu
172:
114:Greater Iran
4448:Wisdom gods
4376:Unkulunkulu
4226:Holy Spirit
4221:Hayyi Rabbi
4209:Wakan Tanka
4183:God the Son
3974:Parvardigar
3964:Ahura Mazda
3911:In Hinduism
3466:Boyce, Mary
3304:Maneck 1997
2838:Maneck 1997
2824:John Wilson
2261:Ohrmazd Bay
2259:, the name
2257:Manichaeism
2243:coinage of
2185:Martin Haug
2072:Investiture
2025:in 365 BC.
1968:written by
1961:Achaemenids
1890:running gag
1612:tablets of
1539:Old Persian
1475:, reflects
1377:) with the
1326:Ahurâ Mazdâ
1306:Ahura Mazdā
1242:Ahura Mazda
1138:God complex
1095:Metaphysics
1090:Hermeticism
1070:Esotericism
1053:Experiences
1028:Omniscience
1018:Omnipotence
988:Eternalness
723:Transtheism
708:Panentheism
668:Ignosticism
633:Agnosticism
443:Khurramites
193:Persia/Iran
178:Zarathustra
173:Ahura Mazda
120:Equivalents
90:Affiliation
76:Native name
36:Ahura Mazda
4427:Categories
4354:Elagabalus
4166:El Shaddai
3934:In Judaism
3924:In Chinese
3920:Abrahamic
3256:Boyce 1983
3016:Boyce 1975
3004:Boyce 1983
2980:(1): 162.
2867:11 January
2847:References
2350:See also:
2273:World Soul
2057:Ardashir I
2036:iconoclasm
2011:Darius III
1974:Persepolis
1876:Mary Boyce
1727:Vohu Manah
1597:) was the
1557:(genitive
1549:logograms
1470:nominative
1433:*h₂ḿ̥suros
1315:اهورا مزدا
1173:philosophy
1110:Revelation
982:Attributes
718:Polytheism
673:Monotheism
658:Henotheism
463:Initiation
278:Ashem Vohu
188:Vohu Manah
84:اهورا مزدا
69:Ardashir I
4303:Olodumare
4268:Jehovah 1
4253:Hypsistos
4026:Saraswati
3731:222444341
3364:Frye 1996
3280:King 2005
3155:Boyce, M.
2785:Hōromázēs
2779:romanized
2346:101 Names
2328:syncretic
2320:Armenians
2194:emanation
2183:In 1884,
2140:Bahram II
2113:Zurvanism
2111:, termed
2094:khvarenah
2002:khvarenah
1946:Tiribazos
1811:tenebrous
1776:Arimanius
1772:Zoroaster
1703:Zoroaster
1646:does not
1610:cuneiform
1595:Ōhramazdē
1585:), while
1571:Auramazdā
1547:cuneiform
1494:, means "
1333:, is the
1331:Horomazes
1320:romanized
1100:Mysticism
1056:Practices
993:Existence
890:Mandaeism
885:Mormonism
856:Abrahamic
801:Sustainer
713:Pantheism
688:Monolatry
638:Apatheism
498:Adherents
458:Festivals
438:Mazdakism
433:Zurvanism
388:Bundahišn
198:Faravahar
4386:Ik Onkar
4381:Waheguru
4320:Osanobua
4263:Jahbulon
4216:Haneunim
4161:El Elyon
4109:Tad Ekam
4060:Trimurti
4016:Mahadevi
4011:Bhagavan
3939:In Islam
3468:(1975),
3179:. Brill.
3133:(1936).
3131:Plutarch
3122:(1936).
3120:Plutarch
3094:Plutarch
2774:Ὡρομάζης
2693:See also
2667:Coin of
2313:Qormusda
2309:Qormusta
2283:Buddhism
2245:Huvishka
2125:Shapur I
2040:Parthian
1874:Scholar
1864:Dog-star
1788:mourning
1768:Plutarch
1762:Plutarch
1614:Assyrian
1591:ʾwhrmzdy
1583:Ahurmazd
1508:*mazdʰáH
1490:cognate
1484:feminine
1168:Religion
1162:theodicy
1153:Ontology
1148:Theology
1143:God gene
918:Buddhism
913:Hinduism
831:Personal
821:Ditheism
806:The Lord
751:Demiurge
703:Pandeism
480:Marriage
453:Calendar
343:Visperad
338:Vendidad
243:Fravashi
141:a series
139:Part of
57:Sassanid
4458:Yazatas
4398:Jehovah
4366:The One
4340:Tianzhu
4330:Shangdi
4283:Mulungu
4241:Acintya
4200:Manitou
4146:Ein Sof
4126:Cao Đài
4114:Purusha
4099:Ishvara
4080:Krishna
4036:Parvati
4031:Lakshmi
4021:Tridevi
4006:Brahman
4001:Bathala
3102:Moralia
2781::
2682:Anahita
2673:Pahlavi
2340:Armenia
2324:Aramazd
2299:Mongols
2295:Uyghurs
2287:Xwrmztʼ
2280:Sogdian
2136:Hormizd
2088:behind
2084:of the
2076:Anahita
2074:scene:
2019:satraps
1991:In the
1982:Anahita
1896:History
1881:In his
1822:Plouton
1780:Mithras
1774:named "
1707:creator
1667:removed
1652:sources
1579:ʾḥwrmzd
1511:, from
1480:*mazdáH
1457:to the
1455:*asera-
1437:*h₂ems-
1435:, from
1402:Anahita
1322::
1311:Persian
1292:Avestan
1160: (
1115:Worship
1080:Fideism
1005: (
961:Shangdi
947:Chinese
928:Sikhism
923:Jainism
865:Judaism
811:Trinity
746:Creator
741:Brahman
683:Dualism
663:Ietsism
643:Atheism
383:Dēnkard
363:Ab-Zohr
228:Yazatas
203:Avestan
129:Ahriman
28:Hormizd
4410:Yahweh
4308:Ọlọrun
4156:Elohim
4131:Chukwu
4070:Vishnu
4065:Brahma
3959:Adonai
3849:
3829:
3815:283007
3813:
3782:
3729:
3699:
3681:
3636:
3616:
3596:
3576:
3547:
3527:
3507:
3455:
3417:per se
3335:
3212:
3052:46–47.
2952:
2923:
2893:17 May
2807:mainyu
2720:Varuna
2677:Kushan
2307:(also
2291:Turkic
2269:Zurvan
2241:Kushan
2227:Varuna
2206:Parsis
2202:choose
2173:ormozd
2165:Yidgha
2161:Gathic
2081:yazata
2009:until
1978:Mithra
1942:Stater
1868:an egg
1857:myth:
1752:daevas
1743:daevas
1736:yazata
1531:*mn̥-s
1525:*dʰeh₁
1500:wisdom
1498:" or "
1492:medhā́
1466:Mazdā-
1444:*ansuz
1398:Mithra
1105:Prayer
1085:Gnosis
1065:Belief
1033:Aseity
998:Gender
826:Monism
816:Tawhid
786:Mother
761:Father
698:Omnism
678:Monism
619:Theism
525:Iranis
515:Parsis
485:Burial
473:Sedreh
468:Kushti
348:Yashts
328:Gathas
273:Avesta
238:Daevas
233:Ahuras
110:Region
104:Avesta
65:diadem
4313:Olofi
4293:Nyame
4236:Hyang
4141:Devla
4087:Shiva
4046:Durga
3981:Allah
3969:Khuda
3811:JSTOR
3727:S2CID
3428:kakon
3423:κακόν
3412:Hades
3236:(PDF)
2741:Notes
2735:Mazda
2715:Asura
2322:held
2231:Mitra
2229:(and
2224:Vedic
2211:chose
2198:Yasna
2189:Yasna
2169:Munji
2023:Lydia
2007:Cyrus
1840:Haoma
1835:omomi
1816:Hades
1799:Pluto
1795:Hades
1488:Vedic
1473:Mazdå
1360:Mazda
1354:Ahura
1348:Yasna
1178:texts
1075:Faith
1007:"God"
1003:Names
875:Islam
781:Monad
653:Deism
333:Yasna
100:Texts
21:Ormus
4393:YHWH
4335:Tian
4325:Shen
4288:Ngai
4278:Mawu
4273:Kami
4231:Huwa
4136:Deus
4075:Rama
4055:Deva
4041:Kali
3996:Atum
3991:Aten
3986:Amun
3847:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3614:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3545:ISBN
3525:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3453:ISBN
3397:and
3333:ISBN
3210:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2895:2023
2869:2016
2688:mint
2686:Merv
2332:Aram
2249:Orom
2167:and
2152:Gāhs
2138:and
2102:Iran
1980:and
1929:The
1844:Soma
1786:and
1756:Asha
1711:Asha
1650:any
1648:cite
1400:and
1337:and
956:Tian
756:Deus
183:Asha
4403:Jah
4173:God
3803:doi
3772:doi
3756:doi
3719:doi
2982:doi
2978:110
2336:Ara
2311:or
2278:In
2255:In
1944:of
1912:at
1842:or
1838:" (
1661:by
1553:or
1537:In
1482:(a
1381:of
1260:ʊər
771:God
4429::
4151:El
4104:Om
3809:,
3799:55
3797:,
3778:.
3752:18
3750:,
3725:,
3713:,
3426:,
3244:^
3167:^
3104:.
3100:.
3096:.
2994:^
2976:.
2944:.
2917:DK
2886:.
2788:,
2776:,
2772::
2285:,
2175:.
2100:,
1984:.
1950:c.
1910:CE
1790:.
1770:,
1725:,
1713:.
1605:.
1593:,
1581:,
1569:,
1559:𐏊
1555:𐏉
1551:𐏈
1468:,
1420:.
1391:c.
1372:c.
1317:,
1313::
1309:;
1300:,
1294::
1290:;
143:on
4202:/
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3885:t
3878:v
3805::
3788:.
3774::
3758::
3721::
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3430:.
3401:.
3341:.
3218:.
3143:.
2988:.
2984::
2958:.
2929:.
2897:.
2871:.
2813:.
1738:s
1688:)
1682:(
1677:)
1673:(
1669:.
1655:.
1589:(
1577:(
1565:(
1389:(
1370:(
1286:/
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1280:d
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1244:(
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1009:)
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23:.
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