1949:
63:
1881:. But those created by Areimanius, who were equal in number to the others, pierced through the egg and made their way inside; hence evils are now combined with good. But a destined time shall come when it is decreed that Areimanius, engaged in bringing on pestilence and famine, shall by these be utterly annihilated and shall disappear; and then shall the earth become a level plain, and there shall be one manner of life and one form of government for a blessed people who shall all speak one tongue. — Plutarch
1937:
2063:
2675:
2837:, whose church was next door to the M. F. Cama Athornan Institute, the premier school for Zoroastrian priests. That the opinions of the Zoroastrian priesthood were barely represented in the debates that ensued was to some extent since the priesthood spoke Gujarati and not English, but also because they were (at the time) poorly equipped to debate with a classically trained theologian on his footing. Wilson had even taught himself Avestan.
2248:
2712:
1204:
580:
1648:
2079:
168:
1912:
1873:
is
Honourable. But Areimanius created rivals, as it were, equal to these in number. Then Oromazes enlarged himself to thrice his former size, and removed himself as far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One star he set there before all others as a guardian and watchman, the
1872:
Oromazes, born from the purest light, and
Areimanius, born from darkness, are constantly at war with each other; and Oromazes created six gods, the first of Good Thought, the second of Truth, the third of Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, and one the Artificer of Pleasure in what
2219:
of Bombay since it provided a defense against
Christian missionary rhetoric, particularly the attacks on the Zoroastrian idea of an uncreated Evil that was as uncreated as God was. Following Haug, the Bombay Parsis began to defend themselves in the English-language press. The argument was that Angra
2141:
Zurvanism revokes
Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit and the "uncreated creator" of all and reduces him to a created spirit, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary spirit. Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and
2202:
30.3 that subsequently influenced
Zoroastrian doctrine significantly. According to Haug's interpretation, the "twin spirits" of 30.3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, the former being literally the "Destructive Spirit" and the latter being the "Bounteous Spirit" (of Ahura Mazda). Further, in
1896:, Plutarch has the Persian king invoke Arimanius by name, asking the god to cause the king's enemies to behave in such a way as to drive away their own best men; de Jong (1997) doubted that a Persian king would pray to his own national religion's god of evil, particularly in public.
1761:, the destructive spirit. Angra Mainyu was the source of all sin and misery in the universe. Zoroaster claimed that Ahura Mazda used the aid of humans in the cosmic struggle against Angra Mainyu. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is Angra Mainyu's superior, not his equal. Angra Mainyu and his
1974:
were
Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda. The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings. The most notable of all the inscriptions is the
2282:) through whom after he sacrificed himself to defend the world of light was consumed by the forces of darkness. Although Ormuzd is freed from the world of darkness his "sons", often called his garments or weapons, remain. After a series of events, his sons, later known as the
2846:
For a scholastic review of the theological developments in Indian
Zoroastrianism, particularly concerning the devaluation of Angra Mainyu to a position where the (epitome of) pure evil became viewed as a creation of Mazda (and so compromised their figure of pure good), see
2286:, will, for the most part, escape from matter and return to the world of light where they came from. Manicheans often identified many of Mani's cosmological figures with Zoroastrian ones. This may partly be because Mani was born in the greatly Zoroastrian Parthian Empire.
2224:
to be evil. Consequently, Haug's theories were disseminated as a Parsi interpretation in the West, where they appeared to be corroborating Haug. Reinforcing themselves, Haug's ideas came to be iterated so often that they are today almost universally accepted as doctrine.
2053:
period and the beginning of the
Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda remained symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture.
2044:
It is known that the reverence for Ahura Mazda, as well as
Anahita and Mithra, continued with the same traditions during this period. The worship of Ahura Mazda with symbolic images is noticed, but it stopped within the Sassanid period. Zoroastrian
1744:. As a result of this vision, Zoroaster felt that he was chosen to spread and preach the religion. He stated that this source of all goodness was the Ahura, worthy of the highest worship. He further stated that Ahura Mazda created spirits known as
1415:. In the Achaemenid period, there are no known representations of Ahura Mazda at the royal court other than the custom for every emperor to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses to invite Ahura Mazda to accompany the
3062:
Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb
Classical Library. pp. 46–47; available online: Plutarch (1936). Isis and Osiris. LacusCurtius. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp.
2009:
The early Achaemenid period contained no representation of Ahura Mazda. The winged symbol with a male figure formerly regarded by European scholars as Ahura Mazda has been now speculated to represent the royal
2690:
king of kings"/ Pahlavi inscription: "Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to
1789:" as one of the two rivals who were the artificers of good and evil. In terms of sense perception, Oromazes was to be compared to light, and Arimanius to darkness and ignorance; between these was
2244:). According to William W. Malandra both Varuna (in Vedic period) and Ahura Mazda (in old Iranian religion) represented same Indo-Iranian concept of a supreme "wise, all-knowing lord".
2174:
verse "Whom, Mazda hast thou appointed my protector". Zoroastrian prayers are to be said in the presence of light, either in the form of fire or the sun. In the Iranian languages
2032:
of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 5th century BC. Under Artaxerxes II, the first literary reference, as well as a statue of Ahura Mazda, was built by a Persian governor of
1597:
1732:
According to Zoroastrian tradition, at the age of 30, Zoroaster received a revelation: while fetching water at dawn for a sacred ritual, he saw the shining figure of the
3934:
608:
2006:
Persepolis Fortification Tablets dated between 509–494 BC, offerings to Ahura Mazda are recorded in tablets #377, #338 (notably alongside Mitra), #339, and #771.
2215:
to be evil. Although these latter conclusions were not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition, at the time, Haug's interpretation was gratefully accepted by the
1585:
1573:
2211:
45.9 as an accommodation to explain where Angra Mainyu came from since Ahura Mazda created only good. The free will made it possible for Angra Mainyu to
1517:
1948:
4448:
2131:
1419:
on battles. Images of Ahura Mazda, however, were present from the 5th century BC but were stopped and replaced with stone-carved figures in the
3901:
1407:), Ahura Mazda was worshipped and invoked alone in all extant royal inscriptions. With Artaxerxes II, Ahura Mazda was gathered in a triad with
3861:
3794:
3648:
3628:
3608:
3588:
3559:
3539:
3519:
3467:
3347:
3224:
1237:
601:
530:
2233:
Some scholars (Kuiper. IIJ I, 1957; Zimmer. Münchner Studien 1984:187–215) believe that Ahura Mazda originates from *vouruna-miθra, or
4463:
2964:
1740:, who led Zoroaster to the presence of Ahura Mazda, where he was taught the cardinal principles of the "Good Religion" later known as
1195:
3841:
3711:
3693:
2935:
1695:
2145:
Besides Zurvanism, the Sassanian kings demonstrated their devotion to Ahura Mazda in different fashions. Five kings took the name
3145:
2300:(Sogdian was written without a consistent representation of vowels) was the name used in place of Ahura Mazda. Via contacts with
1857:), which was to be pounded in a mortar and mixed with the blood of a sacrificed wolf. The substance was then carried to a place "
890:
786:
594:
3108:
1673:
4443:
4350:
2789:
1919:
of Ahriman, Ahura Mazda's opposing deity found at the mithraeum of C. Valerius Heracles and sons, dedicated 190
1861:" and cast therein. He adds that "water-rats" belong to this god, and therefore proficient rat-killers are fortunate men.
3939:
1983:
which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found in a late Achaemenid temple at
1911:
1669:
1523:
1440:
2160:
All devotional acts in Zoroastrianism originating from the Sassanian period begin with homage to Ahura Mazda. The five
4198:
3804:
Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III",
1514:
560:
540:
1658:
37:"Hormazd", "Hormozd", and "Hurmuzd" redirect here. For persons with these names, such as several Sassanid kings, see
3241:
3894:
866:
678:
1677:
1662:
2919:
2154:
1462:
1230:
62:
3851:
3457:
2146:
2025:
1812:, the name of the Greek ruler of the underworld used most commonly in texts and inscriptions pertaining to the
1416:
1048:
38:
4335:
4278:
3944:
2956:
1451:
1330:
515:
151:
2780:
1487:
1183:
278:
3529:
2274:("god Ahura Mazda") was used for the primal figure Nāšā Qaḏmāyā, the "original man" and emanation of the
1716:, who proclaimed Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit, wholly wise, benevolent, and sound, as well as the
4453:
3949:
3887:
3116:
2834:
2016:, the personification of divine power and regal glory. However, it was customary for every emperor from
1813:
565:
468:
1936:
2630:
abarînkuhantavãn ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of maintaining the origin of the creations.")
4458:
4371:
4256:
2679:
2338:
1976:
1941:
1837:
1389:
1223:
831:
693:
520:
463:
2275:
2062:
1080:
928:
880:
490:
2980:
2674:
323:
4364:
3821:
3737:
2342:
2203:
Haug's scheme, Angra Mainyu was now not Ahura Mazda's binary opposite, but—like Spenta Mainyu—an
791:
781:
403:
333:
3432:
3857:
3837:
3790:
3707:
3689:
3644:
3624:
3604:
3584:
3555:
3549:
3535:
3515:
3509:
3463:
3409:
3405:
3343:
3337:
3220:
2960:
2931:
2171:
1971:
1809:
1557:
1553:
1378:
1143:
811:
2326:) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.
1712:
religion, he had not yet been given the title of "uncreated spirit". This title was given by
4468:
3926:
3813:
3782:
3766:
3729:
2992:
2768:
2725:
2362:
2346:
2290:
2096:
2003:
1980:
1817:
1794:
1469:
1428:
1393:
1321:
1302:
1258:
1075:
1003:
957:
914:
895:
776:
658:
495:
318:
313:
2024:
to have an empty chariot drawn by white horses as a place for Ahura Mazda to accompany the
4318:
4308:
4129:
4065:
2871:
2717:
2683:
2314:
2247:
2234:
2175:
2127:
2050:
2017:
1494:
1480:
1420:
1208:
1168:
1023:
923:
584:
67:
2633:
abarîn-nô-tavã ("Of the most exalted rank in the power of rendering the creations anew.")
3500:
The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India
4403:
4268:
4214:
4188:
4119:
2927:
2804:
2301:
2179:
2167:
2119:
2071:
1996:
1903:
on Persian kings in Plutarch's writing, and thus dubious evidence for actual behavior.
1889:
asserted that the passage shows a "fairly accurate" knowledge of basic Zoroastrianism.
1741:
1609:
1498:
1353:
1188:
938:
933:
875:
796:
771:
418:
413:
363:
303:
159:
104:
71:
4437:
4104:
3741:
3498:
2735:
2687:
2251:
2241:
2220:
Mainyu was not Mazda's binary opposite but his subordinate, who—as in Zurvanism also—
1733:
1717:
1709:
1397:
1345:
1008:
976:
756:
703:
535:
328:
233:
4136:
1899:
According to Plutarch, the king then made a sacrifice and got drunk – essentially a
4381:
4359:
4205:
3910:
3151:
2821:
2740:
2204:
2108:
1924:
1854:
1627:
1613:
1506:
1458:
1033:
1013:
905:
885:
846:
841:
801:
423:
408:
368:
298:
293:
258:
124:
3638:
3618:
3598:
3578:
3214:
4386:
4236:
4231:
4219:
4193:
3984:
3954:
3921:
3150:. Translated by Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. pp. 46–47 – via
2283:
2267:
2195:
2082:
1900:
1647:
1549:
1148:
1105:
1100:
1038:
1028:
900:
733:
718:
643:
453:
308:
3770:
2711:
1497:
noun). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit and, like its
1203:
579:
4176:
4161:
3786:
3476:
3165:
2996:
2833:
Most prominent of these voices was that of the Scottish Presbyterian minister
2707:
2100:
2067:
2046:
2021:
1984:
1920:
1886:
1843:
The Arimanius ritual required an otherwise-unknown plant that Plutarch calls "
1821:
1737:
1424:
1120:
1017:
728:
683:
668:
398:
288:
198:
79:
3326:
William W. Malandra. An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion. 1983. p. 46
4313:
4263:
4036:
2894:
2330:
2279:
2150:
2123:
2104:
2012:
1956:
1916:
1878:
1865:
1786:
1782:
1713:
1620:
1349:
1110:
723:
698:
648:
448:
443:
208:
188:
167:
3757:
Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), "Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?",
3170:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule
2078:
1804:
In describing a ritual to Arimanius, Plutarch says the god was invoked as
1569:
1565:
1561:
17:
4396:
4391:
4376:
4330:
4273:
4226:
4070:
4026:
4021:
3141:
3130:
3104:
2293:
2255:
2135:
1798:
1778:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1158:
1153:
998:
761:
713:
353:
348:
253:
3426:
3249:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 151, 771.
4408:
4340:
4293:
4251:
4210:
4156:
4124:
4109:
4090:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4016:
4011:
2692:
2350:
2337:
as an important deity in their pantheon of gods. He is thought to be a
2334:
2309:
2305:
2086:
1992:
1758:
1624:
1412:
1125:
1090:
971:
821:
751:
673:
653:
473:
393:
373:
213:
139:
3825:
1370:
1364:
4420:
4166:
4141:
4080:
4075:
3874:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 683–684
3806:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3752:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683
3492:, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687
3137:. Translated by Thayer, Bill. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 46–47;
2983:(2005). "Indo-Iranian elements in Fenno-Ugric mythological lexicon".
2730:
2237:
2216:
2153:
created the title of "Ohrmazd-mowbad", which was continued after the
2091:
2029:
1988:
1952:
1874:
1790:
1745:
1510:
1408:
1115:
1095:
1043:
836:
826:
708:
688:
629:
525:
483:
478:
338:
283:
238:
114:
75:
3551:
The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion
3188:
Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature
2162:
3817:
3779:
F.B.J. Kuiper Selected Writings on Indian Linguistics and Philology
3733:
3431:, except in the sense that death might be considered a bad thing –
4323:
4303:
4246:
4171:
4151:
4097:
4056:
3991:
3979:
3422:
3216:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
2953:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
2922:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
2745:
2673:
2246:
2077:
2061:
2033:
2028:
on battles. The use of images of Ahura Mazda began in the western
1947:
1935:
1910:
1850:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1805:
1753:
1708:
Even though it is speculated that Ahura Mazda was a spirit in the
1358:
1085:
663:
358:
343:
248:
243:
31:
3856:, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
3462:, vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
2872:"Ahura Mazda | Definition of Ahura Mazda by Merriam-Webster"
2686:
inscription: "The Mazda worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great
4345:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4241:
4146:
4085:
4051:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3969:
2696:
2112:
1766:
1721:
1377:
The first notable invocation of Ahura Mazda occurred during the
966:
816:
766:
203:
193:
3883:
3879:
3531:
Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions
4413:
4183:
2118:
During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical and divergent form of
1641:
1270:
943:
806:
3675:
Boyce, Mary (2001), "Mithra the King and Varuna the Master",
2564:
bât-girdtum ("Transformer of air into girad, i.e. gathered.")
1793:
the Mediator. Arimanius received offerings that pertained to
1757:
who deserved no worship. These "bad" deities were created by
1751:
to aid him. Zoroaster proclaimed that some Iranian gods were
2552:âdhar-namgar ("Water of fire, i.e. transformer into water.")
2207:
of Him. Haug also interpreted the concept of a free will of
1816:, and in Greek dramatists and philosophers of Athens in the
1356:. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the
4114:
2794:
2341:
deity, a combination of the autochthonous Armenian figures
1820:. Turcan notes that Plutarch makes of Arimanius "a sort of
1293:
1273:
1261:
3853:
The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700
3704:
The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts
3459:
The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700
3668:
History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians
3511:
Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus
3425:
was the ruler of the dead or shades, but not an evil god
2618:
padhamãnî ("Maintainer of padman, i.e. the golden mean.")
1999:
makes this invocation Ahuramazda again during his reign.
1450:("to engender, beget"), and therefore it is cognate with
1284:
30:"Ormuzd" redirects here. For the kingdom of Ohrmuzd, see
2549:âdhar-bâtgar ("Air of fire, i.e. transformer into air.")
1765:, which attempt to attract humans away from the Path of
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3748:
Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), "Ahura",
3010:
3008:
3006:
2567:âdhar-kîbarît-tum ("Transformer of fire into jewels.")
2387:
bûnastah ("The origin of the formation of the world.")
3404:
For distinctions in usage between the two names, see
2066:
Ahura Mazda (on the right, with high crown) presents
1335:
1315:
1287:
1264:
3781:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 321–330.
3640:
The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research
2669:
frashôgar ("Restorer through increase of the soul.")
2576:
gel-âdhargar ("Transformer of the earth into fire.")
2540:
mînô-stîgar ("Creator of the Universe spiritually.")
1540:
1534:
1527:
1290:
3481:
History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period
3077:. Translated by Simmonds, F. London, UK: Heinemann.
2582:
gel-namgar ("Transformer of the earth into water.")
2258:with Ahuramazda on the reverse (Greek legend ωΡΟΜ,
1987:, which invoked Ahura Mazda and two other deities,
1513:". Both the Avestan and the Sanskrit words reflect
1281:
1278:
1267:
135:
130:
120:
110:
100:
86:
46:
3620:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z
3570:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
2579:gel-vâdhgar ("Transformer of the earth into air.")
1877:. Twenty-four other gods he created and placed in
1824:Pluto". Plutarch, however, names the Greek god as
94:
2600:a-garâgargar ("Creator of clusters of the stars")
2138:, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult.
1634:, but that interpretation is very controversial.
3050:
2429:âwzâ ("Causer of increase. The Lord of purity")
3342:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 327–328.
2555:bât-âdhargar ("Transformer of air into fire.")
2126:, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the
3895:
3812:, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 52–61,
3720:Kent, Roland G. (1945), "Old Persian Texts",
3386:
3181:
3179:
2594:garâgargar ("Creator of the entire creation")
2561:bât-gelgar ("Transformer of air into earth.")
2558:bât-namgar ("Transformer of air into water.")
1231:
602:
8:
3456:Andrea, Alfred; Overfield, James H. (2000),
2570:bâtgarjâi ("Who creates air in all places.")
3850:Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000),
3777:Kuiper, F. B. J. (1997). "Avestan Mazdā-".
3336:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999).
2816:For an explanation of the approximation of
2624:h'udhâvañd ("Lord-Master of the Universe.")
2615:frashûtanâ ("Eternal protector-increaser.")
2543:a-mînôgar ("Creator of much spirituality.")
2349:and the Iranian Ahura Mazda. In modern-day
2170:that "Ohrmazd is Lord" and incorporate the
1676:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3902:
3888:
3880:
2657:h'arehmand ("Full of khoreh, i.e. glory.")
2654:rayomañd ("Full of rae-lustre-splendour.")
2639:vaspâr ("Bringer of and attainer to all.")
2573:âwtum ("Creator of most excessive water.")
2525:snâyâ ("Recognizable, worth recognition.")
2465:harnekfareh ("All good auspicious-glory.")
1238:
1224:
862:
620:
609:
595:
166:
146:
61:
3213:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
2636:vaspãn ("Attainer to all the creations.")
2531:a-bîsh ("Without affliction or torment.")
2408:an-ayâfah ("Incomprehensible by anyone.")
1696:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:, the name was either depicted using the
1475:'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form
3870:Schlerath, Bernfried (1983), "Ahurānī",
3836:, New Haven: American Oriental Society,
3410:Pluto in Greek literature and philosophy
3339:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3200:
3038:
2695:holding investiture wreath and sceptre.
2513:framãn-kãm ("Only wish is His command.")
2049:, which can be traced to the end of the
1584:). In Parthian, the name was written as
1423:and later removed altogether through an
3503:, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute
3397:
3362:
3302:
3278:
3075:Orpheus: A general history of religions
2863:
2757:
2663:kerfagar ("Lord of meritorious deeds.")
1944:contains many references to Ahura Mazda
956:
913:
865:
628:
158:
3677:Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80.
3314:
2848:
2597:a-garâgar ("Creator of four elements")
2480:pazohadhad ("Creator of good nature.")
2441:âyaîn-âyânah ("Not of various kinds.")
43:
3684:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938),
3266:
3026:
3014:
2926:(First American ed.). New York:
2803:
2767:
2492:â-sitôh ("Undefeated, undistressed.")
2411:ham-ayâfah ("Comprehensible of all.")
74:depicting Ahura Mazda presenting the
7:
3834:Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon
3374:
3290:
3219:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
3094:originally published 1989 in French.
2468:beshtarnâ ("Remover of affliction.")
2414:âdharô ("Most straight, most just.")
2130:, most notably the royal lineage of
1674:adding citations to reliable sources
3488:Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazdā",
2924:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
2378:harvasp-h'udhâ ("The Lord of all.")
2070:(left) with the ring of kingship. (
1472:, with the meaning 'lord, prince'.
1325:
1306:
531:Zoroastrianism in the United States
3119:– via Penelope.UChicago.edu.
2438:âyânah ("Protector of the world.")
2103:, with Ahura Mazda presenting the
1439:The most likely etymology is from
1362:. The literal meaning of the word
1196:Portrayals of God in popular media
25:
2546:mînô-nahab ("Hidden in Spirits.")
2477:farashak ("Fulfiller of wishes.")
2402:abravañt ("Apart from everyone.")
2198:proposed a new interpretation of
1840:("The Hidden One") and darkness.
3508:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1992),
3243:Persepolis Fortification Tablets
2710:
2495:raxôh ("Independent, carefree.")
2405:parvañdah ("Relation with all.")
2390:frâxtañtah ("Broad end of all.")
2353:, Aramazd is a male first name.
2308:, this Sogdian name came to the
1769:, would eventually be defeated.
1646:
1352:in the ancient Iranian religion
1257:
1202:
578:
3722:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3643:, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP,
3406:Pluto in the mysteries and cult
2627:ahuramazda ("Lord Omniscient.")
2588:garôgar ("Bestower of wishes.")
2585:gargar ("Artisan of artisans.")
2486:awaxshâyâ ("Bestower of Love.")
2462:har-hemît ("All good-natured.")
2432:nâshâ ("Reaching all equally.")
27:Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
4449:Names of God in Zoroastrianism
3679:, Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257
3623:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
2612:âmushthushyâr ("Intelligent.")
2522:hamârnâ ("Taker of accounts.")
2498:varûn ("Protector from evil.")
2166:start with the declaration in
1533:, literally meaning "placing (
1:
3548:Frye, Richard Nelson (1996),
3497:Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997),
3090:The Cults of the Roman Empire
2666:buxtâr ("Redeemer, saviour.")
2489:awarzâ ("Excessive bringer.")
2459:husipâs ("Worthy of thanks.")
2399:tum-afayah ("Most innocent.")
2396:parjahtarah ("More exalted.")
2381:abadah ("Without beginning.")
2372:harvasp-tavãn ("Omnipotent.")
2107:of sovereignty on the right.
1960:
1401:
1382:
3583:, Harvard University Press,
3554:, Markus Wiener Publishers,
2795:
2651:dâdhâr ("The just creator.")
2510:kãme-rat ("Lord of wishes.")
2423:cimnâ ("Reason of reasons.")
2375:harvasp-âgâh ("Omniscient.")
2369:yazat ("Worthy of worship.")
2312:, who still name this deity
1808:gives the identification as
1619:The name may be attested on
3617:Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995),
3603:, Oxford University Press,
3051:Andrea & Overfield 2000
2985:Indogermanische Forschungen
2534:a-frâzdum ("Most exalted.")
2504:awe-frîftah ("Undeceived.")
2471:tarônîs ("The triumphant.")
2450:mînôtum ("Most invisible.")
2444:an-âyanah ("Without form.")
2157:and through Islamic times.
1336:
1316:
561:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
541:Persecution of Zoroastrians
4485:
3771:10.1163/000000076790079465
3637:Nigosian, Solomon (1993),
3572:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ
3528:Corduan, Winfried (1998),
3514:, University of Michigan,
3172:. Brill. pp. 458–459.
2899:World History Encyclopedia
2784:
2645:ahû ("Lord of the world.")
2609:a-h'uãn ("Without sleep.")
2603:a-gûmãn ("Without doubt.")
2591:garâgar ("Creator of man")
2537:hamcûn ("Always uniform.")
2519:â-framôsh ("Unforgetful.")
2501:a-frîpah ("Undeceivable.")
2417:gîrâ ("Holding fast all.")
2393:jamakh ("Greatest cause.")
2384:awî-añjâm ("Without end.")
2360:
2190:Present-day Zoroastrianism
2182:, the sun is still called
2142:only contrasting spirits.
2089:on the left as the patron
1859:where the sun never shines
1727:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1427:movement supported by the
36:
29:
4464:Persian words and phrases
3965:
3917:
3787:10.1163/9789004653764_012
3686:History of Zoroastrianism
3240:Hallock, Richard (1969).
3186:de Jong, A. (1997).
3168:& Grenet, F. (1991).
2997:10.1515/9783110185164.162
2805:[hɔː.ro.máz.dɛːs]
2660:dâwar ("The just judge.")
2606:a-jamãn ("Without time.")
2516:âyextan ("Without body.")
2456:harvastum ("All in all.")
2447:xraoshît-tum ("Firmest.")
2155:Muslim conquest of Persia
1461:locates a borrowing from
60:
51:
3832:Kent, Roland G. (1950),
3702:Humbach, Helmut (1991),
3088:Turcan, Robert (2001) .
2621:pîrôzgar ("Victorious.")
2507:adhvaî ("Unparalleled.")
2483:xavâpar ("Beneficient.")
2420:acim ("Without reason.")
1917:"leontocephaline figure"
314:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
3597:Whitrow, G. J. (2003),
3577:King, Karen L. (2005),
2957:Oxford University Press
2769:[æhuːɾɒːmæzdɒː]
2648:âwaxsîdâr ("Forgiver.")
1368:is "lord", and that of
859:In particular religions
3706:, Heidelberg: Winter,
3534:, InterVarsity Press,
2951:Parpola, Asko (2015).
2765:Persian pronunciation:
2700:
2474:anaoshak ("Immortal.")
2453:vâsnâ ("Omnipresent.")
2435:parvarâ ("Nourisher.")
2278:(in Manicheism called
2263:
2115:
2075:
1967:
1945:
1928:
1883:
1864:Plutarch then gives a
1728:Zoroaster's revelation
279:Zoroastrian literature
3872:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3750:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3490:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3117:University of Chicago
2874:. Merriam-webster.com
2677:
2426:safinâ ("Increaser.")
2250:
2134:. Under the reign of
2081:
2065:
1951:
1939:
1914:
1870:
1612:term used during the
1572:), or spelled out as
1457:. Finnish Indologist
1405: 405/404–358 BC
1396:. Until the reign of
1308:𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁
566:Zoroastrian cosmology
516:Zoroastrians in India
272:Scripture and worship
91:𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬋 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬃
4444:Ancient Iranian gods
4257:Sanghyang Adi Buddha
3759:Indo-Iranian Journal
3666:Boyce, Mary (1982),
3073:Reinach, S. (1909).
2801:Greek pronunciation:
2680:Hormizd I Kushanshah
2642:h'âwar ("Merciful.")
2528:a-tars ("Fearless.")
1977:Behistun Inscription
1942:Behistun Inscription
1894:Life of Themistocles
1838:Eleusinian tradition
1670:improve this section
1390:Behistun Inscription
746:Specific conceptions
521:Zoroastrians in Iran
387:Accounts and legends
136:Adversary equivalent
4199:God the Holy Spirit
3580:What is Gnosticism?
3421:In Greek religion,
2276:Father of Greatness
1966:showing Ahura Mazda
1959:, Satrap of Lydia,
1927:, Italy (CIMRM 312)
1524:Proto-Indo-European
1441:Proto-Indo-European
1209:Religion portal
624:Part of a series on
585:Religion portal
437:History and culture
3387:Sims-Williams 1992
3139:available online:
2701:
2329:The pre-Christian
2264:
2229:In other religions
2116:
2101:Emperor Khosrow II
2076:
1968:
1946:
1929:
1545:)", hence "wise".
1515:Proto-Indo-Iranian
404:Book of Arda Viraf
334:Cypress of Kashmar
78:of sovereignty to
4431:
4430:
4372:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto
3927:In Zoroastrianism
3863:978-0-618-04245-6
3796:978-90-04-65376-4
3688:, New York: OUP,
3650:978-0-7735-1144-6
3630:978-0-8028-3784-4
3610:978-0-19-860781-6
3590:978-0-674-01762-7
3561:978-1-55876-111-7
3541:978-0-8308-1524-1
3521:978-0-7286-0194-9
3469:978-0-618-04245-6
3349:978-81-208-1408-0
3317:, pp. 182ff.
3226:978-0-307-42518-8
3109:"Isis and Osiris"
2920:Wilkinson, Philip
2820:as "spirit", see
2793:
2304:peoples like the
2132:Sasanian emperors
2074:, 3rd century AD)
1932:Achaemenid Empire
1814:mystery religions
1706:
1705:
1698:
1386: 550–330 BC
1379:Achaemenid period
1340:), also known as
1334:
1314:
1248:
1247:
1144:Euthyphro dilemma
984:
983:
619:
618:
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
4476:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3881:
3875:
3866:
3846:
3828:
3800:
3773:
3753:
3744:
3716:
3698:
3680:
3671:
3653:
3633:
3613:
3593:
3573:
3568:Unknown (1999),
3564:
3544:
3524:
3504:
3493:
3484:
3472:
3442:
3435:
3419:
3413:
3402:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2893:Cristian, Radu.
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2363:101 Names of God
2097:Sasanian dynasty
2004:Elamite language
1981:Darius the Great
1965:
1962:
1818:Classical period
1795:warding off evil
1720:and upholder of
1701:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1650:
1642:
1598:𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣𐭩
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1470:Uralic languages
1463:Proto-Indo-Aryan
1429:Sassanid dynasty
1406:
1403:
1394:Darius the Great
1387:
1384:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1313:romanized:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1207:
1206:
863:
777:Form of the Good
659:Classical theism
621:
611:
604:
597:
583:
582:
319:Adur Burzen-Mihr
170:
147:
96:
92:
65:
44:
21:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4309:Nzambi a Mpungu
4130:Svayam Bhagavan
3961:
3940:In Christianity
3913:
3908:
3878:
3869:
3864:
3849:
3844:
3831:
3803:
3797:
3776:
3756:
3747:
3719:
3714:
3701:
3696:
3683:
3674:
3670:, Leiden: Brill
3665:
3661:
3659:Further reading
3656:
3651:
3636:
3631:
3616:
3611:
3596:
3591:
3576:
3567:
3562:
3547:
3542:
3527:
3522:
3507:
3496:
3487:
3483:, Leiden: Brill
3475:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3420:
3416:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3147:Isis and Osiris
3140:
3135:Isis and Osiris
3129:
3128:
3124:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3004:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2959:. p. 114.
2950:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2718:Religion portal
2716:
2709:
2706:
2672:
2365:
2359:
2315:Qormusta Tengri
2231:
2192:
2128:Sasanian Empire
2060:
2058:Sasanian Empire
2042:
2040:Parthian Empire
1963:
1934:
1915:Drawing of the
1909:
1830:, not the name
1775:
1730:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1667:
1651:
1640:
1638:Characteristics
1437:
1421:Sassanid period
1404:
1385:
1307:
1277:
1260:
1256:
1244:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1169:Problem of evil
1139:
1131:
1130:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1024:Omnibenevolence
994:
986:
985:
860:
852:
851:
787:Great Architect
747:
739:
738:
639:
615:
577:
572:
571:
570:
555:
547:
546:
545:
510:
502:
501:
500:
459:
458:
438:
430:
429:
428:
414:Story of Sanjan
388:
380:
379:
378:
273:
265:
264:
263:
228:
227:Divine entities
220:
219:
218:
178:
93:
90:
82:
70:-era relief at
56:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4482:
4480:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:I Am that I Am
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4215:Gitche Manitou
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:God the Father
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3847:
3842:
3829:
3818:10.2307/283007
3801:
3795:
3774:
3765:(1–2): 25–42,
3754:
3745:
3734:10.1086/370756
3728:(4): 228–233,
3717:
3712:
3699:
3694:
3681:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3634:
3629:
3614:
3609:
3594:
3589:
3574:
3565:
3560:
3545:
3540:
3525:
3520:
3505:
3494:
3485:
3473:
3468:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3414:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3377:, p. 247.
3367:
3365:, p. 429.
3355:
3348:
3328:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3293:, p. 314.
3283:
3281:, p. 123.
3271:
3269:, p. 686.
3252:
3232:
3225:
3205:
3203:, p. 126.
3193:
3175:
3157:
3122:
3096:
3080:
3065:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3017:, p. 685.
3002:
2981:Blazek, Václav
2972:
2966:978-0190226923
2965:
2943:
2936:
2930:. p. 70.
2911:
2885:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2809:
2773:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2705:
2702:
2682:(277-286 AD).
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2230:
2227:
2191:
2188:
2168:Middle Persian
2120:Zoroastrianism
2072:Naqsh-e Rostam
2059:
2056:
2041:
2038:
1997:Artaxerxes III
1933:
1930:
1908:
1905:
1774:
1771:
1742:Zoroastrianism
1729:
1726:
1704:
1703:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:, in the form
1610:Middle Persian
1586:𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃
1574:𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠
1554:Achaemenid era
1539:) one's mind (
1452:Proto-Germanic
1436:
1433:
1374:is "wisdom".
1354:Zoroastrianism
1350:god of the sky
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:Related topics
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
961:
960:
954:
953:
952:
951:
949:Zoroastrianism
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
918:
917:
911:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
870:
869:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
638:Types of faith
637:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
617:
616:
614:
613:
606:
599:
591:
588:
587:
574:
573:
569:
568:
563:
557:
556:
554:Related topics
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
493:
488:
487:
486:
481:
471:
466:
460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
427:
426:
421:
419:Chinvat Bridge
416:
411:
409:Book of Jamasp
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
371:
366:
364:Khordeh Avesta
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
304:Airyaman ishya
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
234:Amesha Spentas
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
179:
177:Primary topics
176:
175:
172:
171:
163:
162:
160:Zoroastrianism
156:
155:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
105:Zoroastrianism
102:
98:
97:
88:
84:
83:
72:Naqsh-e Rostam
66:
58:
57:
55:God of the Sky
53:Lord of Wisdom
52:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4481:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Hiranyagarbha
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:0-940490-33-1
3839:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3713:3-533-04473-4
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3695:0-404-12806-8
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3600:What is time?
3595:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3389:, p. 44.
3388:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:Bromiley 1995
3197:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3053:, p. 86.
3052:
3047:
3044:
3041:, p. 12.
3040:
3039:Nigosian 1993
3035:
3032:
3029:, p. 14.
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2937:0-7894-4711-8
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2900:
2896:
2895:"Ahura Mazda"
2889:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2782:
2781:Ancient Greek
2777:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Creator deity
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:). 150–180 AD
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1964: 380 BC
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:According to
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:Amesha Spenta
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1689:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1655:This section
1653:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:a-u-r-m-z-d-a
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:, during the
1551:
1546:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:Proto-Iranian
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1398:Artaxerxes II
1395:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:creator deity
1343:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1304:
1298:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:Transcendence
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
989:
978:
977:Hongjun Laozu
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
945:
944:Yungdrung Bon
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:
916:
912:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
868:
864:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Supreme Being
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
742:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Kathenotheism
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
631:
627:
623:
622:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
592:
590:
589:
586:
581:
576:
575:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
551:
550:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
506:
505:
497:
494:
492:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
434:
433:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
384:
383:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Adur Gushnasp
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
269:
268:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
224:
223:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
174:
173:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
141:
138:
134:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
59:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4454:Creator gods
4382:Umvelinqangi
4360:Sol Invictus
4206:Great Spirit
3974:
3955:In Mandaeism
3911:Names of God
3871:
3852:
3833:
3809:
3805:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3749:
3725:
3721:
3703:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3639:
3619:
3599:
3579:
3569:
3550:
3530:
3510:
3499:
3489:
3480:
3458:
3449:Bibliography
3438:
3427:
3417:
3400:
3382:
3370:
3363:Unknown 1999
3358:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3310:
3305:, p. 8.
3303:Whitrow 2003
3298:
3286:
3279:Corduan 1998
3274:
3242:
3235:
3215:
3208:
3196:
3187:
3169:
3160:
3152:LacusCurtius
3146:
3134:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3092:. Blackwell.
3089:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2952:
2946:
2923:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2866:
2842:
2829:
2822:Angra Mainyu
2817:
2812:
2776:
2760:
2741:Names of God
2345:and his son
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2297:
2288:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2232:
2221:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2183:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2117:
2109:Taq-e Bostan
2090:
2043:
2026:Persian army
2011:
2008:
2001:
1970:Whether the
1969:
1925:Ostia Antica
1898:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1871:
1866:cosmogonical
1863:
1858:
1844:
1842:
1836:used in the
1831:
1825:
1803:
1776:
1762:
1759:Angra Mainyu
1752:
1746:
1731:
1710:Indo-Iranian
1707:
1692:
1686:October 2023
1683:
1668:Please help
1656:
1632:Assara Mazaš
1631:
1628:Assurbanipal
1618:
1614:Sassanid era
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1547:
1529:*mn̥sdʰh₁éh₂
1526:
1518:
1507:intelligence
1502:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1459:Asko Parpola
1454:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:Nomenclature
1425:iconoclastic
1417:Persian army
1376:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1200:
1034:Omnipresence
948:
915:Indo-Iranian
906:Samaritanism
891:Baháʼí Faith
881:Christianity
847:Unitarianism
802:Summum bonum
424:Frashokereti
369:The Rivayats
324:Adur Farnbag
309:Fire Temples
299:Yenghe hatam
294:Ahuna Vairya
259:Angra Mainyu
183:
125:Greater Iran
4459:Wisdom gods
4387:Unkulunkulu
4237:Holy Spirit
4232:Hayyi Rabbi
4220:Wakan Tanka
4194:God the Son
3985:Parvardigar
3975:Ahura Mazda
3922:In Hinduism
3477:Boyce, Mary
3315:Maneck 1997
2849:Maneck 1997
2835:John Wilson
2272:Ohrmazd Bay
2270:, the name
2268:Manichaeism
2254:coinage of
2196:Martin Haug
2083:Investiture
2036:in 365 BC.
1979:written by
1972:Achaemenids
1901:running gag
1623:tablets of
1550:Old Persian
1486:, reflects
1388:) with the
1337:Ahurâ Mazdâ
1317:Ahura Mazdā
1253:Ahura Mazda
1149:God complex
1106:Metaphysics
1101:Hermeticism
1081:Esotericism
1064:Experiences
1039:Omniscience
1029:Omnipotence
999:Eternalness
734:Transtheism
719:Panentheism
679:Ignosticism
644:Agnosticism
454:Khurramites
204:Persia/Iran
189:Zarathustra
184:Ahura Mazda
131:Equivalents
101:Affiliation
87:Native name
47:Ahura Mazda
4438:Categories
4365:Elagabalus
4177:El Shaddai
3945:In Judaism
3935:In Chinese
3931:Abrahamic
3267:Boyce 1983
3027:Boyce 1975
3015:Boyce 1983
2991:(1): 162.
2878:11 January
2858:References
2361:See also:
2284:World Soul
2068:Ardashir I
2047:iconoclasm
2022:Darius III
1985:Persepolis
1887:Mary Boyce
1738:Vohu Manah
1608:) was the
1568:(genitive
1560:logograms
1481:nominative
1444:*h₂ḿ̥suros
1326:اهورا مزدا
1184:philosophy
1121:Revelation
993:Attributes
729:Polytheism
684:Monotheism
669:Henotheism
474:Initiation
289:Ashem Vohu
199:Vohu Manah
95:اهورا مزدا
80:Ardashir I
18:Ahuramazda
4314:Olodumare
4279:Jehovah 1
4264:Hypsistos
4037:Saraswati
3742:222444341
3375:Frye 1996
3291:King 2005
3166:Boyce, M.
2796:Hōromázēs
2790:romanized
2357:101 Names
2339:syncretic
2331:Armenians
2205:emanation
2194:In 1884,
2151:Bahram II
2124:Zurvanism
2122:, termed
2105:khvarenah
2013:khvarenah
1957:Tiribazos
1822:tenebrous
1787:Arimanius
1783:Zoroaster
1714:Zoroaster
1657:does not
1621:cuneiform
1606:Ōhramazdē
1596:), while
1582:Auramazdā
1558:cuneiform
1505:, means "
1344:, is the
1342:Horomazes
1331:romanized
1111:Mysticism
1067:Practices
1004:Existence
901:Mandaeism
896:Mormonism
867:Abrahamic
812:Sustainer
724:Pantheism
699:Monolatry
649:Apatheism
509:Adherents
469:Festivals
449:Mazdakism
444:Zurvanism
399:Bundahišn
209:Faravahar
4397:Ik Onkar
4392:Waheguru
4331:Osanobua
4274:Jahbulon
4227:Haneunim
4172:El Elyon
4120:Tad Ekam
4071:Trimurti
4027:Mahadevi
4022:Bhagavan
3950:In Islam
3479:(1975),
3190:. Brill.
3144:(1936).
3142:Plutarch
3133:(1936).
3131:Plutarch
3105:Plutarch
2785:Ὡρομάζης
2704:See also
2678:Coin of
2324:Qormusda
2320:Qormusta
2294:Buddhism
2256:Huvishka
2136:Shapur I
2051:Parthian
1885:Scholar
1875:Dog-star
1799:mourning
1779:Plutarch
1773:Plutarch
1625:Assyrian
1602:ʾwhrmzdy
1594:Ahurmazd
1519:*mazdʰáH
1501:cognate
1495:feminine
1179:Religion
1173:theodicy
1164:Ontology
1159:Theology
1154:God gene
929:Buddhism
924:Hinduism
842:Personal
832:Ditheism
817:The Lord
762:Demiurge
714:Pandeism
491:Marriage
464:Calendar
354:Visperad
349:Vendidad
254:Fravashi
152:a series
150:Part of
68:Sassanid
4469:Yazatas
4409:Jehovah
4377:The One
4351:Tianzhu
4341:Shangdi
4294:Mulungu
4252:Acintya
4211:Manitou
4157:Ein Sof
4137:Cao Đài
4125:Purusha
4110:Ishvara
4091:Krishna
4047:Parvati
4042:Lakshmi
4032:Tridevi
4017:Brahman
4012:Bathala
3113:Moralia
2792::
2693:Anahita
2684:Pahlavi
2351:Armenia
2335:Aramazd
2310:Mongols
2306:Uyghurs
2298:Xwrmztʼ
2291:Sogdian
2147:Hormizd
2099:behind
2095:of the
2087:Anahita
2085:scene:
2030:satraps
2002:In the
1993:Anahita
1907:History
1892:In his
1833:Plouton
1791:Mithras
1785:named "
1718:creator
1678:removed
1663:sources
1590:ʾḥwrmzd
1522:, from
1491:*mazdáH
1468:to the
1466:*asera-
1448:*h₂ems-
1446:, from
1413:Anahita
1333::
1322:Persian
1303:Avestan
1171: (
1126:Worship
1091:Fideism
1016: (
972:Shangdi
958:Chinese
939:Sikhism
934:Jainism
876:Judaism
822:Trinity
757:Creator
752:Brahman
694:Dualism
674:Ietsism
654:Atheism
394:Dēnkard
374:Ab-Zohr
239:Yazatas
214:Avestan
140:Ahriman
39:Hormizd
4421:Yahweh
4319:Ọlọrun
4167:Elohim
4142:Chukwu
4081:Vishnu
4076:Brahma
3970:Adonai
3860:
3840:
3826:283007
3824:
3793:
3740:
3710:
3692:
3647:
3627:
3607:
3587:
3558:
3538:
3518:
3466:
3428:per se
3346:
3223:
3063:46–47.
2963:
2934:
2904:17 May
2818:mainyu
2731:Varuna
2688:Kushan
2318:(also
2302:Turkic
2280:Zurvan
2252:Kushan
2238:Varuna
2217:Parsis
2213:choose
2184:ormozd
2176:Yidgha
2172:Gathic
2092:yazata
2020:until
1989:Mithra
1953:Stater
1879:an egg
1868:myth:
1763:daevas
1754:daevas
1747:yazata
1542:*mn̥-s
1536:*dʰeh₁
1511:wisdom
1509:" or "
1503:medhā́
1477:Mazdā-
1455:*ansuz
1409:Mithra
1116:Prayer
1096:Gnosis
1076:Belief
1044:Aseity
1009:Gender
837:Monism
827:Tawhid
797:Mother
772:Father
709:Omnism
689:Monism
630:Theism
536:Iranis
526:Parsis
496:Burial
484:Sedreh
479:Kushti
359:Yashts
339:Gathas
284:Avesta
249:Daevas
244:Ahuras
121:Region
115:Avesta
76:diadem
4324:Olofi
4304:Nyame
4247:Hyang
4152:Devla
4098:Shiva
4057:Durga
3992:Allah
3980:Khuda
3822:JSTOR
3738:S2CID
3439:kakon
3434:κακόν
3423:Hades
3247:(PDF)
2752:Notes
2746:Mazda
2726:Asura
2333:held
2242:Mitra
2240:(and
2235:Vedic
2222:chose
2209:Yasna
2200:Yasna
2180:Munji
2034:Lydia
2018:Cyrus
1851:Haoma
1846:omomi
1827:Hades
1810:Pluto
1806:Hades
1499:Vedic
1484:Mazdå
1371:Mazda
1365:Ahura
1359:Yasna
1189:texts
1086:Faith
1018:"God"
1014:Names
886:Islam
792:Monad
664:Deism
344:Yasna
111:Texts
32:Ormus
4404:YHWH
4346:Tian
4336:Shen
4299:Ngai
4289:Mawu
4284:Kami
4242:Huwa
4147:Deus
4086:Rama
4066:Deva
4052:Kali
4007:Atum
4002:Aten
3997:Amun
3858:ISBN
3838:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3625:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3585:ISBN
3556:ISBN
3536:ISBN
3516:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3408:and
3344:ISBN
3221:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2906:2023
2880:2016
2699:mint
2697:Merv
2343:Aram
2260:Orom
2178:and
2163:Gāhs
2149:and
2113:Iran
1991:and
1940:The
1855:Soma
1797:and
1767:Asha
1722:Asha
1661:any
1659:cite
1411:and
1348:and
967:Tian
767:Deus
194:Asha
4414:Jah
4184:God
3814:doi
3783:doi
3767:doi
3730:doi
2993:doi
2989:110
2347:Ara
2322:or
2289:In
2266:In
1955:of
1923:at
1853:or
1849:" (
1672:by
1564:or
1548:In
1493:(a
1392:of
1271:ʊər
782:God
4440::
4162:El
4115:Om
3820:,
3810:55
3808:,
3789:.
3763:18
3761:,
3736:,
3724:,
3437:,
3255:^
3178:^
3115:.
3111:.
3107:.
3005:^
2987:.
2955:.
2928:DK
2897:.
2799:,
2787:,
2783::
2296:,
2186:.
2111:,
1995:.
1961:c.
1921:CE
1801:.
1781:,
1736:,
1724:.
1616:.
1604:,
1592:,
1580:,
1570:𐏊
1566:𐏉
1562:𐏈
1479:,
1431:.
1402:c.
1383:c.
1328:,
1324::
1320:;
1311:,
1305::
1301:;
154:on
4213:/
3903:e
3896:t
3889:v
3816::
3799:.
3785::
3769::
3732::
3726:4
3441:.
3412:.
3352:.
3229:.
3154:.
2999:.
2995::
2969:.
2940:.
2908:.
2882:.
2824:.
1749:s
1699:)
1693:(
1688:)
1684:(
1680:.
1666:.
1600:(
1588:(
1576:(
1400:(
1381:(
1297:/
1294:ə
1291:d
1288:z
1285:æ
1282:m
1279:ˈ
1274:ə
1268:h
1265:ˌ
1262:ə
1259:/
1255:(
1239:e
1232:t
1225:v
1175:)
1020:)
610:e
603:t
596:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
