1349:, the mayor of Susa, which is discovered there, and the picture of granting the medal to the governor of Elymais, discovered in Bardneshandeh, the Parthian emperor is granting the royal medal to local shahs; while in the mentioned picture of Papak and his son Shapur in Takht-e Jamshid, it is Papak who is granting the royal ring to Shapur wearing like priests. Lokonin believed that the carving of Papak granting the royal medal to his sone shows that the Sasanians took the power by force in Pars and wished to show their independence from the Parthian emperors; that was why Papak personally grants the royal medal to his son in the mentioned picture. Lokonin also believes that the religious clothes and medals of Papak on the pictures and cois of Shapur (his son), show the separation of religious and royal rule -at the time; Papak was the grand priest and his son Shapur was the land's shah. Daryaee believes that the picture shows multiple things; first that the House of Sasan had both the religious and irreligious powers together in Pars; second that the fire creed, related to Zoroastrianism, lived on before the rise of Ardashir; third that the carved picture of Shapur and Papak in Takht-e Jamshid shows the importance of the Achaemenid structure for the Sasanians.
1684:, who had minted coins in his own name between 221 and 222; and this shows that no powerful emperor controlled the Parthian Empire then. During the time that Artabanus was dealing with a more important challenge, he could not pay much attention to the rise of a newcomer in Pars. After a while, Papak died in an unknown date and Shapur ascended to the throne; afterward, the contest and fight started between the two brothers (Shapur and Ardashir), but Shapur died in an accidental way. According to sources, Shapur stopped at a ruin while assaulting Darabgard and a stone suddenly separated from the ceiling and hit his head and Shapur succumbed immediately. After the incident, the brothers relinquished the Persian throne and crown to Ardashir, who became the Persian Shah thereafter. Ardashir and his followers could be considered the main suspects of Shapur's mysterious death, since they "benefitted from the accidental death"; but the accusation is not provable.
2145:
1249:
1688:
and appointed Shapur instead of him. Ardashir refused to accept Shapur's appointment and removed his brother and whoever stood against him and then minted coins with his face drawn on them and Papak's behind them. Papak's picture on
Ardashir-Papak coins, wears a wig similar to those of local Persian shahs in contrast to his picture in Shapur-Papak coins. According to the descriptions given on Papak's pictures on the coins, it is probable that the determining role of Ardashir depicted in leading the rebellion against the central government is the product of later historical studies. It is probable that Papak had united most of Pars under his rule by the time; since his picture exists on Ardashir's coins too.
948:
1127:
2709:
1783:
2541:
3677:
2090:) from Darabgard and raised his defense fortifications there in order to be able to attack his older brother just after the death of his father, Papak. "The first inscription of Ardashir's quest of the crown" in Firuzabad is probably the symbol of his rebellion against his father and brother. Papak probably died in about 211/212 and it is after that when his two sons (Shapur and Ardashir) minted coins titled "The Shah" and decorated them with the face of their recently deceased father (Papak) behind. The report of
408:, the local Persian shah, and appointed his son, Shapur, instead of him; Ardashir refused to accept Shapur's appointment and removed his brother and whosoever stood against him and then minted coins with his face drawn on and his father, Papak's behind. It is probable that the determining role that is stated about Ardashir in leading the rebellion against the central government is the product of the later historical studies. Papak had probably united most of Pars under his rule by then.
44:
2912:-priest in a way that he squeezes the hilt of his sword by one hand and manipulates the fire in the fireplace and adds woods by the other hand; and Shapur, son of Papak, squeezes his sword by one hand and takes a ring having a ribbon which is the royal symbol by the other hand on horseback. In his coins, Ardashir, who replaces his brother Shapur as the ruler of Pars in 220, wears the same crown as Shapur's, from the front however, and the picture of his father Papak is drawn behind.
2801:
2654:. The claim of his royal eligibility as a rightful newcomer from the line of mythical Iranian shahs and the propagations attributed to Ardashir against the eligibility and the role of the Parthians in the Iranian history sequence confirms the excellent place that the Achaemenid legacy had in the minds of the first Sasanian shahanshahs; though the consensus is that the Sasanians probably did not know much about the Achaemenids and the status. On the other hand,
3148:" was named "the largest enemies of Ardashir"; while the mentioned region was under the rule of Sasan Shah Andigan and is mentioned as one of the pro-Ardashir regions in the mentioned inscription. It can be deduced from the list that a same-story group had appeared supporting Ardashir that included the representatives of large Iranian houses like the Varazes, Surens and Karens in addition to the shahs of Andigan and Opernak and Merv and Sakastan. According to
2073:) has happened between the years 205 and 206; since the year is implied as "the year of the beginning of an era". The assumption that "the period between the years 205 and 206" is related to Papak's rebellion is very probable since "the period between the years 205 and 206" was never a basis in any of the future achieved histories from the Sasanians and usually every Sasanian emperor either based the calendar on the year of "his ascension" or based it on the
1951:, which became possible at the late Parthian era due to the weakness of the central government, was under the threat of the policies announced by the Sasanians. The foreign policy of the new Persian rulers was to proceed to the Occident and that was probably in order to divert the public attention from the internal problems of the land; that is while the procedure of the Parthians and the Romans in the final years was to leave everything be as they are.
1566:
2843:
the attribution of these claims to
Ardashir after his lifetime seems more logical. According to these, it is undoubtedly true that Ardashir's grandiose views about policy and relations with the outside world had formed based on rebooting and repeating the Achaemenids' successes. However, the Sasanians' knowledge of the Achaemenids were superficial and vague information and did not have a regular and historical basis. About that,
3199:). That text was obviously written in order to arouse the Iranians national emotions; though these narratives have more actually the criteria of epic stories. But it reveals the psychological truth that the Iranians deeply had the feeling of possessing a national identity for several centuries and considered themselves separate from other peoples; and that is why the other lands that the Iranians conquered were never named "
1119:, as Sasan's origin. That was the only way for Ardashir to forge himself a double noble-religious lineage. It is not strange that Ardashir's religious lineage is emphasized in religious Sasanian statements and his noble lineage is emphasized in royal reports and then they are linked to religious statements about him. Anyway, whoever Sasan was and wherever he lived, he was not a native Persian and the eastern and western
1779:. The extended report of the Battle of Hormozdgan is probably made for the Sasanian's formal history. If the mentioned assumption is right, the writing may have been the main source of Al-Tabari's History. After Artabanus's death, Ardashir's quest for extending his kingdom did not end. In a procedure, the large landlord Parthian houses, either submitted to Ardashir (willingly or unwillingly) or were conquered by him.
1500:
Vologases) to give him his daughter for marriage, which
Artabanus did not accept and the war started in summer 216. According to that request of Caracalla from Artabanus, it is assumed that Aratabanus gained "the upper hand" in his internal contest with Vologases then, though Vologases' coins were minted until 221–222 in Seleucia. Although the exact path of the Romans' invasion is not known, they certainly conquered
2621:, still existed in Pars. The similarity of Ardashir I's coins with the remaining coins of local Persian shahs shows a Persian tradition and the adoring of local shahs toward it. On the coin of Hubarz, one of local Persian shahs, it is written: "Hubarz, a governor from the gods, son of a Persian". The importance of this writing is that it shows the title on Ardashir's coins "Worshiper of Mazda, Lord Ardashir, the
1324:. That shows those local shahs shared power with Seleucid satraps or each of them ruled part of Pars separately. Also in the Parthian era, the local Persian shahs were entitled to mint coins with their own names like some other semi-dependent shahs of the Parthian Empire. During the time, the Persian governors called themselves "Frataraka", which probably meant "governor" based on its synonym achieved from the
1672:
Daryaee believes that Papak was a local governor who dreamed of conquering
Istakhr and was eventually able to achieve it by the help of his older son Shapur; that means in contrast to Al-Tabari's report, it was not Ardashir's request and order that caused Papak's rebellion against Gochihr, governor of Istakhr, and it can be implied from the common coins of Papak and Shapur. Later, Papak wrote a letter to
501:
3271:
1515:, who showed his inclination towards peace with the Parthians by "putting the blame of starting the war on Caracalla" and "freeing Parthian prisoners"; but Artabanus demanded the Romans' "relinquishing of the whole Mesopotamia", "rebuilding the destroyed cities and fortresses" and "paying compensations for destroying the royal cemetery of Erbil", knowing of having the upper hand.
1799:
were either affiliated with the
Parthians or nursed by them. However, no change is seen in that hatred of the Parthians in the next generations of Sasanian emperors either. Therefore, it can be deduced that the Parthians enforced a more hard and tyrannical domination than presumed on their submitted shahs and that might have been the reason that facilitated Ardashir's conquest.
2937:
1484:. Knowledge about the civil war in the Parthian Empire might have encouraged "the idea of a military conquest" in Caracalla and stimulated him towards successes larger than those of his father's (Septimius Severus) in fighting the Parthians. At the time while Emperor Caracalla had already been formulating a plan to start a new war with the Parthians, he sent a request for
2772:" honored him. Kettenhofen, Robin and Heuse believe that the class of Greek-Roman sources that have reported the Sasanians' familiarity with the Achaemenids and their desire for return to and extension of the Achaemenid lands had propagative applications and should be interpreted in the frame of the Roman empire thoughts. But what is clear is Ardashir's and later his son
3333:, it still had an ideological importance to them. Therefore, it can be deduced from the similarity of Ardashir's coins with the late coins of local Persian governors there was a movement based on Persian traditions and the local Persian governors' adornment of it. However that does not necessarily mean that Ardashir was related to the local Persian shahs in all affairs.
2295:), wide lands ruled by noble landlords and local grandees also existed and the shahanshah did not have direct control over them and the taxes of those lands were paid to the royal treasury by indirect channels. That was why it became the internal goal and financial policy of Ardashir and his descendants to increase the number of royal districts and the regions attached (
2236:" and "tribal interests". Ardashir had realized that it would be impossible to pursue and finish the policy of attacking and attaching without permanentizing and consolidating power in his domain; and thus, he could alter the military balance in then status and the homeland structure only by removing the local governors and establishing a central power with an organized
1692:
819:
1967:, Ardashir's son and had him promise her marriage and then opened the gate of the city; then the Persians captured the city and destroyed it. After Shapur found out about the kindness and attention of the father towards his daughter on the wedding night, the former had her killed due to the daughter's inappreciation to that kind of father.
482:' collective memory continued and lived on in the various stages and different layers of the Iranian society until the modern period today. What is clear is that the concept of "Iran" previously had a religious and ethnic application and then ended up creating its political face and the concept of a geographical collection of lands.
1309:
lands slightly after the demise of
Alexander III. Even if the existence of the names of kings like Dara and Ardashir on the coins of local shahs of the land does not prove that a subsidiary house of the Achaemenids still ruled in Pars, it at least shows the continuance of some of Achaemenid traditions in that land.
2874:
has mentioned
Ardashir's preach to his son Shapur about the combination of religion and reign this way: "... Remember that religion and reign are bonding brothers and religion does not last without the throne; and reign does not remain without religion. Religion is the basis of reign and reign is the
2000:
When I became twenty-four years old; in the year that
Persian king, Dari-Ardashir opened the city Hatra, and in the year Shapur Shah, his son, put the largest crown in the month Famuthi, on the month day (8th day of Farmuthi), my god, who is the most blessed, made me proud by his generosity, summoned
1931:
In any case, "the first war test between the
Sasanians and Romans" ended without any positive result for the Romans; though Alexander held a celebration in Rome for his "victory" and the war has been viewed as a victory in some Roman writings due to preserving the past borders of the Roman empire and
1523:
to the
Parthians and kept Armenia and Northern Mesopotamia. It was probably in about 220 that the local Persian governors (Ardashir I) started taking far and close lands. At the time, Artabanus did not pay much attention to his actions and decided to fight him when it had become too late. Eventually,
1221:
In sources, Ardashir's religious relations and his father being a cleric are mentioned; so it can be deduced that Ardashir had no connections with royal houses and was only a cleric's son who knew about religion, but was not a cleric himself; and that was how he, by his religious knowledge, found the
2842:
The question whether those claims and schemes and avengings, in the same way as mentioned in the historical sources, were actually proposed by Ardashir himself or were later attributed to him as the founder of the empire has still remained without answer due to the lack of sufficient sources; though
2288:
era that were usually in western regions of the land and governed more of less extensive regions independently from the central government, came the "royal cities" in the early Sasanian era that were considered the garrison centers of the central government. Each of those regions were constructed to
2014:
month Nisan in the year 551). Ardashir and Shapur's simultaneous reign lasted apparently until early 242. Therefore, it can be said that Shapur was probably crowned twice; once as a royal partner in 240 and later in 243 as lonely reign; however it is more likely that he was crowned only once in 240.
1798:
The subsequent sources emphasized on the Sasanians' hatred of everything adapted from the Parthians. The existence of such a mentality in Ardashir is understandable; but even he was forced to establish his newborn government on Parthian foundations by the help of other remarkable Iranian houses, who
1518:
Macrinus refused the extensive demands of the Parthians and war was restarted and its peak was in a three-day battle in Nusaybin. Although there is controversy about the result of the battle in the views of the ancient world's historians, the aftermath of the battle was obviously Roman defeat. After
1308:
Kingdom and then of Parthian Empire, and almost all the knowledge about the political status of Pars—before the rise of Ardashir, depends on the coins which were minted by the local semi-dependent kings; based on the existent information on the Persian coins, at least one local king ruled in Persian
1197:
There are opinions about the validity and authenticity of each of the mentioned narratives. Some have considered Al-Tabari's report suspicious since he presents an elaborate family tree of Ardashir that relates his generation to mythical and mighty ancient Iranian kings. Some consider the reports of
2220:
that had submitted to Ardashir's command and paid him taxes. Those local shahs were partly semi-dependent from the central government and the successions were inherited for them. However at the periods of the succeeding Sasanian shahanshahs, the independences of some of them were taken; for example
2085:
believes that the year 58 shows the beginning of the domination of the Sasanian dynasty over the Iranian lands. Besides, the date of altering the Persian coins along with which the names of previous governors were replaced with the Sasanian dynasty can be accepted to be 205–206. It is very probable
1987:
that show Shapur's royal participation. The answer to the question if Shapur was crowned as a shah without a partner during Ardashir's life depends on the interpretation a special kind of coin. On those coins, the faces of Ardashir and Shapur are carved together. Adding Shapur to his royal position
1344:
carved on Takht-e Jamshid, Papak, while dressed as a priest, squeezes the hilt of his sword by one hand and manipulates the fire of the hearth and adds more firewood to it by the other hand, with his son Shapur taking the royal ring from him. In other pictures of granting the royal medal during the
427:
legacy had in the minds of the first Sasanian shahanshahs; though the current belief is that the Sasanians did not know much about the Achaemenids and their status. On the other hand, some historians believe that the first Sasanian shahanshahs were familiar with the Achaemenids and their succeeding
2963:
and from the line of gods. In Ardashir's subsequent coins, the dentate crown has replaced the traditional hat on his head; that change along with the addition of the phrase "...looks similar to the gods" (he is from the line of gods) claim Ardashir's divine place. That dentate crown looks like the
2851:
should be looked at suspiciously; they consider this suspicious look at texts like Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan too. The suspicious look has been due to that most of the Iranian history sources were edited in the age of Khosrow I and by the royal writers and clerics in order to accommodate their
2763:
have also mentioned reports about "the Sasanians' desire to return to the magnificence and kingdom of the Achaemenids"; these reports of Roman historians show that the Romans had understood the goals of the Sasanian foreign policy well; though they did not have a decent understanding of the change
2056:
Therefor, history is designated with "three eras" in the inscription; "Azar Ardashir 40" means the 40th year in Ardashir's era and "Azar Shapur 24" means the 24th year in Shapur's era. 58 shows an era that has remained unknown. It has been deduced from the allusion that one of the mentioned events
1954:
The murder of Severus Alexander by his soldiers and its aftermath which resulted in disturbances in Rome, motivated Ardashir to attack Rome again. In about the years 237–238, Ardashir took Nusaybin and Harran and attacked the city Dura; then he marched toward Hatra, which was a commercial city and
1854:
era, Hatra had become semi-dependent due to the gradual deterioration of the central government. After that unsuccessful attempt of Ardashir's in the west, he started taking eastern lands and dominating large Parthian landlords, local noblemen and large Iranian houses and was successful. The exact
1699:
In the procedure of extending his domain and power, Ardashir made many Parthian-dependent local shahs and landlords follow him. In the first phase of rebellion, Ardashir challenged the Parthians' central power by actions like minting coins and constructing new cities. After all, a sight of victory
1687:
Papak's picture has been drawn on both Shapur's coins and later Ardashir's; in the picture of the Papak drawn on Shapur's coins, he wears a wig dissimilar to normal Parthian and local Persian shahs and only Shapur has worn a royal wig. According to royal reports, it was Papak who overthrew Gochihr
2776:'s claim of Roman lands. Daryee believes that the cause of Ardashir and Shapur's wars with Rome was to accommodate their territorial ideals with traditions; he believes that the Sasanians' claim of Asian lands as their fathers' legacy had a mythical basis and originated from the mythical story of
1217:
Due to the high number of reports about Ardashir's lineage, it is not easy to accept any; though it should not be ignored that most of the founders of dynasties claimed to be descendants of ancient kings in order to become legitimate. About that, Daryaee says: "If Ardashir had been evolved from a
3164:
In the narrative Iranian history, Ardashir is described as a heroic, bold, forethoughtful man with a high amount of fortitude and mood. According to those texts, he was a persistent man and had a chivalric behavior though he applied much violence and cruelty, and fought alongside his warriors in
1671:
in front of his henchmen. Ardashir began the procedure of extending his reign by killing some local kings and taking their domains. According to Al-Tabari's report, Ardashir then asked Papak to stand against Gochihr and start a rebellion. Papak did it and rebelled against Gochihr and killed him.
2920:
became noticed and respected by Ardashir's uprising and the opponents were disturbed; but this narrative is the subject of controversy today. Although no remarkable authority of Zoroastrianism had a high rank in Ardashir's court, it seems that the first attempts to establish Zoroastrianism as a
2796:
to Tur and Rome to Salm and Iran, which is the best land in the world, to Iraj; the brothers become envious of the latter and the world goes under war. Thus, the Sasanians considered themselves Iraj's children and the Romans Salm's heirs by a mythical view. Daryee adds that only by that way the
1499:
It can be deduced from Caracalla's request from Vologases for returning the two fugitives that the Romans considered Vologases the actual Parthian power and great shah at the time. About one year later in 216, Caracalla made another excuse to attack Parthia; that time he demanded Artabanus (not
1444:
probably united most of Pars under his rule. Apparently a peace treaty was then formed between the two powers, though the ancient historians have had no mention of it. Until Vologases' death in 206 or 207 and also Severus's in 211, the Parthian-Roman relations were peaceful. After Vologases V's
1288:
picked themselves famous Achaemenid names like Dara (Darius) and Ardashir in order to preserve old traditions, that was almost the only remaining instance of the ancient magnificence and greatness. The local governors of Pars that considered themselves the rightful heirs of the Achaemenids, had
2240:
system. Although the Sasanian government did not have any difference from the final Parthian era on its first days, but as mentioned, one of the prominent features of the Sasanian era was an increasing inclination toward the concentration of power in Iran since the first days of the Sasanians'
3304:
The symbol behind the second group coins is a fireplace carving based on a design found in Persia and the phrase "Ardashir's fire" implies a royal fire that was ignited in the beginning of every shah's reign. The section of the supporting basis of the fireplace has some similarity to the
2278:). Those "royal cities" of the Sasanian era were the centers of military garrisons in newly taken lands and later became the centers of newfound official divisions and abodes of government agents. Therefore, the increase in the number of "royal cities" equaled with the growth of royal
1955:
the center of the traffic of commercial caravans. Hatra stood hard against the Persian siege and did not fall until April or September 240; it seems that Hatra was chosen as a point for pushing and operation against Roman Mesopotamia. The fall of Hatra might have been the cause of
1102:
about Sasan's Oriental lineage that might imply that his house had come from the Orient. After all and considering all the difficulties, it can be said that Ardashir claimed his lineage to be belonging to gods and the Sasanians may have raised Sasan's rank to a god's. The primary
2699:
land". In Ardashir's period, the title "Iran" was applied to the geography under Sasanian rule. The thought of "Iran" was accepted by both Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian societies in the whole empire and the collective memory of the Iranians has continued and survived until the
2764:
and transformation in the royal Iranian continuum. The place of Alexander, who was known as a nemesis of Iran, in the thought of the Sasanians' desire for return at the time was simultaneous and aligned with the idea of "following and honoring Alexander" in the Roman emperors;
1927:
by one military column and the south by two columns. Although there is no accurate information about the details of the events, it is known that the Romans achieved some victories in the north (Armenia); but the troops sent to Southern Mesopotamia did not achieve anything.
2241:
uprising. In the Sasanian dawn, Iran included a union of kingdoms and noble landlords (liegemen), each of which possessed a various degree of independence from the central government and were economically connected to it by different channels. In other words, a type of
3016:
Remember that religion and reign are two brothers that one can not exist without the other; because religion is the basis of reign and reign is the supporter of religion. Whatsoever does not stand on a basis will be doomed and whatever does not have a supporter will
1185:
league. Shakki's reasoning is based on the current norm in marital customs that the children resulting from a woman's marriage with a second spouse (after divorcing her first spouse) will belong to the first spouse. In the three-language inscription of Shapur I's on
377:, Pars. Al-Tabari adds that Ardashir was sent to the lord of Fort Darabgard when he was seven years old. After the lord's death, Ardashir succeeded him and became the commander of Fort Darabgard. Al-Tabari continues that afterward, Papak overthrew the local Persian
1328:
documents of the Achaemenid era. Afterwards, the titles of local governors altered and they named themselves "Shahs". There have been royal crowns and symbols, temple pictures, fireboxes with aflame fires, and symbols of the moon, stars and the portrait of
2662:
deliberately. About that, Daryee adds that the Sasanians knowingly ignored the Achaemenids in order to be able to attribute their origins to the Kayanians; and that is why they applied the holy historiography. In that method, the social familiarity and
1962:
In the mythical-national Persian history, the Battle of Hatra and the incident of its fall is accompanied with a romantic story. According to the story, at the time of the Persian attack on Hatra, the daughter of the city's king had fallen in love with
2581:
were known as "Frataraka", meaning mayors or governors. They carved the title "Lord of the Gods" (Ferehtorkeh of Baghs) on their coins; this carving was the subject of important studies. Panaino believes that by the phrase "gods" (baghs), deities like
389:, instead of him. According to Al-Tabari's report, Shapur and his father, Papak, suddenly died and Ardashir became the ruler of Pars. Tension rose between Ardashir and the Parthian empire and eventually on April 28, 224, Ardashir faced the army of
2646:
on urban Iranians; the second faction, which was more original and nationally authentic than the first faction, looked at the Parthians with a grudge, considered them usurpers who had violated their right and Pars was the head of those regions.
3771:
style and two axes divide the perpendicular intersection of the city to four sectors with four main gates of Mehr, Bahram, Hormoz and Ardashir that each is divided to five smaller sections that are connected to each other by ring-like streets.
2528:" and "Ostabad", one in Bahrain titled "Pasa-Ardashir" and one close to today Mosul titled "Nud-Ardashir". However, attribution of the dates of constructions of all these cities to Ardashir's royal era is doubted. For example, it is known that
3321:'s period. However, in the final years, Ardashir's main crown was from a type in which a part of the hair was decorated in a globe above the head; the globe and the lid were covered with a thin silky net and some bands were hanging behind it.
1413:), disobeyed to accompany Vologases to invade the East to suppress the rebellion. The noncompliance and also Narses's friendly relations with Rome caused Vologases to attack Adiabene, to destroy multiple cities there and to also kill Narses.
1405:'s rebellion; during Severus's return from Mesopotamia, the Parthian Empire was in disarray. In 197, Severus initiated hostilities with the Parthians. Meanwhile, Vologases suppressed a rebellion in the east of the Empire. Narses, governor of
2899:
throne. Papak's religious credit might have helped him in taking the power from Gochihr, then Persian governor who had no interest in following the religion of fire. In a scratched picture, Papak and his son Shapur are shown on a wall in
2704:
today in different stages and various layers of the Iranian society. What is clear is that the concept "Iran" has had a religious application too and has later ended in the formation of its political face meaning a collection of lands.
2637:
on the coins of local shahs of the land, if it is not assumed that a subsidiary house of the Achaemenids still ruled in Pars, it at least testifies for the continuation of a part of the Achaemenid traditions. After all, the rise of the
1226:, something a Persian nobleman did not need and only a newcomer had to claim to be from the line of gods. It should be mentioned that it was not precedent to Ardashir to take a royal ring from Ahura Mazda, and it is not seen even in
2568:
could be permanent memorials of the previous magnificence of Pars; though the knowledge about the existence of a great empire was almost forgotten. According to the information from the coins of local Persian governors before the
2171:" himself and constantly attempted to increase his power; and on the other hand was the liegemen and grand landlords who prevented the centralization of power by the shahanshah and sometimes increased their own powers against the
3035:, especially in the beginning of his reign, tried to limit the Jews' autonomy and deprive them of their independent judiciary and legal rights. The purpose of those actions might have been to extend the Zoroastrian society. The
2094:
also confirms that Ardashir was crowned as a local shah in 211/212. The events of 211/212, which contain the defeat of Shapur (Ardashir's brother) and his probable murder, might be related to Ardashir's second inscription on
2103:, Ardashir the Persian Shah" on some second group of coins of Ardashir's might have been after his conquest of Istakhr and taking control of Pars. Ardashir's conquest of Pars and taking the adjacent lands was a threat for
459:
are visualized under the hooves of the horses of Ardashir and Ahura Mazda. It can be deduced from the picture that Ardashir assumed or wished for others to assume that his rule over the land that was called "Iran" in the
1164:
proofs that Sasan would have a great son; thus Papak allowed Sasan to sleep with the former's wife and the result was Ardashir. Shakki considered Agathias's narrative a useless and vulgar story by the familiar Sergeus,
2835:, the ancestor of the Sasanian house, with Darius's descendants on one hand and the local Persian kings on the other hand; though in the fifth century, the Sasanians attributed their lineage to the mythical kings of
3235:
samples and a new historic frame is seen in them. His first three petroglyphs have various styles, but do not show a clear evolutionary procedure. Only the fourth petroglyph, the picture of Ardashir's coronation in
1385:'s History, the Parthian emperor only managed to request his local following governors to send troops to aid Niger, as Vologases V did not possess a great army. Eventually in 194, Severus won the quest for power in
2797:
Sasanians' territorial claims, which are mentioned in Cassius Dio and Herodian's works, can be understood. He believes that the Sasanians' territorial claims were basically different from those of the Achaemenids.
3324:
Based on a research by Callieri, most of the symbols of the Frataraka's coins like the flag, the memorial building and the appearing posture of the person standing opposite to it are derived from the Achaemenids.
419:. The claim of the legitimacy of his reign as a rightful newcomer from the line of the mythical Iranian shahs and the propagations attributed to Ardashir against the legitimacy and role of the Parthians in the
2968:
in Naqsh-e Rustam and it is not known whether Ahura Mazda's crown is adapted from Ardashir's or vice versa. His beliefs are revealed behind his coins by visualizing the fire temple. His projecting pictures in
3620:) constructing cities (Bana-ol Modon), his strategy for noble houses (Tadbirohu fi Ahl-e Boyutat-el Sharaf), complaint (Mazalem) and development of lands (Tadbirohu Emarat-al Arzain) are discussed in it. The
1293:
during the four and a half century of the latters' reign and always waited for a chance to retake their old glory. They considered the Parthians primordial usurpers who had taken the formers' right by force.
3177:
rule occurred by adding some matters to the real trend of the events of the era later and at the end of their reign and it probably had a political reason to mention those matters in official writings.
2182:
high class). In Ardashir's period, though the centralization had begun and the number of local shahs had decreased sharply, his reign stood on the same bases which the Parthian empire was on after all.
3109:, Ardashir's sister and wife are mentioned. Then, the names of "Ardashir Bidakhsh" and "Papak Hazarbed" and the five members of the great houses, called "Dihin" from the House of Veraz, Sasan from the
2086:
that Papak took the royal throne of Istakhr between the years 205/206 and 211/212 and appointed his son Shapur for it; then in an insurgent action, Ardashir moved to Gur (Ardashir-Khwarrah or current
1504:, center of Adiabene; apparently the Parthians avoided a large confrontation; but they applied an offensive policy toward Mesopotamia in early 217. That was the time Caracalla, who was heading to
2687:
are visualized under the nails of Ardashir and Mazda's horses. It can be deduced from the picture that Ardashir believed or wanted others to believe that his reign over the land that is called "
2602:
believes that "gods" indicates Achaemenid shahs and not "the deities they supported". He adds that the "gods" (baghs) mentioned on the coins were the Achaemenid shahs that were worshiped by the
1988:
was probably Ardashir's plan to solve the succession problem without any troubles; the reason was that Ardashir had other sons and feared that they might have craved the throne like himself.
2520:, Ardashir I founded eight cities, three of which were in Pars, titled "Ardashir-Khwarrah", "Ram-Ardashir" and "Riv-Ardashir"; one was in Khuzestan titled "Hormozd-Ardashir", two cities in
654:
translation of the book was Seir-ol Moluk-el Ajam and the Persian version was Shahnameh. Today, none of the direct translations of Khwaday-Namag or its original Persian text are available.
1613:
in Pars, to send Ardashir to Tiri, commander of Fort Darabgard, for raising, which Gochihr did. After Tiri's death, Ardashir took over for him and became the commander of Fort Darabgard.
2307:) with direct taxes to the royal treasury and the lands ruled by grandees and noble landlords with indirect taxes to the royal treasury continued until the fiscal reforms at the time of
1676:
and requested permission to appoint Shapur instead of the "overthrown" Gochihr in power; in response, Artabanus announced Papak and Ardashir outlaws. Although Artabanus had defeated the
1492:
named Antiochus and an unknown man called Tiridates, to Vologases searching for an excuse to start a war in 214 or early 215; Vologases returned the two fugitives; but Caracalla invaded
1700:
was not imaginable for Ardashir without a public dissatisfaction and interest in rebellion against the Parthians. For example, according to sources, the governor of a land northeast of
1416:
Vologases later proceeded towards Nusaybin and laid siege to it, but aborted it due to Roman reinforcements and failed to capture the city. Afterwards, Severus started marching toward
2119:". Ardashir carved a memorial inscription for victory in the Battle of Hormozdgan near the city Gur. The signs of these events (the period between taking Istakhr until conquering
3062:
3056:
2272:
that "altering the names", renovating or rebuilding of new cities were done in regions that had been conquered by Sasanian troops and were considered part of the royal property (
2188:
612:
3736:
of the Sasanian era. Of the works of Ardashir-Khwarrah, the building of Tarbal (Menar) Kiakhoreh beside the building of Chaharotag (The Gur fire temple), Ardashir's palace, the
1453:. In about 213, Artabanus launched a rebellion against his brother Vologases and took the rule of a large part of the Parthian Empire; it can be deduced from the coins found in
3786:
3646:
or not. Grinaski believes that an Arabic-writing author had assembled it from different places. In order to prove his opinion, he mentions evidence that shows the influence of
1943:
Although no peace treaty was signed, the eastern Roman borders were not attacked by the Sasanians in the next years. It might have been more important for the Romans to attach
3688:), the entrance hall and supporting halls of the palace were covered with wheel domes. The outside walls did not have windows, but did contain prominent and dome-like columns.
2993:
religious texts was another way for Ardashir to gain legitimacy. A special fire temple called "Ardashir's Fire" was founded in the beginning of his reign that is named in his
1616:
According to the current sources, Papak was the priest of the Fire Temple of Anahita. He managed to assemble local Persian warriors who believed in the deity. At the time,
2606:
after death. This is probably why the fact that "bagh" is translated as "god" on the coins of Ardashir and other succeeding shahs today is originated from Greek concepts.
1855:
extent and limits of Ardashir's ruled domain can not be determined correctly. Ardashir's domain in the west was probably extended to the traditional borders between the
1218:
noble house, he would have insisted on a report; while various stories show that he intended to gain legitimacy from all Iranian traditions and perhaps foreign tribes."
3453:
The text that is written in a series belonging to the Kuperolo Library (No. 1608) and was probably rewritten from a sixth-century version in the early eleventh century.
1720:, aided Ardashir in his rebellion against the Parthians. In order to consolidate his power, Ardashir killed some of the important figures in Darabgard; then he invaded
1039:
intends to say that according to that line in the text, it can be deduced that Ardashir has claimed his lineage to whoever he could. Relating Ardashir to the legendary
1206:
more justifiable, since Ardashir being Sasan's son and his adoption by Papak aligns with Zoroastrian norms and customs. However, some have questioned the reports of
1771:
on April 28, 224, Artabanus was killed by Ardashir and the Parthian dynasty was overthrown with his death. The year of the occurrence of the battle is confirmed by
5940:
2289:
center a rural district under the rule of a "Shahrab" and the taxes of those regions were sent directly to the empire. On the other hand, beside the royal fields (
806:
is an epic story about Ardashir I and the procedure of his ascension to the throne of Iran. The text was written in about 600 AD and in the end of Sasanian era in
646:
court that have utilized the recorded diaries in the official calendars of the court as references. Khwaday-Namag was prepared at the ends of the Sassanian era in
1663:, far from the fortress of local Persian shahs in Istakhr and farther from the Parthian Empire. The beginning of Ardashir's uprising may be related to his first
3781:
1472:, the control of the region is considered to have been Artabanus's. Elsewhere, Vologases VI's coins found in Seleucia show his control over the land. In Rome,
1301:
and Persepolis could be permanent memorials of the past magnificence of Pars; though the knowledge about the existence of a large empire was almost forgotten.
3763:
The structure of the town is inspired by the architectural method of Darabgard and contains circular walls that surround an area with a diameter of about two
3301:, with the phrases "Shapur the Iranian shah who has his face from the gods" and "Ardashir's fire". The firebox of the fire temple is carved behind the coins.
2667:
did not matter and the court propagated its custom history by the help of the religious system. In order to remark his victories, Ardashir carved pictures in
2178:
At first, the Sasanian policies were formed based on the relations between the shah, the royal family and the noble landlords (including members of the old
1440:
with heavy casualties. It must have been that "highly disruptive period of Vologases V's reign" and the raid and destruction of Mesopotamia by Severus when
1078:
or other ancient Iranian texts. Martin Schwartz has recently shown that the deity shown on the potterywares is not related to Sasan, but shows Ssn, an old
2847:
and Daryee believe that the section of the Arabic-Persian sources (like Al-Tabari) that contain the Sasanian history since the beginning until the age of
2112:
1476:
rose to power after the death of Septimius Severus, his father. Although the information about the contest between Artabanus and Vologases is trace, the
90:
2650:
Ardashir had a remarkable role in developing the royal ideology. He tried to announce himself as a Mazda worshiper connected to god and owner of divine
871:
is one of the helpful Persian references about Sasanian history that presents valuable information about the status and the rankings of grand appointed
1248:
743:, a famous historian of the fifth century AD has stated a story about Ardashir I that is relatively similar to the adapted story from the biography of
5693:
5181:
2232:
The structure of the central Parthian government depended on "local noblemen" and "clan grandees" and included local autonomous governments based on "
2989:"fortuna". Ardashir's khvarenah status shows the legitimacy of his reign. Founding the fire temples and giving budget to them along with considering
3704:: Jur) that were constructed by Ardashir. The name means "Ardashir's magnificence". The town was probably constructed after Ardashir's victory over
2144:
3117:
along with "Abarsam-e Farardashir", who was probably the senior advisor are mentioned. Afterward, the names of fifteen remarkable characters like "
1480:
sources say that Caracalla gave special attention to the internal contest of Parthians and reported the disruption of the Parthians' status to the
1043:
with the nickname Kay beside connecting himself to Sasan, who has been a guardian and mysterious deity and also to Dara, which is a combination of
611:
written in multiple languages and scripts. Examples of text remnants related to Ardashir I include his short inscription in Nagsh-e Rajab and also
5141:
1177:
had induced that nonsense to Agathias. Like he had cleared Ardashir's family tree, and it was adapted from the imaginations of Christians and the
2532:
founded several cities "with a name combined with Ardashir's" to honor his father; while some other are founded by other people named Ardashir.
5935:
3791:
2719:
Choosing a place like Naqsh-e Rustam, which is mausoleum of Achaemenid shahs, for carving and inscribing, the site of the temple of Anahita in
3317:. In the makeup of head and hair, Ardashir was loyal to the Parthian traditions in the first coins and chose a crown similar to the crowns of
697:
archives, his history book is one of the main sources. However, he has used colloquial statements in reporting the story of Ardashir's youth.
5101:
5077:
5050:
4996:
4781:
1432:. However, the Romans did not manage to hold the captured regions; they had to retreat due to lack of provisions. The Romans decided to take
5190:
3796:
3708:
in 224. The town was constructed beside Ardashir's palace (where he lived before the rebellion) and it is said that the emperor built five
2831:, the relation between the Sasanians and the Achaemenids is mentioned. In the book, the thought that has been reflected is the relation of
1035:, which was written after him, Ardashir is announced "a Papakan king with a paternal line from Sasan and a maternal line from Darius III".
947:
2743:
in order to return to the magnificent past status in the west and it had been assumed that the glory was taken by the Romans. About that,
474:". In Ardashir's period, the title "Iran" was chosen for the region under the Sasanian rule. The idea of "Iran" was accepted for both the
455:. In his petroglyph in Naqsh-e Rustam, Ardashir and Ahura Mazda are opposite to each other on horsebacks and the corpses of Artabanus and
3439:
that was probably written in the second half of the fourth century and its author is not known. That version was rewritten in 584 Hijri.
1695:
Ghaleh Dokhtar, or "The Maiden's Castle", Iran, built by Ardashir I in AD 209, before he was finally able to defeat the Parthian empire.
1940:
sources, there has been no mention of the war; the cause of not mentioning might have been Ardashir considering the incident shameful.
4184:
3309:
throne. Some hanging bands are carved in the end of an open headband, which is the royal symbol in Persian traditions. Therefore, the
2192:
of Ardashir's court, the latter's name is mentioned as the king of kings (shahanshah) along with four "shahs", who were the rulers of
858:
333:
3313:
behind these coins show Ardashir's concern for showing himself not only as the Achaemenids' rightful heir, but also as a religious
3558:
among the books of preaches and ethics and doctrines. That is probably the same short text that is written with the version title
2916:
was the believed and supported religion of the Sasanians until Ardashir's takeover. The current belief is that the priests of the
1740:. He appointed one of his sons named Ardashir as the governor of Kerman. Artabanus, the Parthian emperor, ordered the governor of
521:
1519:
the end of the war, peace negotiations began and resulted in a peace treaty in 218 according to which the Romans paid 50 million
432:. They knowingly ignored the Achaemenids in order to attribute their past to the Kayanians; and that was where they applied holy
2708:
1782:
1126:
1062:
Since Ardashir had claimed his royal lineage to Sasan, it is important to inspect who Sasan was. First it was composed that the
2658:
believes that the first Sasanian shahanshahs were familiar with the Achaemenids and their succeeding shahanshahs turned to the
1838:), Ardashir revealed his inclination toward government. During about 226–227, Ardashir experienced a failed attempt to conquer
3047:
did not reveal his propaganda until Ardashir's death; he might have realized that Shapur was more convincing than his father.
5014:
3375:
who rose after him and he had mentioned lectures in it that he believed were necessary to be applied in running the kingdom.
2828:
1006:
802:
346:
3136:
It can be deduced from the list that some deviations have occurred in the important names and events of the era in the late
5945:
5686:
5174:
3274:
The picture of one of Ardashir's second group coins; Ardashir I's portrait on the coin and the symbol of firebox behind it
2167:
society can be studied based on two completely opposite principles; one was the central power, whose incarnation was the "
3023:
Ardashir's policy against non-Mazda worshiping societies inside his kingdom had made it a difficult period for them. The
1923:
eventually decided to oppose the Persians unwillingly and reluctantly in 232. The Roman forces led by Alexander attacked
3165:
battles. In the narrative Iranian history texts, Ardashir succeeded because he was from the line of the ancient Iranian
3106:
3094:
2679:; on his picture in Naqsh-e Rustam, Ardashir and Ahura Mazda are opposite to each other on horsebacks and the bodies of
2229:, son of Shapur. This shows an increasing inclination towards the centralization of power since the early Sasanian era.
2205:
190:
2629:" is the continuation of the tradition of Fratarakas. On the other hand, with the existence of the names of kings like
2540:
2225:, the independences of Merv and Nishapur were taken and Sakastan became a province (city) and was granted to liegeman
2010:
month and year that Shapur's coronation as his father's royal partner occurred on April 12, 240 (the first day of the
1932:
Alexander appeared as a victor in Rome. In the war, many casualties were inflicted upon the two armies. In subsequent
1304:
As of now, not much knowledge is gained about the four hundred-year history of that state, which was once part of the
2856:
of the Sasanian empire and draw a picture of Ardashir idealistic and aligning with Khosrow's ideals in the best way.
722:
3614:
and the warriors (Asawereh), writers (Kottab), Judges (Gozat), invasion (Bo'uth va Thoghur), accepting ambassadors (
1975:
Due to the difficulties in the sources, the last years and the day of Ardashir's death are not very clear. His son,
5359:
2804:
2727:
show the existence of an inclination toward the Achaemenids in the early Sasanian period. There are many proofs in
2201:
2128:
1436:
while returning, but failed and tried once more in spring 199 to conquer Hatra, and were forced to cede control of
3352:, are attributed preaches and scholarly words more than other shahs and these works are quoted of them in most of
3286:
is seen like in all the coins of the Sasanian era. On the second group of the coins, the phrase "The worshiper of
818:
3318:
3278:
The second group have the profile of Ardashir wearing a hat or crown looking right similar to other coins of the
1094:; it is probable to be related to "Sasan", since the symbols on the mentioned coins are similar to the coins of
5960:
5679:
5167:
3676:
2655:
1647:
sources, Ardashir started his uprising when he was the commander of Fort Darabgard in eastern Pars. The oldest
1079:
411:
Ardashir had an outstanding role in developing the royal ideology. He tried to show himself as a worshiper of
1979:
probably ascended as a royal partner on April 12, 240. The time is found from the Pirchavush inscriptions in
536:
3705:
3082:
2839:
or Kayanians; and its proof is the addition of the prefix "Kay" to the aliases of the Sasanian shahanshahs.
2812:
2680:
2104:
1673:
1450:
1321:
865:
text, the work is valuable, since it provides the Persian equals of Arabic expressions in Tabari's History.
390:
305:
264:
124:
1744:
to attack Ardashir, suppress his rebellion and send him to Ctesiphon. After Ardashir killed and terminated
5955:
3252:
The coins minted in Ardashir's period are divided into three general groups based on the applied designs:
2634:
2153:
3121:", "Dabiroft", Ayundbad (Director of Ceremonies), Framadar and his clerks and religious authorities like
5885:
4471:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
2789:
1312:
During the Seleucid era, the Frataraka (local Persian shahs) ruled Pars at the time of the rebellion of
527:
75:
34:
3297:
On the third group of the coins, the picture of Ardashir is carved in front of the picture of his son,
3043:
were treated with more tolerance and leniency and their population increased until mid-third century.
1756:
and killed the governor of Susa too and added his domain to the lands under his rule. Then he invaded
793:, is a short but important source that presents valuable information about the early Sasanian period.
623:
Reports are texts that are written in various languages and periods. The basis of the writings of all
541:). Literally, Ardashir means "the one whose reign is based on honesty and justice". The first part of
3360:
ethics and history books. One of the most important works attributed to Ardashir is his "testament".
3330:
3255:
The first group is the coins that show a full-face portrait of Ardashir on the coin and a profile of
2108:
1808:
1768:
1549:
1529:
1525:
1257:
1187:
309:
5835:
3329:
believes that though the Fratarakas probably did not know the proper application of a building like
895:
is a text with limited value, since most of its reports are mentioned extensively in other sources.
5930:
5925:
5920:
5875:
5559:
3192:
3003:
2867:
2800:
2752:
2574:
2268:
founded or renovated some cities in different Iranian regions. It is clear from the first Sasanian
2099:
and also minting coins without the Papak's face. The writing of the phrase "his majesty worshiping
1864:
1816:
1281:
1156:
Most of foreign sources are unanimous in considering an unknown lineage for Ardashir; for example,
935:
777:
from the second century until 550. The book is very valuable for the period of the downfall of the
5865:
5815:
3097:), having the right of inherited succession in their family. After that, the name of three queens
5845:
3681:
3481:
2388:
1992:
1811:'s studies and calculations, Ardashir was crowned on April 28, 224; however, the calculations of
1753:
1737:
1341:
1313:
1173:'s court, ordered by the opponents and foes of Sasanians. Shakki said it was obvious Sergeus the
892:
706:
394:
386:
5825:
3571:
669:
history that has given a report about the downfall of the Parthians and the rise of Ardashir I.
320:. Afterwards, Ardashir called himself "shahanshah" and began conquering the land that he called
43:
5855:
2981:
have shown him close to Ahura Mazda. The latter's attention towards Ardashir has been known as
2723:
and the existence of the names of some Achaemenid shahs as ancestors in the legendary Sasanian
2712:
The second carving of "coronation" and the third carving of Ahura Mazda by Ardashir, carved in
1947:
to their fortresses of the border defense system. The people of Hatra knew that their relative
713:
era is completely connected with Iranian royal history; thus, not only do the writings of then
5097:
5073:
5046:
5010:
4992:
4777:
4180:
3729:
3479:
has remarked it and has quoted a phrase of its about the last millennium. It is also named in
3306:
2922:
2769:
2595:
1920:
1907:, which was one of the two fortresses of Roman defense system in Mesopotamia -the other being
1847:
1621:
1537:
1370:
1277:
1227:
1087:
1052:
736:
557:
424:
201:
5757:
5096:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
5034:
4174:
1807:
There is controversy among specialists about the year of Ardashir's coronation; according to
1632:. It is probable that Vologases defeated Papak after he rebelled and forced him to submit to
1536:. However, the end of the Parthian dynasty did not mean an endpoint for all Parthian houses.
5950:
5787:
3721:
3685:
3621:
3390:
3357:
3183:
3078:
2970:
2781:
2736:
2668:
2659:
2573:
uprising, at least one local king ruled in Persian land almost slightly after the demise of
2553:
2330:
2087:
1937:
1871:
Desert rulers surrendered to Ardashir's empire; and in the southwest, the northern part of "
1812:
1733:
1644:
1393:
in order to retake the lost regions. The accurate details of the invasion is not known, but
1366:
1325:
1040:
886:
854:
444:
429:
317:
272:
5797:
3668:
too and some matters aligning with Islamic principles were added to it in the translation.
2747:
has mentioned that Ardashir claimed and announced that he had risen to take the revenge of
1565:
1268:
government began, had lost its fame by third century AD. Since old times, a new city named
1214:, considered them mythical and intended to legitimize the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.
992:
There are different historical reports about Ardashir's ancestry and lineage. According to
773:
is a text written in mid-sixth century AD and includes the history of Christian regions of
5702:
5579:
5194:
5159:
5119:
5065:
5038:
3768:
3733:
3693:
3342:
3279:
3260:
3232:
3216:
3174:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3090:
3036:
3028:
2930:
2901:
2892:
2844:
2785:
2643:
2639:
2603:
2570:
2565:
2483:
2349:
2344:
2285:
2262:
2246:
2179:
2164:
2157:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2035:
1892:
1851:
1709:
1656:
1633:
1533:
1509:
1402:
1378:
1337:
gods were worshiped and the old creed was permanent in Pars in contrast to other regions.
1305:
1290:
1265:
1243:
1132:
1120:
924:
875:
and their positions, while they were considered part of the public relative to the kings.
844:
840:
822:
778:
764:
756:
744:
710:
679:
666:
643:
584:
572:
479:
420:
313:
299:
295:
287:
284:
129:
94:
5093:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen
3819:
3502:
3497:, and applied his preaches that were in that testament." The same matter is mentioned by
2985:
due to the mythical Iranian thoughts and it can be compared to the Greek "tuxeh" and the
1428:
without resistance, although the Romans contended heavily in late 198 during the fall of
327:
There are various historical reports about Ardashir's lineage and ancestry. According to
5671:
1991:
About the year of Shapur's participation in reign with Ardashir, it has been written in
678:
has also extensively explained the procedure of the change of monarchy from Parthian to
5087:
4978:
4974:
4770:
3643:
3402:
3394:
3326:
3314:
3237:
3133:, priest of priests and Herbadan Herbad were not yet established in Ardashir's period.
3114:
3110:
3044:
2990:
2974:
2956:
2926:
2913:
2819:
under the nails of their horses, and Ardashir taking the ring of reign from Ahura Mazda
2808:
2728:
2701:
2672:
2618:
2617:
findings that the remark of the Achaemenids and adoring fire, one of the principles of
2599:
1919:
and they invaded it. After the Romans' unfruitful attempt to make peace with Ardashir,
1896:
1636:
rule for a while. It is not probable that Papak's kingdom was beyond the Persian land.
1581:'s report, Ardashir was born in a village named "Tirudeh" in the country "Khir" around
1545:
1544:
historian, has quoted some reports of the roles and aids of some Parthian houses, like
1458:
1334:
1191:
1071:
1036:
952:
878:
861:, is one of the most important Persian prose works about the Sasanians. Apart from the
807:
647:
635:
495:
475:
452:
433:
252:
218:
57:
1107:
sources, which are adapted from Sasanian statements, have emphasized on Sasan being a
1019:, states that Ardashir was born as a result of the marriage of Sasan, a descendant of
839:
is the largest and most important reference about the reports related to the national
575:—were named Ardashir, and Ardashir I has been Ardashir V in the chain of local Shahs.
5914:
5747:
5727:
5619:
5479:
4982:
3725:
3664:
3410:
3294:
who has his face from the gods" is written that shows Ardashir's religious beliefes.
3291:
3166:
2978:
2811:. Ardashir and Ahura Mazda on horsebacks in front of each other, with the corpses of
2713:
2696:
2676:
2622:
2354:
2265:
2168:
2096:
1860:
1835:
1791:
1625:
1570:
1362:
1166:
1028:
718:
639:
560:
512:
471:
448:
367:
302:
171:
2691:" in inscriptions is designated by the Lord. The word "Iran" was previously used in
5519:
5379:
3757:
3591:
3548:
3406:
3386:
3378:
3196:
3149:
2816:
2805:
The third carving of "coronation" and the fourth carving of Ahura Mazda by Ardashir
2740:
2684:
2525:
2446:
2253:
deserts, the urban culture and pathway cities were the face of society more often.
1876:
1856:
1745:
1725:
1681:
1677:
1481:
1449:
rose to the throne; but shortly afterward, his reign was challenged by his brother
1446:
1386:
730:
500:
456:
5061:
4664:
3567:
3525:
1691:
5091:
4986:
5569:
5539:
5389:
5339:
5309:
5289:
3749:
3741:
3709:
3521:
3287:
3283:
3270:
3200:
3170:
3153:
2960:
2917:
2904:; in the picture, Papak and Shapur both wear the same helmet similar to that of
2760:
2724:
2688:
2664:
2614:
2583:
2549:
2456:
2250:
2237:
2233:
2217:
2116:
2100:
1956:
1911:, but was not able to take it; the Sasanian riders' assault was pulled to other
1900:
1824:
1729:
1705:
1668:
1648:
1629:
1617:
1489:
1485:
1390:
1374:
1330:
1253:
1223:
1222:
chance to be the first person in his inscriptions receiving the royal ring from
1178:
1143:
774:
662:
505:
491:
412:
321:
3231:'s period. Ardashir's petroglyphs are clearly different from the few remaining
1850:, while on a crusade for taking the northwest regions of the land. In the late
1140:
mint, dated c. 238–239. The obverse of the coin depicts Ardashir I with legend
5737:
5639:
5599:
5589:
5529:
5489:
5469:
5459:
5319:
5279:
5259:
4991:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–111, 118, 120, 126–130.
3732:. Ardashir-Khwarrah can be mentioned as a military base and one of the active
3515:
3310:
3228:
3220:
3188:
3098:
3040:
2965:
2941:
2853:
2748:
2610:
2561:
2545:
2124:
1916:
1872:
1787:
1594:
1410:
1298:
1273:
1174:
1116:
1048:
1020:
901:
is a letter or preach by Ardashir I about government rituals that is named in
760:
440:
363:
48:
4988:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337
3650:
principles in it, for instance the writing in the book that one fifth of the
3606:
A book attributed to Ardashir about the bases of government is written in an
3267:" is written on these coins with the phrase "His Majesty Papak Shah" behind.
2111:
and was killed. It was after that when Ardashir was able to claim being "the
1333:
minted on coins of the Frataraka that shows the holy fire was adored and the
5717:
5629:
5449:
5349:
5329:
5299:
5249:
5229:
5027:
3764:
3737:
3713:
3638:
3498:
3490:
3476:
3460:
In addition to the complete text, there is an abridged version of it titled
3443:
3349:
3224:
3126:
3008:
2994:
2982:
2952:
2936:
2871:
2848:
2824:
2765:
2744:
2651:
2521:
2517:
2417:
2383:
2312:
2269:
2242:
2213:
2193:
2120:
2044:
2027:
2011:
1820:
1757:
1701:
1667:
in Firuzabad; in the inscription, he is shown acquiring the royal ring from
1664:
1578:
1541:
1473:
1465:
1429:
1417:
1239:
1170:
1161:
1108:
1063:
1015:
993:
930:
914:
836:
740:
694:
690:
627:
608:
596:
568:
461:
416:
397:
plain and Artabanus, the Parthian shahanshah, was killed during the battle.
354:
328:
114:
2964:
same crown that is drawn on the head of Ahura Mazda in the carvings of the
2908:'s in his coins; in the picture, Shapur is visualized in the dual place of
4158:
Daryaee (November 17, 2012). "Ardaxšīr and the Sasanian's Rise to Power".
2921:
government religion was done during Ardashir's period; also the remaining
2552:
by Ardashir, Ardashir standing against his henchmen, city of Gur (current
5777:
5509:
5369:
5239:
5219:
5151:
3753:
3633:
3554:
3506:
3420:
3298:
3241:
3074:
3032:
3027:
and believers in some other religions were more or less tolerated in the
2998:
2905:
2777:
2773:
2756:
2630:
2529:
2451:
2367:
2308:
2222:
2031:
2024:
1976:
1964:
1948:
1904:
1776:
1772:
1717:
1598:
1512:
1421:
1406:
1398:
1382:
1358:
1157:
1095:
1044:
1024:
1011:
872:
833:
686:
672:
350:
206:
153:
141:
787:
is a book written in 540 and includes chronicles from 132 BC until 540.
587:
era can be divided to the two categories "text remnants" and "reports":
546:
5767:
5649:
5499:
5439:
5419:
5399:
3651:
3187:, it is mentioned that Ardashir's intention was to seek the revenge of
3118:
3070:
2888:
2884:
2720:
2591:
2508:
2489:
2318:
The cities which are believed to had been constructed by Ardashir are:
2062:
2038:
history; it is written in the first lines of the mentioned inscription:
2034:, the period between 205 and 206 appears as the beginning of an era in
1924:
1749:
1606:
1590:
1582:
1493:
1454:
1425:
1394:
1346:
1269:
1182:
1137:
1067:
826:
714:
604:
600:
405:
382:
374:
373:
According to Al-Tabari's report, Ardashir was born in the outskirts of
213:
5070:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV
969:
Bearded facing head, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara, legend
5429:
5409:
5269:
5072:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 371–376.
5045:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 298–299.
3745:
3701:
3607:
3583:
3431:
is lost; but some versions of its Arabic translations are available:
3417:
in the preaches and ethics and doctrines, he mentioned a book called
3398:
3353:
3204:
3145:
3122:
2945:
2836:
2732:
2692:
2226:
2209:
2149:
2078:
1980:
1933:
1908:
1843:
1761:
1721:
1713:
1659:) in south border of Pars. Therefore, Ardashir rose up in his war in
1640:
1505:
1112:
1091:
1083:
1075:
920:
862:
717:
historians provide important matters about the adventures of Iranian
651:
624:
466:
194:
553:
and the second part is related to the concept "city" and "kingdom".
3594:
has written a matter from Ardashir intended to his son quoted from
3282:
era. Behind the second group coins, a symbol of the firebox of the
464:
was designated by the lord. The word "Iran" was previously used in
5609:
5549:
5043:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā
3697:
3675:
3647:
3494:
3475:
was famous and is mentioned in many history and literature books.
3468:
3414:
3269:
3256:
3102:
2986:
2935:
2880:
2832:
2799:
2793:
2707:
2587:
2539:
2469:
2433:
2401:
2143:
2066:
2007:
1944:
1912:
1888:
1839:
1781:
1602:
1586:
1564:
1520:
1501:
1477:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1317:
1247:
1125:
1104:
1001:
997:
981:
946:
817:
631:
401:
359:
342:
338:
242:
232:
228:
3717:
3655:
3372:
3345:
3264:
3240:, possesses clear features that reappears in the petroglyphs of
3086:
3066:
3024:
2909:
2896:
2739:
writings that show the Sasanians' aggressive confrontation with
2578:
2197:
2172:
2058:
2048:
1984:
1868:
1741:
1610:
1469:
1381:
emperor, decided to support Niger against Severus. According to
1285:
1264:
Persis, the state in which the movement of establishing the new
1056:
564:
550:
378:
358:
also states it says that Ardashir was born from the marriage of
5675:
5163:
3716:
had seen. The city of Gur was run by a representative from the
3642:. It is not known whether the book is translated directly from
3371:
is a book including Ardashir's political advice to the Iranian
2107:; therefore, Artabanus defied Ardashir and eventually lost the
1601:
House. Al-Tabari added that when Ardashir was seven years old,
3061:
The rankings of the figures in Ardashir's court is found from
1724:
and took it too and took control of whole Pars, including the
1194:, Sasan is introduced only as a nobleman and Papak as a king.
3692:
Ardashir-Khwarrah is one of the five Iranian villages in the
2895:
house, with the beginning of whose reign religion sat on the
2301:); though the dichotomy of taxation between the royal lands (
519:
3031:
era and also had limited independence. Ardashir and his son
733:
is one of Armenian resources about the early Sassanian era.
298:, until he founded the new empire. After defeating the last
1651:
proofs of the period of Ardashir's reign are acquired from
478:
and non-Zoroastrian societies in the whole kingdom and the
3624:
translation of that book is written in the translation of
2129:
the inscription of Ardashir's coronation in Naqsh-e Rostam
1401:
were retaken anyway. Then Severus returned to Rome due to
545:
is adapted from the religious concept of justice known as
1160:
has stated that Papak was a shoemaker who found out from
2642:
to power meant the domination of nomadic and degenerate
1891:
and Greek sources, the first clash between the "newborn
1767:
Eventually, in Ardashir's contest with Artabanus in the
1728:
shores. At that time, Ardashir constructed a palace and
1716:, along with the famous Sharat, who was the governor of
3401:
poem. Once again in the chapter about the books of the
1148:, while the reverse shows a fire altar with the legend
1115:
and have actually stated India, which is the center of
3493:
that "he suggested the testaments of Ardashir, son of
3113:, Sasan-e Andigan-e Khoday va Piruz and Goug from the
1895:
power" in its west borders with Rome occurred by the
4869:"Ardašīr I ii. Rock reliefs". In Encyclopædia Iranica
2302:
2296:
2290:
2279:
2273:
3615:
2944:" and the fifth carving of Ardashir in Khan-Takhti,
2245:
society under the rule of large owners stood in the
24:
5009:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, pp. 71–76.
3223:art was established by Ardashir and lived on until
3125:and Mubed and Mogh are mentioned. According to the
248:
238:
224:
212:
200:
186:
178:
164:
160:
147:
137:
120:
108:
100:
89:
81:
71:
63:
56:
21:
4769:
3160:Ardashir in the narrative-mythical Iranian history
1256:; the picture behind it is a structure similar to
984:, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara, legend
534:
439:In order to remark his victories, Ardashir carved
366:, with the daughter of Papak, a local governor in
4306:Political Persian History During the Sasanian Era
1899:' attack on the regions held by Rome in Northern
1859:and Parthians in the northwest; in the east, the
1786:Ardashir I is receiving the Kingship's ring from
3590:and added some matters from other places to it.
3520:and mentions that the writers (Kottab) used it.
2284:; thus, instead of the autonomous cities of the
2023:According to three dates that are achieved from
1823:226 and at the time of his invasion on Northern
1736:) that its ruins still remain and is called the
1561:Early years until his uprising and gaining power
1123:are mentioned as his origins in the references.
1059:Dara I and II, shows the former's fake lineage.
885:is another one of Sasanian history sources. The
4579:"Ardašīr I i. History". In Encyclopædia Iranica
4361:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
4173:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010).
3173:. But there is no doubt in that justifying the
3063:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
3057:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2959:, Ardashir has called himself the worshiper of
2933:traditions were combined and used in that era.
2891:and the father of Ardashir, the founder of the
2864:
2189:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2051:Ardashir 40, 3- Azar Shapur from royal Azars 24
1842:, which was previously unsuccessfully tried by
1090:. The word "Sasa" is written on coins found in
613:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
4973:Christensen, A. (2005). "Sassanid Persia". In
4265:Political Persian History During the Sasanians
3760:) and his four fire temples can be mentioned.
3259:, Ardashir's father who looks left due to the
2792:); in that myth, Fereydun grants the reign of
1819:believes the year of Ardashir's coronation in
1620:'s reign was disrupted due to the invasion of
1353:State of the Parthian Empire before its demise
939:is another source about the Sasanian history.
693:, due to his access to the royal yearbooks in
5687:
5175:
4710:"Cologne Mani Codex". In Encyclopædia Iranica
4417:Political Persian History in the Sasanian Era
3782:Inscription of Ardashir-e Babakan and Hormozd
3601:
1365:, in 192 AD, a rivalry between his generals,
470:and as "the name of the mythical land of the
8:
3767:and a double muddy wall and a trench with a
3356:literature and history books and by them in
1887:According to the information collected from
1585:, Pars in a famous family. His grandfather,
1146:King Ardashir, King of King of the Iranians"
923:that is the main and essential source about
843:. It presents helpful information about the
3712:beside the town that the famous historian,
3543:
2768:called himself "the second Alexander" and "
1070:and other documents imply that Sasan was a
759:history references is the books written by
5694:
5680:
5672:
5182:
5168:
5160:
5110:
5028:Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak
4797:Avarzamani (1991). "The Sasanian Cities".
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
3528:had ordered his son's mentor to teach him
2336:The region where the city was constructed
1903:on Ardashir's era, 230. Ardashir besieged
1680:, he faced the problem of the defiance of
423:sequence show the valuable place that the
42:
18:
3617:Fi Godum-el Vofud alayhe men gabl-e Moluk
3424:and it seems that he meant another book.
3073:Shah Abarinag (Abarineh: higher (lands),
1764:and took it and added it to his kingdom.
4935:"Ardašīr-Ḵorra". In Encyclopædia Iranica
3814:"Sasanian Dynasty", A. Shapur Shahbazi,
3658:. However, since the text is written in
3602:Ardashir's Book on Government Principles
3489:and in the latter it is mentioned about
3263:, behind the coin. The phrase "Ardashir
2320:
2140:The procedure of centralization of power
1690:
1524:Ardashir ended the life of the House of
447:(the city of Gor or Ardashir-Khwarrah),
16:Founder of the Sassanid Empire (180–242)
4917:Persian Literature History Before Islam
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4317:
4315:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
3807:
3700:centuries centered by the city of Gur (
3140:sources. For example, in the narrative
2536:Government ideology and Iranian thought
428:shahanshahs deliberately turned to the
400:According to the royal reports, it was
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4928:
4926:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4880:
4878:
4832:
4830:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4482:
4480:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4088:
4086:
3792:Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander
3560:Ardashir's Testament to His Son Shapur
3544:Ardashir's Testament to His Son Shapur
3462:Montakhab men Ahd-e Ardashir bin Babak
2883:was the grand priest of the temple of
2751:, who had been defeated and killed by
2131:and also the alteration of his coins.
1023:, with the daughter of Papak, a local
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4659:
4657:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4108:
4106:
4104:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3867:
3865:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3598:that can be found in this testament.
3435:The text that is written in the book
2780:dividing the world between his sons (
2326:Name of the city in the Sasanian era
2208:. There were also the three kingdoms
2006:It can be deduced by calculating the
1752:, after fighting him, headed towards
1280:capital which was burnt by troops of
1074:deity, though he is not mentioned in
283:(180–242 AD), was the founder of the
7:
4725:Introduction of the Sasanian History
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3797:Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I
3427:The original Middle Persian text of
2069:or announcing independence from the
268:
25:
3574:or more probably the author of the
3290:, his majesty Ardashir the Iranian
3169:and was chosen by the gods to rule
2594:" are meant that were supported by
1593:in Istakhr and his grandmother was
1589:, was the trustee of the Temple of
1340:In a portrait of Papak and his son
1004:. Another statement that exists in
345:. Another narrative that exists in
276:
3553:Ardashir I's Testament to His Son
3419:Ardashir I's Testament to His Son
951:Initial coinage of Ardashir I, as
665:is one of the famous resources of
638:histories), has been the official
14:
5941:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
4821:The Sasanian Persian Civilization
4456:"Caracalla", Encyclopædia Iranica
4441:"Artabanus", Encyclopædia Iranica
3856:The Political History of Ērānšahr
3227:'s reign. The art was revived in
3011:has attributed some words to him:
2695:and as "the name of the mythical
1409:(a region to the west of current
1234:Pars before rise of the Sasanians
986:"son of the divinity Papak, king"
334:History of the Prophets and Kings
4047:In the Cambridge History of Iran
3904:Orders of Achaemenid Shahanshahs
3397:translators, had turned into an
3156:governors had also joined them.
2852:predecessors' history with then
2186:According to the description of
847:organizations and civilization.
499:
4179:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 25–28.
3930:Parthian Dusk and Sasanian Dawn
1098:. It is remarked in Ferdowsi's
996:'s report, Ardashir was son of
791:Chronicles of Karakh Beit Solug
781:and the rise of the Sasanians.
312:plain in 224, he overthrew the
4402:"Arbela", Encyclopædia Iranica
3616:
3144:, the land that was ruled by "
3093:, Ardashir the Shah of Sekan (
2829:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1830:Anyway, by choosing the title
1272:had risen beside the ruins of
1082:goddess that was worshiped in
1033:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1007:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
583:The primary references of the
415:related to god and possessing
347:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1:
5936:3rd-century Sasanian monarchs
4854:The Cambridge History of Iran
4839:The Cambridge History of Iran
4755:The Cambridge History of Iran
4489:"Bābak", Encyclopædia Iranica
4387:"Balāš", Encyclopædia Iranica
4291:Sasanian Persian Civilization
4160:Studia Classica et Orientalia
4032:Culture of Persian Literature
3976:The Cambridge History of Iran
3787:Kārnāmag-ī Ardaxšīr-ī Pābagān
3532:the book of God and read him
3524:(died 286 Hijri) writes that
3381:once mentioned a book called
2560:The remnants of the ruins of
1136:of Ardashir I, struck at the
956:
803:Kār-Nāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pābagān
5781:(1st half of 1st century CE)
5771:(1st half of 1st century CE)
5761:(2nd half of 1st century BC)
5731:(1st half of 1st century BC)
4095:Sasanian History and Culture
3442:The text that is written in
2823:In the Sasanians' legendary
2548:" and the second carving of
2152:(Councillor). Page from the
1815:show the date April 6, 227.
1508:, was killed by head of his
1284:. Although the land's local
1010:and is told the same way in
5664:usurpers or rival claimants
4772:The history of ancient Iran
4695:Descriptive Persian History
4633:Persia During the Sasanians
3684:, the city of Gur (current
3210:
3152:sources, some of the minor
2303:
2297:
2291:
2280:
2274:
1995:in Greek about Mani's life:
1605:, Ardashir's father, asked
1289:accepted submitting to the
650:language. The title of the
504:, which is ultimately from
5979:
4609:The Sasanian Empire Untold
4002:Iran During the Sassanians
3578:that was the reference of
3536:and force him to memorize
3101:, Ardashir's grandmother,
3054:
3051:Court and government posts
2577:. The first local Persian
1971:Final years and succession
1552:, in Ardashir's uprising.
1237:
971:"The divine Ardaxir, king"
535:
520:
5869:(2nd half of 2nd century)
5859:(2nd half of 2nd century)
5839:(1st half of 2nd century)
5829:(1st half of 2nd century)
5819:(1st half of 2nd century)
5801:(2nd half of 1st century)
5712:
5662:
5204:
5148:
5139:
5134:
5113:
3748:of three Sasanian kings;
3662:, it probably existed in
3363:
3105:, Ardashir's mother, and
2077:calendar that began with
1712:and its center was today
1389:, and he invaded Western
955:Artaxerxes (Ardaxsir) V.
825:of Ardashir I, minted at
721:, but show the status of
689:lived during the time of
41:
32:
3720:. Gur was later renamed
3610:translation in the book
3582:chose the text from the
3456:The text written by Abi.
2755:. Roman historians like
2753:Alexander III of Macedon
2627:has a face from the gods
2575:Alexander III of Macedon
2329:Name of the city in the
2057:(overthrowing the local
1827:based on other sources.
1282:Alexander III of Macedon
889:is written in the book.
739:, known as the Armenian
5060:Wiesehöfer, J. (1986).
4648:Ancient Persian History
3089:, Ardashir the Shah of
3065:. Thus, the first four
2940:The fourth carving of "
1345:time, meaning granting
808:Middle Persian language
385:and appointed his son,
5062:"Ardašīr I i. History"
5007:Les Langues Iraniennes
5005:Oranskij, I. M. 1977:
4324:Ancient Persian Legacy
4115:Sasanian Empire Untold
3689:
3348:, two, Ardashir I and
3275:
3211:Ardashir's petroglyphs
3021:
2948:
2877:
2820:
2716:
2557:
2544:The first carving of "
2160:
2154:Great Mongol Shahnameh
2054:
2004:
1795:
1760:State in the mouth of
1696:
1574:
1420:and to South and took
1261:
1153:
989:
830:
723:Iran-Armenia relations
595:Text remnants include
563:and four of the local
337:, Ardashir was son of
5706:(after 132 BC–224 CE)
5142:King of Kings of Iran
3679:
3596:One of the Ajam Books
3273:
3013:
2939:
2875:column of religion."
2827:that has appeared in
2803:
2711:
2543:
2430:Vahshatabad-Ardashir
2380:Ram-Hormozd-Ardashir
2147:
2040:
1997:
1959:'s wars with Persia.
1785:
1694:
1568:
1251:
1129:
1088:second millennium B.C
950:
883:History of Tabaristan
821:
51:of Ardashir I, 230 AD
35:King of Kings of Iran
5946:Shahnameh characters
5879:(end of 2nd century)
5809:(end of 1st century)
5033:Frye, R. N. (1988).
4077:Ardašīr I i. History
3816:Encyclopædia Iranica
3724:by the 10th-century
3696:era until the first
3588:Ardashir's Testament
3551:names a book titled
3534:Ardashir's Testament
3511:Ardashir's Testament
3473:Ardashir's Testament
3429:Ardashir's Testament
3383:Ardashir's Testament
3369:Ardashir's Testament
3364:Ardashir's Testament
3244:and his successors.
3203:", but were called "
3129:, the high posts of
2135:Reign infrastructure
2127:there) are shown in
2109:Battle of Hormozdgan
1879:"were taken by war.
1769:Battle of Hormozdgan
1530:Battle of Hormozdgan
1488:of two fugitives, a
1357:After the demise of
943:Lineage and ancestry
919:is a book series in
771:Arbella's Chronicles
316:and established the
281:Ardashir the Unifier
5751:(c. 1st century BC)
5741:(c. 1st century BC)
5560:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
3841:The Sasanian Empire
3004:the Meadows of Gold
2868:the Meadows of Gold
2609:It is deduced from
2163:The history of the
2148:Ardashir I and his
1055:with local Persian
1027:in the province of
936:The Meadows of Gold
829:between 233 and 239
4887:The Sasanian Coins
3818:, (July 20, 2005).
3690:
3682:Palace of Ardashir
3482:Mojmal al-tawarikh
3276:
2949:
2821:
2717:
2558:
2161:
2001:me by his favor...
1993:Cologne Mani-Codex
1796:
1775:'s inscription in
1748:, the governor of
1738:Palace of Ardashir
1697:
1575:
1457:that he ruled the
1262:
1154:
990:
960: 205/6–223/4
903:Mojmal al-tawarikh
893:Mojmal al-tawarikh
831:
490:"Ardashir" is the
362:, a descendant of
5908:
5907:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5849:(mid 2nd century)
5840:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5807:"Unknown king II"
5802:
5792:
5791:(mid 1st century)
5782:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5742:
5732:
5722:
5707:
5669:
5668:
5654:
5644:
5634:
5624:
5614:
5604:
5594:
5584:
5574:
5564:
5554:
5544:
5534:
5524:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5414:
5404:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5354:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5304:
5294:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5199:
5158:
5157:
5149:Succeeded by
5103:978-0-7914-4355-2
5079:978-0-71009-104-8
5052:978-0-71009-115-4
4998:978-0-5213-0199-2
4783:978-3-406-09397-5
4062:Log of Ardashir I
3672:Ardashir-Khwarrah
3538:Kelileh va Demneh
3331:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
3069:are mentioned as
2951:In his coins and
2770:Severus Alexander
2514:
2513:
2398:Hormozd-Ardashir
2345:Ardashir-Khwarrah
1921:Severus Alexander
1848:Septimius Severus
1661:Ardashir-Khwarrah
1653:Ardashir-Khwarrah
1622:Septimius Severus
1538:Movses Khorenatsi
1371:Septimius Severus
1320:brother, against
1258:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1188:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1150:"Ardashir's fire"
851:Bal'ami's History
785:History of Odessa
755:Another class of
737:Movses Khorenatsi
567:of Pars—known as
279:), also known as
258:
257:
133:
5968:
5901:
5898:
5891:
5889:(207/10 – 211/2)
5888:
5881:
5878:
5871:
5868:
5861:
5858:
5851:
5848:
5841:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5811:
5808:
5803:
5800:
5793:
5790:
5783:
5780:
5773:
5770:
5763:
5760:
5753:
5750:
5743:
5740:
5733:
5730:
5723:
5720:
5705:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5655:
5652:
5645:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5605:
5602:
5595:
5592:
5585:
5582:
5575:
5572:
5565:
5562:
5555:
5552:
5545:
5542:
5535:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5515:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5495:
5492:
5485:
5482:
5480:Bahram VI Chobin
5475:
5472:
5465:
5462:
5455:
5452:
5445:
5442:
5435:
5432:
5425:
5422:
5415:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5385:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5365:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5345:
5342:
5335:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5315:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5295:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5265:
5262:
5255:
5252:
5245:
5242:
5235:
5232:
5225:
5222:
5215:
5212:
5197:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5161:
5130:
5120:Sasanian dynasty
5111:
5107:
5083:
5066:Yarshater, Ehsan
5056:
5039:Yarshater, Ehsan
5002:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4939:
4938:
4933:Bosworth, C. E.
4930:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4803:
4802:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4750:
4729:
4728:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:"Iranica Online"
4661:
4652:
4651:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4343:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4176:The Sasanian Era
4170:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4134:
4133:
4130:Sasanian Kingdom
4125:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3874:Sasanian History
3869:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3821:
3812:
3626:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3619:
3618:
3612:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3580:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3564:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3530:Al-Watheg bellah
3395:Persian (Middle)
3184:Letter of Tansar
2860:Religious policy
2505:Madinat-ol-Khat
2321:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2019:Timeline of life
1817:Josef Wiesehöfer
1803:After coronation
1732:in Gor (current
1655:(Gor or current
1534:Sasanian dynasty
1532:and founded the
1464:According to an
1367:Pescennius Niger
1297:The remnants of
980:Bearded head of
961:
958:
887:Letter of Tansar
859:Tabari's History
727:Armenian History
707:Armenian history
540:
539:
525:
524:
511:, equivalent to
503:
318:Sasanian dynasty
278:
270:
150:
127:
85:Office abolished
46:
28:
27:
19:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5961:Kings of Persis
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5854:
5844:
5834:
5824:
5814:
5806:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5766:
5756:
5746:
5736:
5726:
5716:
5708:
5703:Kings of Persis
5700:
5670:
5665:
5658:
5648:
5638:
5628:
5618:
5608:
5598:
5588:
5580:Farrukh Hormizd
5578:
5568:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5498:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5458:
5448:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5298:
5288:
5278:
5268:
5258:
5248:
5238:
5228:
5218:
5208:
5200:
5195:Sasanian Empire
5188:
5154:
5145:
5124:
5123:
5116:
5104:
5088:Bosworth, C. E.
5086:
5080:
5059:
5053:
5032:
5024:
4999:
4979:Cameron, Averil
4975:Bowman, Alan K.
4972:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4894:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4818:
4817:
4806:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4586:
4576:
4575:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4383:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4156:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4111:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4017:Epics in Persia
4014:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3983:
3973:
3972:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3824:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3778:
3674:
3630:Tajarob-ol Omam
3604:
3586:translation of
3572:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
3546:
3448:Tajarob-ol Omam
3366:
3339:
3250:
3213:
3162:
3142:Iranian history
3131:wuzurg framadar
3059:
3053:
2902:Takht-e Jamshid
2878:
2862:
2566:Takht-e Jamshid
2538:
2414:Ostad-Ardashir
2259:
2247:Iranian Plateau
2221:at the time of
2158:Keir Collection
2142:
2137:
2030:on a column in
2021:
1983:, Northwestern
1973:
1885:
1805:
1563:
1558:
1510:security detail
1445:death, his son
1403:Clodius Albinus
1355:
1246:
1244:Kings of Persis
1238:Main articles:
1236:
1121:Iranian Plateau
974:
963:
959:
945:
911:
899:Ardasgir's Oath
841:Iranian history
816:
799:
765:Syriac language
753:
745:Cyrus the Great
703:
660:
621:
593:
581:
573:Kings of Persis
488:
421:Iranian history
314:Arsacid dynasty
296:Kings of Persis
288:Sasanian Empire
193:
169:
148:
130:Parthian Empire
113:
95:Sasanian Empire
52:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5852:
5842:
5836:Ardakhshir III
5832:
5822:
5812:
5804:
5794:
5784:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5744:
5734:
5724:
5721:(after 132 BC)
5713:
5710:
5709:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5606:
5596:
5586:
5576:
5566:
5556:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5396:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5356:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5102:
5090:, ed. (1999).
5084:
5078:
5057:
5051:
5030:
5023:
5022:External links
5020:
5019:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4983:Garnsey, Peter
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:Ardashirkhureh
4940:
4922:
4892:
4874:
4859:
4844:
4826:
4804:
4789:
4782:
4760:
4730:
4715:
4700:
4685:
4670:
4653:
4638:
4614:
4584:
4494:
4476:
4469:Pourshariati.
4461:
4446:
4422:
4407:
4392:
4366:
4344:
4339:Zoroastrianism
4329:
4311:
4296:
4270:
4222:
4217:Who Was Sasan?
4207:
4192:
4186:978-0857733092
4185:
4165:
4135:
4120:
4100:
4082:
4067:
4052:
4037:
4022:
4007:
3981:
3935:
3909:
3894:
3879:
3861:
3846:
3822:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3730:'Adud al-Dawla
3680:A view of the
3673:
3670:
3644:Middle Persian
3603:
3600:
3570:. Apparently,
3566:attributed to
3545:
3542:
3509:has mentioned
3458:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3440:
3365:
3362:
3338:
3335:
3319:Mithridates II
3249:
3246:
3238:Naqsh-e Rustam
3212:
3209:
3161:
3158:
3146:Mihrak Andigan
3115:House of Karen
3111:House of Suren
3099:Denag Bazrangi
3052:
3049:
2975:Naqsh-e Rustam
2957:Naqsh-e Rustam
2914:Zoroastrianism
2863:
2861:
2858:
2809:Naqsh-e Rustam
2729:Middle Persian
2673:Naqsh-e Rustam
2619:Zoroastrianism
2537:
2534:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2482:Veh-Ardashir (
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2258:
2255:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2020:
2017:
1972:
1969:
1884:
1881:
1875:shores of the
1804:
1801:
1649:archaeological
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1354:
1351:
1235:
1232:
1230:inscriptions.
1192:Naqsh-e Rustam
1169:translator of
1066:form "Ssn" on
953:King of Persis
944:
941:
910:
907:
879:Ibn Isfandiyar
815:
812:
798:
797:Middle Persian
795:
752:
749:
719:kings of kings
702:
699:
659:
656:
648:Middle Persian
620:
617:
592:
589:
580:
579:Historiography
577:
561:kings of kings
496:Middle Persian
487:
484:
453:Naqsh-e Rustam
434:historiography
404:who overthrew
290:. He was also
269:𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥
265:Middle Persian
256:
255:
253:Zoroastrianism
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
226:
222:
221:
219:House of Sasan
216:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
166:
162:
161:
158:
157:
151:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
122:
118:
117:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
58:King of Persis
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
26:𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5974:
5973:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5956:City founders
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5876:Ardakhshir IV
5873:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5805:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5748:Ardakhshir II
5745:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5728:Wadfradad III
5725:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5661:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5620:Yazdegerd III
5617:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4768:Frye (1984).
4764:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4631:Christensen.
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:Kettenhofen.
4450:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4045:Parikhanian.
4041:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4003:
4000:Christensen.
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:Khwaday-Namag
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:Seir-ol Moluk
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:Denag Babakan
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:Naqsh-e Rajab
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2714:Naqsh-e Rajab
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:modern period
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:Naqsh-e Rajab
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:of Iran that
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:According to
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:Tan-Ardashir
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:Buz-Ardashir
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:Rew-Ardashir
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2249:while in the
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:Naqsh-e Rajab
2093:
2092:Zin-el-Akhbar
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:War with Rome
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:and probably
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:king of kings
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1792:Naqsh-e Rajab
1789:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:According to
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Roman emperor
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:According to
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:, arose, and
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Roman emperor
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:Antiochus III
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
979:
978:
972:
968:
967:
954:
949:
942:
940:
938:
937:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
916:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
853:, which is a
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
835:
828:
824:
820:
813:
811:
809:
805:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Khwaday-Namag
637:
633:
629:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:Text remnants
590:
588:
586:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:*Arta-xšaθra-
538:
532:
529:
523:
517:
514:
510:
507:
502:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
449:Naqsh-e Rajab
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
277:اردشیر پاپکان
274:
266:
262:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
146:
143:
140:
136:
131:
126:
123:
119:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
36:
31:
20:
5896:Ardakhshir V
5895:
5866:Manchihr III
5816:Wadfradad IV
5520:Ardashir III
5380:Yazdegerd II
5209:
5140:
5135:
5129:February 242
5126:
5118:
5092:
5069:
5042:
5006:
4987:
4956:
4934:
4916:
4886:
4868:
4862:
4853:
4847:
4838:
4820:
4798:
4792:
4776:. C.H.Beck.
4771:
4763:
4754:
4724:
4723:Schippmann.
4718:
4709:
4708:Sundermann.
4703:
4694:
4688:
4679:
4673:
4647:
4641:
4632:
4608:
4578:
4577:Wiesehöfer.
4488:
4470:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4440:
4439:Schippmann.
4416:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4385:Schippmann.
4360:
4338:
4332:
4323:
4305:
4299:
4290:
4264:
4216:
4210:
4201:
4195:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4129:
4123:
4114:
4094:
4076:
4075:Wiesehöfer.
4070:
4061:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4031:
4025:
4016:
4010:
4001:
3975:
3974:Windengren.
3929:
3903:
3897:
3888:
3882:
3873:
3855:
3849:
3840:
3815:
3810:
3762:
3758:Yazdegerd II
3710:fire temples
3691:
3663:
3659:
3637:
3632:and also in
3629:
3625:
3611:
3605:
3595:
3592:Ibn Qutaybah
3587:
3579:
3575:
3563:
3562:in the book
3559:
3552:
3549:Ibn al-Nadim
3547:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3514:
3510:
3503:Al-Tha'alibi
3486:
3480:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3447:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3387:Al-Baladhuri
3382:
3379:Ibn al-Nadim
3377:
3368:
3367:
3340:
3323:
3303:
3296:
3277:
3254:
3251:
3221:petroglyphic
3214:
3193:Alexandrians
3182:
3180:
3163:
3154:Mesopotamian
3135:
3085:the Shah of
3060:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3002:
2995:inscriptions
2950:
2918:fire temples
2879:
2865:
2845:Richard Frye
2841:
2822:
2807:, carved in
2718:
2681:Artabanus IV
2649:
2626:
2615:physiognomic
2608:
2559:
2526:Veh-Ardashir
2515:
2474:Mesopotamia
2447:Veh-Ardashir
2317:
2270:inscriptions
2260:
2257:Urbanization
2251:Mesopotamian
2238:bureaucratic
2231:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2162:
2091:
2083:R. Ghirshman
2055:
2042:
2041:
2022:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1974:
1961:
1953:
1942:
1930:
1915:regions and
1886:
1877:Persian Gulf
1831:
1829:
1813:H. Taqizadeh
1809:W.B. Henning
1806:
1797:
1766:
1746:Shadh-Shapur
1726:Persian Gulf
1698:
1686:
1682:Vologases VI
1674:Artabanus IV
1660:
1652:
1638:
1615:
1576:
1517:
1498:
1482:Roman Senate
1463:
1451:Artabanus IV
1447:Vologases VI
1415:
1356:
1339:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1263:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1155:
1149:
1144:Mazdayasnian
1142:"The divine
1141:
1131:
1099:
1068:potterywares
1061:
1032:
1014:
1005:
991:
985:
976:
975:
970:
965:
964:
934:
929:
913:
912:
902:
898:
897:
891:
882:
877:
868:
867:
850:
849:
832:
801:
800:
790:
789:
784:
783:
770:
769:
754:
735:
731:Agathangelos
726:
704:
684:
675:
671:
661:
622:
597:inscriptions
594:
582:
555:
542:
530:
515:
509:*Artaxšaθra-
508:
494:form of the
489:
465:
462:inscriptions
438:
410:
399:
391:Artabanus IV
372:
353:
332:
326:
306:Artabanus IV
291:
280:
260:
259:
182:February 242
125:Artabanus IV
33:
5899:(211/2–224)
5846:Manchihr II
5653:(pretender)
5643:(pretender)
5633:(pretender)
5570:Azarmidokht
5540:Khosrow III
5443:(498/9–531)
5433:(496–498/9)
5390:Hormizd III
5340:Yazdegerd I
5310:Ardashir II
5290:Adur Narseh
5115:Ardashir I
5035:"Bābak (1)"
4915:Tafazzoli.
4852:Yarshater.
4837:Guillemin.
4693:Yarshater.
4680:Numismatics
4337:Guillemin.
3750:Yazdegerd I
3742:Mihr Narseh
3738:inscription
3654:is for the
3652:war plunder
3522:Al-Mubarrad
3513:along with
3464:available.
3315:Zoroastrian
3311:petroglyphs
3284:fire temple
3248:Numismatics
3167:shahanshahs
3127:inscription
3017:deteriorate
2991:Zoroastrian
2961:Ahura Mazda
2953:inscription
2761:Cassius Dio
2725:family tree
2665:bureaucracy
2584:Ahura Mazda
2550:Ahura Mazda
2457:Mesopotamia
2266:shahanshahs
2234:aristocracy
2218:Kushanshahr
2123:and formal
2028:inscription
1957:Gordian III
1901:Mesopotamia
1825:Mesopotamia
1730:fire temple
1706:Beth Garmai
1669:Ahura Mazda
1665:inscription
1630:Mesopotamia
1618:Vologases V
1550:Ispahbudhan
1490:philosopher
1486:extradition
1466:inscription
1391:Mesopotamia
1375:Vologases V
1335:Zoroastrian
1331:Ahura Mazda
1254:Vadfradad I
1252:Drachma of
1224:Ahura Mazda
1179:materialist
1072:Zoroastrian
988:in Pahlavi.
973:in Pahlavi.
857:rewrite of
814:New Persian
775:Mesopotamia
663:Cassius Dio
658:Greek-Roman
506:Old Iranian
492:New Persian
476:Zoroastrian
441:petroglyphs
121:Predecessor
72:Predecessor
5931:242 deaths
5926:180 births
5921:Ardashir I
5915:Categories
5826:Manchihr I
5738:Darayan II
5640:Bahram VII
5600:Khosrow IV
5590:Hormizd VI
5530:Shahrbaraz
5490:Khosrow II
5470:Khosrow II
5460:Hormizd IV
5320:Shapur III
5280:Hormizd II
5260:Bahram III
5210:Ardashir I
5015:2252019913
4955:Ardajini.
4885:Sarfaraz.
4678:Sellwood.
3889:Artaxerxes
3872:Shahbazi.
3803:References
3765:kilometers
3516:Bozorgmehr
3437:Al-Ghorreh
3393:), one of
3389:(died 279
3341:Among the
3307:Achaemenid
3292:shahanshah
3229:Khosrow II
3189:Darius III
3055:See also:
3041:Christians
3039:-language
2966:coronation
2942:coronation
2923:Achaemenid
2854:world view
2749:Darius III
2635:Artaxerxes
2623:shahanshah
2596:Achaemenid
2562:Pasargadae
2546:coronation
2438:Khuzestan
2422:Khuzestan
2406:Khuzestan
2261:The first
2169:shahanshah
2125:coronation
2113:Shahanshah
2012:Babylonian
1917:Cappadocia
1832:Shahanshah
1788:Ahuramazda
1595:Rambehesht
1468:of his in
1411:Lake Urmia
1299:Pasargadae
1278:Achaemenid
1274:Persepolis
1228:Achaemenid
1162:astronomic
1117:asceticism
1064:epigraphic
1053:Achaemenid
1021:Darius III
1012:Ferdowsi's
834:Ferdowsi's
761:Christians
673:Herodian's
628:historians
609:crockeries
603:writings,
558:Achaemenid
522:Αρταξέρξης
516:Artaxérxēs
425:Achaemenid
395:Hormozdgan
364:Darius III
351:Ferdowsi's
310:Hormozdgan
303:shahanshah
292:Ardashir V
261:Ardashir I
109:Coronation
91:Shahanshah
49:Gold dinar
22:Ardashir I
5856:Pakor III
5718:Darayan I
5630:Peroz III
5623:(632–651)
5613:(631–632)
5603:(630–636)
5593:(630–632)
5583:(630–631)
5573:(630–631)
5523:(628–630)
5503:(591–596)
5493:(591–628)
5483:(590–591)
5463:(579–590)
5453:(531–579)
5450:Khosrow I
5423:(488–496)
5413:(484–488)
5403:(459–484)
5393:(457–459)
5383:(438–457)
5373:(420–438)
5350:Shapur IV
5343:(399–420)
5333:(388–399)
5330:Bahram IV
5323:(383–388)
5313:(379–383)
5303:(309–379)
5300:Shapur II
5283:(303–309)
5273:(293–303)
5253:(274–293)
5250:Bahram II
5243:(271–274)
5233:(270–271)
5230:Hormizd I
5223:(240–270)
5213:(224–242)
5198:(224–651)
5136:New title
4867:Luschey.
4819:Lokonin.
4753:Lokonin.
4607:Daryaee.
4400:Hansman.
4359:Daryaee.
4289:Lokonin.
4128:Daryaee.
4113:Daryaee.
4093:Daryaee.
4060:Mashkur.
4030:Sharifi.
3887:Schmitt.
3854:Daryaee.
3839:Daryaee.
3722:Firuzabad
3714:Al-Masudi
3706:Artabanus
3686:Firuzabad
3660:Shahnameh
3639:Shahnameh
3568:Al-Asma'i
3526:Al-Ma'mun
3518:'s Quotes
3499:Al-Tabari
3491:Khosrow I
3487:Farsnameh
3477:Al-Masudi
3444:Miskawayh
3350:Khosrow I
3261:Parthians
3225:Shapur II
3217:Sasanians
3191:from the
3009:Al-Masudi
2983:khvarenah
2971:Firuzabad
2872:Al-Masudi
2849:Khosrow I
2825:genealogy
2813:Artabanus
2766:Caracalla
2745:Al-Tabari
2669:Firuzabad
2660:Kayanians
2652:khvarenah
2640:Parthians
2611:onomastic
2604:Seleucids
2554:Firuzabad
2522:Asoristan
2518:Al-Tabari
2418:Characene
2389:Khuzestan
2384:Ramhormoz
2350:Firuzabad
2313:Khosrow I
2304:dastkerts
2298:dastkerts
2292:dastkerts
2281:dastkerts
2214:Turgistan
2121:Ctesiphon
2105:Artabanus
2088:Firuzabad
2071:Parthians
2045:Farvardin
1821:Ctesiphon
1758:Characene
1754:Khuzestan
1734:Firuzabad
1702:Ctesiphon
1657:Firuzabad
1579:Al-Tabari
1556:Biography
1474:Caracalla
1430:Ctesiphon
1418:Euphrates
1314:Alexander
1240:Frataraka
1212:Shahnameh
1204:Shahnameh
1175:Christian
1171:Khosrow I
1167:Surianian
1109:mysticist
1100:Shahnameh
1041:Kayanians
1016:Shahnameh
1000:, son of
994:Al-Tabari
931:Al-Masudi
927:history.
873:governors
869:Farsnameh
837:Shahnameh
779:Parthians
741:Herodotus
711:Sassanian
695:Ctesiphon
691:Khosrow I
685:Although
680:Sassanian
644:Sassanian
585:Sassanian
569:Frataraka
556:Three of
486:Etymology
445:Firuzabad
430:Kayanians
417:khvarenah
355:Shahnameh
341:, son of
329:Al-Tabari
156:(240–242)
138:Successor
115:Ctesiphon
82:Successor
67:211/2–224
5778:Pakor II
5510:Kavad II
5370:Bahram V
5240:Bahram I
5220:Shapur I
5152:Shapur I
5146:224–242
4985:(eds.).
4215:Shakki.
3928:Bayani.
3902:Sharpp.
3776:See also
3769:Parthian
3754:Bahram V
3694:Sasanian
3634:Ferdowsi
3507:Al-Jahiz
3403:Persians
3343:Sasanian
3280:Sasanian
3242:Shapur I
3233:Parthian
3175:Sasanian
3138:Sasanian
3095:Sakastan
3083:Ardashir
3079:Khorasan
3075:Nishapur
3029:Parthian
2999:Bishapur
2931:Parthian
2927:Hellenic
2906:Shapur I
2893:Sasanian
2778:Fereydun
2757:Herodian
2656:Shahbazi
2644:Iranians
2571:Sasanian
2530:Shapur I
2524:titled "
2452:Beharsir
2368:Reyshahr
2309:Kavadh I
2286:Parthian
2275:dastkert
2263:Sasanian
2223:Shapur I
2206:Sakastan
2194:Nishapur
2180:Parthian
2165:Sasanian
2117:Iranians
2075:Seleucid
2036:Sasanian
2032:Bishapur
2025:Shapur's
2008:Egyptian
1965:Shapur I
1949:autonomy
1905:Nusaybin
1897:Persians
1893:Sasanian
1852:Parthian
1777:Bishapur
1773:Shapur I
1718:Adiabene
1704:called "
1634:Parthian
1609:, local
1599:Bazrangi
1542:Armenian
1513:Macrinus
1496:anyway.
1422:Seleucia
1407:Adiabene
1399:Nusaybin
1383:Herodian
1379:Parthian
1359:Commodus
1306:Seleucid
1291:Arsacids
1266:Sasanian
1208:Karnamag
1200:Karnamag
1158:Agathias
1096:Shapur I
1045:Darius I
1025:governor
925:Sasanian
915:Tabari's
845:Sasanian
757:Sasanian
715:Armenian
701:Armenian
687:Agathias
667:Parthian
528:Armenian
480:Iranians
300:Parthian
249:Religion
207:Shapur I
170:Tiruda,
154:Shapur I
149:Co-ruler
142:Shapur I
5951:Istakhr
5768:Pakor I
5758:Wahshir
5650:Narsieh
5500:Vistahm
5440:Kavad I
5420:Kavad I
5400:Peroz I
5360:Khosrow
5193:of the
5068:(ed.).
5041:(ed.).
4967:Sources
4799:Foruhar
3698:Islamic
3648:Islamic
3628:called
3622:Persian
3469:Islamic
3467:In the
3411:Indians
3358:Persian
3327:Daryaee
3181:In the
3119:Spahbed
3071:Satarop
2897:Persian
2889:Istakhr
2885:Anahita
2817:Ahriman
2737:Persian
2721:Istakhr
2685:Ahriman
2600:Daryaee
2598:shahs.
2592:Anahita
2590:" and "
2509:Bahrain
2494:Kerman
2490:Bardsir
2331:Islamic
2079:312 B.C
2063:Istakhr
2047:58, 2-
1938:Persian
1925:Armenia
1645:Persian
1607:Gochihr
1591:Anahita
1583:Istakhr
1569:Map of
1528:in the
1526:Arsaces
1494:Armenia
1455:Hamadan
1426:Babylon
1395:Osroene
1347:Khwasak
1326:Aramaic
1318:Molon's
1270:Istakhr
1183:atheist
1138:Hamadan
1133:drachma
1130:Silver
1105:Islamic
1086:in the
1080:Semitic
1037:Daryaee
917:History
855:Persian
827:Hamadan
823:Drachma
709:in the
676:History
642:of the
636:Persian
619:Reports
601:leather
537:Արտաշէս
531:Artašēs
526:), and
457:Ahriman
406:Gochihr
393:in the
383:Gochihr
375:Istakhr
308:on the
294:of the
285:Iranian
273:Persian
168:Unknown
104:224–242
93:of the
5886:Shapur
5788:Nambad
5430:Jamasp
5410:Balash
5270:Narseh
5191:Rulers
5125:
5100:
5076:
5049:
5013:
4995:
4780:
4646:Frye.
4487:Frye.
4415:Frye.
4322:Frye.
4304:Frye.
4263:Frye.
4200:Frye.
4183:
4015:Safa.
3746:vizier
3702:Arabic
3608:Arabic
3584:Arabic
3555:Shapur
3421:Shapur
3407:Romans
3399:Arabic
3354:Arabic
3337:Legacy
3299:Shapur
3205:Aniran
3197:Romans
3123:Herbad
3091:Kerman
3037:Syriac
3033:Shapur
2946:Salmas
2837:Avesta
2774:Shapur
2733:Arabic
2693:Avesta
2631:Darius
2484:Kerman
2243:feudal
2227:Narseh
2210:Makran
2202:Kerman
2150:Dastur
1981:Salmas
1977:Shapur
1934:Arabic
1913:Syrian
1909:Harran
1873:Arabic
1861:Kushan
1857:Romans
1844:Trajan
1762:Tigris
1750:Spahan
1722:Kerman
1714:Kirkuk
1710:Syriac
1678:Romans
1641:Arabic
1521:dinars
1506:Harran
1461:land.
1459:Median
1342:Shapur
1113:hermit
1092:Taxila
1084:Ugarit
1076:Avesta
921:Arabic
909:Arabic
863:Arabic
751:Syriac
652:Arabic
632:Arabic
625:Muslim
605:papyri
472:Aryans
467:Avesta
387:Shapur
381:named
239:Mother
225:Father
195:Murrod
187:Spouse
174:, Pars
76:Shapur
5798:Napad
5610:Boran
5563:(630)
5553:(630)
5550:Boran
5543:(630)
5533:(630)
5513:(628)
5473:(590)
5363:(420)
5353:(420)
5293:(309)
5263:(293)
5127:Died:
5064:. In
5037:. In
4202:Babak
3744:(the
3734:mints
3728:king
3726:Buyid
3495:Papak
3471:era,
3415:Arabs
3391:Hijri
3385:that
3373:shahs
3346:shahs
3288:Mazda
3257:Papak
3150:Roman
3103:Rodag
3067:shahs
3001:. In
2987:Roman
2881:Papak
2833:Sasan
2794:Turan
2697:Aryan
2588:Mitra
2579:shahs
2470:Mosul
2434:Basra
2402:Ahvaz
2372:Fars
2101:Mazda
2067:Papak
1945:Hatra
1889:Latin
1865:Turan
1840:Hatra
1708:" in
1628:, on
1603:Papak
1597:from
1587:Sasan
1546:Suren
1502:Erbil
1478:Latin
1442:Papak
1438:Syria
1434:Hatra
1286:shahs
1276:, an
1057:shahs
1031:. In
1002:Sasan
998:Papak
982:Papak
565:Shahs
513:Greek
498:name
413:Mazda
402:Papak
360:Sasan
343:Sasan
339:Papak
243:Rodag
233:Sasan
229:Pabag
214:House
202:Issue
191:Denag
101:Reign
64:Reign
5098:ISBN
5074:ISBN
5047:ISBN
5011:ISBN
4993:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4181:ISBN
3756:and
3718:shah
3656:shah
3501:and
3485:and
3413:and
3265:Shah
3215:The
3201:Iran
3171:Iran
3087:Merv
3045:Mani
3025:Jews
2977:and
2929:and
2910:shah
2815:and
2790:Iraj
2788:and
2782:Salm
2759:and
2741:Rome
2731:and
2689:Iran
2683:and
2675:and
2633:and
2613:and
2586:", "
2564:and
2355:Fars
2333:era
2311:and
2216:and
2204:and
2198:Marw
2173:shah
2059:shah
2049:Azar
1985:Iran
1869:Merv
1863:and
1846:and
1742:Susa
1611:shah
1571:Pars
1548:and
1470:Susa
1424:and
1397:and
1387:Rome
1369:and
1242:and
1210:and
1202:and
1181:and
1111:and
1051:the
1047:and
1029:Pars
977:Rev:
966:Obv:
705:The
634:and
607:and
571:and
551:Asha
451:and
379:shah
368:Pars
349:and
322:Iran
179:Died
172:Khir
165:Born
3740:of
3636:'s
3446:'s
3207:".
3081:),
2997:in
2955:in
2887:in
2866:In
2786:Tur
2499:10
2115:of
2065:by
2061:of
2043:1-
1790:at
1190:in
933:'s
881:'s
763:in
729:by
549:or
547:Ṛta
443:in
331:'s
231:or
112:226
5917::
4981:;
4977:;
4943:^
4925:^
4895:^
4877:^
4829:^
4807:^
4733:^
4656:^
4617:^
4587:^
4497:^
4479:^
4425:^
4369:^
4347:^
4314:^
4273:^
4225:^
4138:^
4103:^
4085:^
3984:^
3938:^
3912:^
3864:^
3825:^
3752:,
3540:.
3505:.
3409:,
3405:,
3219:'
3077:,
3007:,
2973:,
2925:,
2870:,
2784:,
2671:,
2486:)
2479:9
2463:8
2443:7
2427:6
2411:5
2395:4
2377:3
2361:2
2341:1
2315:.
2212:,
2200:,
2196:,
2175:.
2156:.
2081:.
1624:,
1540:,
1377:,
1361:,
1316:,
1049:II
957:c.
905:.
810:.
767:.
747:.
725:.
682:.
615:.
599:,
436:.
370:.
324:.
275::
271:;
267::
5695:e
5688:t
5681:v
5183:e
5176:t
5169:v
5106:.
5082:.
5055:.
5017:.
5001:.
4959:.
4937:.
4919:.
4889:.
4871:.
4856:.
4841:.
4823:.
4801:.
4786:.
4757:.
4727:.
4712:.
4697:.
4682:.
4667:.
4650:.
4635:.
4611:.
4581:.
4491:.
4473:.
4458:.
4443:.
4419:.
4404:.
4389:.
4363:.
4341:.
4326:.
4308:.
4293:.
4267:.
4219:.
4204:.
4189:.
4162:.
4132:.
4117:.
4097:.
4079:.
4064:.
4049:.
4034:.
4019:.
4004:.
3978:.
3932:.
3906:.
3891:.
3876:.
3858:.
3843:.
3450:.
3195:(
3019:.
2735:-
2582:"
2556:)
1936:-
1834:(
1794:.
1643:-
1573:.
1260:.
1152:.
962:.
630:(
533:(
518:(
263:(
132:)
128:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
