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84:. This is achieved by a high-voltage (20 kV typically) electric discharge between two electrodes over the surface of a quartz (or glass) tube. The distance between the electrodes is such that a spontaneous discharge does not occur. To start the discharge a high-voltage pulse (70 kV for example) is applied on an electrode inside the quartz tube.
259:
across the capacitor. This shows that high brightness calls for a large capacitance and a high voltage. However, since a large capacitance would have a relatively long discharge time that would make the flash slow, the only practical solution is to use a very high voltage on a relatively small
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The aim of a high-speed flash is to be very fast and yet bright enough for adequate exposure. An air-gap flash system typically consists of a capacitor that is discharged through a gas (air in this case). The speed of a flash is mainly determined by the time it takes to discharge the capacitor
87:
The flash can be triggered electronically by being synchronised with an electronic detection device such as a microphone or an interrupted laser beam in order to illuminate a fast event. A sub-microsecond flash is fast enough to photographically capture a supersonic bullet in flight without
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Air (mainly nitrogen) is preferred as a gas because it is fast. Although xenon has a much higher efficiency in converting energy into light, xenon (because of its afterglow) cannot achieve a flash pulse duration less than about 10 microseconds.
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Spark between anode and cathode, triggered by the third electrode inside the inner quartz tube. The inner tube serves as a guide for the spark and to cool it even faster. The outer tube muffles the explosive sound that the spark
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The spark is guided over a quartz surface to improve the light output and benefit from the cooling capacity, making the flash faster. This has a negative effect in the form of quartz erosion because of high energy discharge.
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firing, taken with the flash above. The photo was taken in a darkened room, with the camera's shutter open, and the flash was triggered by the sound of the shot using a microphone.
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capacitor, with a very low inductance. Typical values are 0.05 µF capacitance, 0.02 µH inductance, 10 J energy, 0.5 µs duration and about 20 MW power.
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company who sold an air-gap flash under the name
Microflash 549. There are several commercial flashes available today.
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Edgerton, H. E. K, K. Cooper and J. Tredwell, Submicrosecond Flash Source, J. SMTPE, vol. 70, p. 117, March, 1961
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is a photographic light source capable of producing sub-microsecond light flashes, allowing for (ultra)
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Ultra-high-speed photo of a bullet travelling at about 870 metres per second (2,850 ft/s).
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of the quartz ignition tube in blue in a darkened environment after a flash has occurred.
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The brightness of the flash is proportional to the energy stored in the capacitor:
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Photographic light source capable of producing sub-microsecond light flashes
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Amateur air-gap flash for ultra-high-speed photography by Niels
Noordhoek
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is said to have created the first spark-based flash photo, using a
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also used a spark gap as a fast photographic lighting system.
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Upper half shows the air-gap in daylight. Lower half shows the
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of the system. To be fast, both L and C must be kept small.
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Topler, M, Ann Physik, vol. 4, no. 27, pp 1043-1050, 1908
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288:since air is 79% nitrogen. The spectrum is rich in
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96:The person credited with popularising the flash is
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184:{\displaystyle t_{discharge}\propto {\sqrt {LC}}}
300:tube is used as ignition tube, it shows a clear
125:through the gas. This time is proportional to
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8:
402:Scientific American article on air-gap flash
304:in blue after the flash, induced by the UV.
292:but covers the entire visible range down to
1974:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1701:Comparison of digital and film photography
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280:, the spectrum shows both a continuum and
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54:Air-gap flash spectrum generated with a
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352:, Chapter 7, Mc Graw Hill, New-York.
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245:{\displaystyle E={{CV^{2}} \over 2}}
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1463:Timeline of photography technology
14:
2024:
2014:
2013:
100:, though the earlier scientist
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1:
1513:Painted photography backdrops
1445:Golden triangle (composition)
725:35 mm equivalent focal length
348:Edgerton, Harold E. (19706).
36:Smith & Wesson Model 686
1223:Intentional camera movement
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1916:Most expensive photographs
1268:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2009:
1850:Digital image processing
350:Electronic flash, strobe
106:William Henry Fox Talbot
88:noticeable motion blur.
1958:Photography periodicals
1518:Photography and the law
322:"Microflash 549 Manual"
1870:Gelatin silver process
894:Science of photography
879:Photographic processes
857:Perspective distortion
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82:high-speed photography
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1473:Analog photography
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1328:Sabattier effect
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800:Zebra patterning
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940:Architectural
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78:air-gap flash
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57:
52:
44:
37:
34:A photo of a
32:
23:
1996:Polaroid art
1885:K-14 process
1880:Instant film
1875:Gum printing
1825:C-41 process
1810:Photographic
1711:Image sensor
1706:Film scanner
1360:Sun printing
1293:Print toning
1085:space selfie
1055:Pictorialism
985:Ethnographic
965:Conservation
837:Guide number
832:Focal length
374:
365:
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332:. Retrieved
328:
316:
284:, mainly of
275:
266:
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207:
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127:
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95:
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77:
75:
2001:Stereoscopy
1860:E-6 process
1855:Dye coupler
1783:color space
1696:Digiscoping
1689:camera back
1604:Philippines
1533:Visual arts
1523:Glass plate
1508:Heliography
1407:Composition
1382:Ultraviolet
1338:Stereoscopy
1333:Slow motion
1318:Scanography
1233:Kite aerial
1178:Contre-jour
1070:Post-mortem
1060:Pornography
1040:Neues Sehen
975:Documentary
909:Zone System
884:Reciprocity
810:Film format
740:Backscatter
718:Terminology
588:beauty dish
492:rangefinder
457:light-field
438:Photography
200:capacitance
2046:Categories
1991:Lomography
1812:processing
1761:Print film
1677:comparison
1644:Uzbekistan
1594:Luxembourg
1554:Bangladesh
1503:Dufaycolor
1483:Box camera
1440:Simplicity
1397:Zoom burst
1392:Xerography
1387:Vignetting
1377:Time-lapse
1365:Tilt–shift
1258:Mordançage
1248:Luminogram
1213:Holography
1208:High-speed
1188:Fill flash
1173:Burst mode
1151:Techniques
1132:Vernacular
1127:Underwater
1122:Toy camera
1102:Still life
1030:Monochrome
1020:High-speed
970:Cloudscape
960:Conceptual
862:Photograph
847:Lens flare
827:Film speed
709:Zone plate
655:wide-angle
640:long-focus
358:007018965X
308:References
198:and C the
196:inductance
110:Leyden jar
102:Ernst Mach
1936:Norwegian
1900:Stop bath
1845:Developer
1840:Cyanotype
1468:Ambrotype
1430:Lead room
1353:Slit-scan
1288:Photogram
1283:Panoramic
1193:Fireworks
1025:Landscape
670:telephoto
618:reflector
613:monolight
608:lens hood
593:cucoloris
534:safelight
445:Equipment
296:. When a
294:infra-red
169:∝
26:produces.
2020:Category
1716:CMOS APS
1614:Slovenia
1542:Regional
1488:Calotype
1425:Headroom
1303:Redscale
1218:Infrared
1168:Brenizer
1142:Wildlife
1065:Portrait
1010:Forensic
1000:Fine-art
935:Aircraft
925:Abstract
805:F-number
785:Exposure
760:Clipping
735:Aperture
603:hot shoe
529:enlarger
524:Darkroom
286:nitrogen
114:EG&G
2031:Outline
1967:Related
1649:Vietnam
1634:Ukraine
1569:Denmark
1549:Albania
1528:Tintype
1455:History
1420:Framing
1313:Rollout
1278:Panning
1228:Kirlian
1137:Wedding
1015:Glamour
995:Fashion
980:Eclipse
950:Banquet
872:Albumen
682:Monopod
660:fisheye
628:softbox
482:pinhole
472:instant
462:digital
329:rit.edu
257:voltage
92:History
56:grating
2029:
2018:
1946:street
1941:Polish
1629:Turkey
1624:Taiwan
1609:Serbia
1599:Norway
1574:Greece
1559:Canada
1158:Afocal
1117:Street
1097:Sports
1080:Selfie
1035:Nature
990:Erotic
955:Candid
930:Aerial
918:Genres
820:medium
697:Tripod
665:swivel
578:Filter
556:holder
551:format
452:Camera
356:
298:quartz
278:plasma
1951:women
1909:Lists
1865:Fixer
1743:Pixel
1672:D-SLR
1619:Sudan
1589:Korea
1584:Japan
1579:India
1564:China
1348:Strip
1273:Night
1253:Macro
1163:Bokeh
1107:Stock
1075:Ruins
815:large
645:prime
623:snoot
583:Flash
561:stock
502:still
487:press
477:phone
467:field
334:4 May
325:(PDF)
1979:film
1684:MILC
1183:ETTR
1045:Nude
1005:Fire
904:Sync
702:head
650:zoom
635:Lens
598:gobo
546:base
541:Film
517:view
354:ISBN
336:2023
1721:CCD
512:toy
507:TLR
497:SLR
76:An
2048::
327:.
290:UV
252:,
191:,
430:e
423:t
416:v
338:.
238:2
232:2
228:V
224:C
218:=
215:E
177:C
174:L
164:e
161:g
158:r
155:a
152:h
149:c
146:s
143:i
140:d
136:t
58:.
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