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376:, to predict whether the aircraft's current flight path could put it in conflict with obstacles such as mountains or high towers, that would not be detected by GPWS (which uses the ground elevation directly beneath the aircraft). One of the best examples of this type of technology is the Auto-GCAS (
244:
is a modification which both corrects the transponder deficiencies (the transponder will respond to all varieties of radar and TCAS), then adds an
Automatic Independent Surveillance with Privacy augmentation. The AIS-P protocol does not suffer from the saturation issue in high density traffic, does
172:
A distinction is increasingly being made between ACAS and ASAS (airborne separation assurance system). ACAS is being used to describe short-range systems intended to prevent actual metal-on-metal collisions. In contrast, ASAS is being used to describe longer-range systems used to maintain standard
307:
of other aircraft and negotiates collision-avoidance tactics with them in case of a threat. TCAS systems are relatively expensive, and tend to appear only on larger aircraft. They are effective in avoiding collisions only with other aircraft that are equipped with functioning transponders with
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is a small-size, low-power device (commonly used in gliders or other light aircraft) which broadcasts its own position and speed vector (as obtained with an integrated GPS) over a license-free ISM band radio transmission. At the same time it listens to other devices based on the same standard.
164:
in warning pilots of the presence of other aircraft that may present a threat of collision. If the risk of collision is imminent, the system recommends a maneuver that will reduce the risk of collision. ACAS standards and recommended practices are mainly defined in annex 10, volume IV, of the
238:, and the individual corrective actions to transponders have led to significant differences in the logical behavior of transponders by make and mark, as proven by an FAA study of in-situ transponders. In 2009, a new version, TSO C74d was defined with tighter technical requirements.
327:
use. PCAS systems do not actively interrogate the transponders of other aircraft, but listen passively to responses from other interrogations. PCAS is subject to the same limitations as TCAS, although the cost for PCAS is significantly
245:
not interfere with the Air
Traffic Control (ATC) radar system or TCAS, and conforms to the internationally approved Mode S data packet standard. It awaits member country submission to the ICAO as a requested approval.
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provides pilots with a computer-generated simulation of their outside environment for use in low or zero-visibility situations. Information used to present warnings is often taken from GPS, INS, or gyroscopic
339:
16-channel GPS receiver and an integrated low-power radio transceiver. Static obstacles are included in FLARM's database. No warning is given if an aircraft does not contain an additional FLARM device.
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issued against various transponder manufacturers in an attempt to repair the operational deficiencies, to enable newer radars and TCAS systems to operate. Unfortunately, the defect is in the
53:
230:(ATCRBS) radar and Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) abilities to detect aircraft transponders. First called "The Terra Problem", there have since been individual FAA
335:
Intelligent motion prediction algorithms predict short-term conflicts and warn the pilot accordingly by acoustical and visual means. FLARM incorporates a high-precision
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169:. Much of the technology being applied to both military and general aviation today has been undergoing development by NASA and other partners since the 1980s.
226:(FAA) standard for transponder minimal operational performance, Technical Standard Order (TSO) C74c, contained errors which caused compatibility problems with
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separation between aircraft (5 nautical miles (9.3 km) horizontal and 1,000 feet (300 m) vertical).
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380:) and PARS (Pilot Activated Recovery System) that was installed on the entire USAF fleet of F-16's in 2014.
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to detect proximity to the ground or unusual descent rates. GPWS is common on civil airliners and larger
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372:(TAWS) uses a digital terrain map, together with position information from a navigation system such as
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can detect the relative location of other aircraft, and has been in military use since
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to prevent unintentional contact with other aircraft, obstacles, or the ground.
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519:"TSO C74d Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) Airborne Equipment"
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Some of the systems are designed to avoid collisions with other aircraft and
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As of 2022, the only implementations that meets the ACAS II standards set by
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462:"NASA-Pioneered Automatic Ground-Collision Avoidance System Operational"
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323:(PCAS) is a less expensive, passive version of TCAS designed for
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303:(TCAS), the implementation of ACAS, actively interrogates the
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29:
285:, when it was introduced to help night fighters (such as the
269:. They are referred to as "electronic conspicuity" by the
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D Ground
Collision Avoidance Technology (GCAT) aircraft.
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160:) operates independently of ground-based equipment and
293:) locate bombers. While larger civil aircraft carry
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
187:Traffic collision avoidance system § Versions
497:Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) guide
614:
490:
488:
8:
408:Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast
316:Small PCAS device for use in light aircraft.
378:Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System
27:Avionics system to avoid aircraft collision
621:
607:
599:
167:Convention on International Civil Aviation
253:Modern aircraft can use several types of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
437:"EUROCONTROL - ACAS II ICAO Provisions"
428:
228:air traffic control radar beacon system
398:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
195:are Versions 7.0 and 7.1 of TCAS II (
69:"Airborne collision avoidance system"
7:
1577:Aircraft collision avoidance systems
370:Terrain awareness and warning system
58:adding citations to reliable sources
562:"Ground Collision Avoidance System"
321:Portable Collision Avoidance System
150:airborne collision avoidance system
18:Airborne Collision Avoidance System
560:Jedick, Rocky (14 December 2014).
524:. Federal Aviation Administration.
301:Traffic collision avoidance system
197:Traffic Collision Avoidance System
25:
249:Other collision avoidance systems
536:"Electronic conspicuity devices"
34:
355:Ground collision warning system
351:Ground proximity warning system
224:Federal Aviation Administration
45:needs additional citations for
1531:In-flight entertainment system
1228:Horizontal situation indicator
222:As of 1973, the United States
1:
1511:Environmental control system
261:Aircraft collision avoidance
344:Terrain collision avoidance
255:collision avoidance systems
1603:
1188:Course deviation indicator
879:Electro-hydraulic actuator
184:
1419:Conventional landing gear
1203:Flight management system
232:Airworthiness Directives
156:, usually pronounced as
1506:Emergency oxygen system
1268:Turn and slip indicator
1063:Leading-edge droop flap
1033:Drag-reducing aerospike
1008:Adaptive compliant wing
1003:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1546:Passenger service unit
1347:Self-sealing fuel tank
1243:Multi-function display
317:
145:
1526:Ice protection system
1444:Tricycle landing gear
1434:Landing gear extender
651:Aft pressure bulkhead
357:(GCWS), which uses a
315:
287:de Havilland Mosquito
135:
1491:Auxiliary power unit
899:Flight control modes
291:Messerschmitt Bf 110
54:improve this article
1470:Escape crew capsule
1377:War emergency power
1248:Pitot–static system
1093:Variable-sweep wing
801:Vertical stabilizer
418:Collision avoidance
403:Air traffic control
308:altitude reporting.
162:air traffic control
1178:Attitude indicator
1158:Airspeed indicator
1153:Aircraft periscope
566:Go Flight Medicine
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213:L-3 Communications
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1486:Aircraft lavatory
1223:Heading indicator
1168:Annunciator panel
1148:Air data computer
1058:Leading-edge cuff
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16:(Redirected from
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1582:Safety equipment
1541:Navigation light
1521:Hydraulic system
1496:Bleed air system
1424:Drogue parachute
1098:Vortex generator
716:Interplane strut
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589:ACAS on Skybrary
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439:. Archived from
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384:Synthetic vision
363:general aviation
325:general aviation
205:Rockwell Collins
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1551:Ram air turbine
1516:Flight recorder
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1367:Thrust reversal
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1253:Radar altimeter
1218:Head-up display
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1013:Anti-shock body
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844:Artificial feel
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686:Fabric covering
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583:External links
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781:Trailing edge
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761:Stressed skin
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507:. March 2022.
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443:on 2010-04-21
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1501:Deicing boot
1429:Landing gear
1372:Townend ring
1362:Thrust lever
1337:NACA cowling
1302:Autothrottle
1294:fuel systems
1292:devices and
1137:
1083:Stall strips
1053:Krueger flap
1023:Channel wing
969:Wing warping
959:Stick shaker
954:Stick pusher
874:Dual control
859:Centre stick
726:Leading edge
696:Flying wires
656:Cabane strut
569:. Retrieved
565:
555:
545:13 September
543:. Retrieved
539:
530:
513:
496:
481:
469:. Retrieved
466:NASA website
465:
456:
445:. Retrieved
441:the original
431:
354:
305:transponders
283:World War II
264:
254:
252:
242:AIS-P (ACAS)
240:
221:
190:
174:
171:
157:
153:
149:
147:
116:
110:January 2008
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1449:Tundra tire
1332:Intake ramp
1263:Transponder
1048:Gurney flap
989:Aerodynamic
904:Fly-by-wire
786:Triple tail
505:Eurocontrol
353:(GPWS), or
1566:Categories
1439:Oleo strut
1327:Inlet cone
1322:Gascolator
1288:Propulsion
1278:Yaw string
1273:Variometer
1129:instrument
1108:Wing fence
1043:Gouge flap
1018:Blown flap
974:Yaw damper
949:Stabilator
934:Side-stick
869:Dive brake
756:Stabilizer
731:Lift strut
721:Jury strut
447:2010-04-18
424:References
219:company).
185:See also:
80:newspapers
1414:Autobrake
1342:NACA duct
1317:Fuel tank
1307:Drop tank
1290:controls,
1173:Astrodome
1163:Altimeter
1028:Dog-tooth
993:high-lift
944:Spoileron
929:Servo tab
909:Gust lock
864:Deceleron
849:Autopilot
806:Wing root
791:Twin tail
776:Tailplane
711:Hardpoint
681:Empennage
644:structure
365:aircraft.
277:Airborne
209:Honeywell
1572:Avionics
1382:Wet wing
1357:Throttle
1103:Vortilon
964:Trim tab
894:Flaperon
884:Elevator
839:Airbrake
811:Wing tip
736:Longeron
706:Fuselage
642:Airframe
630:Aircraft
413:Avionics
392:See also
387:sensors.
175:en route
1392:Landing
1183:Compass
1131:systems
1123:Avionic
1113:Winglet
996:devices
939:Spoiler
834:Aileron
816:Wingbox
741:Nacelle
691:Fairing
634:systems
94:scholar
1127:flight
1088:Strake
919:Rudder
889:Elevon
854:Canard
796:V-tail
771:T-tail
701:Former
661:Canopy
571:16 Dec
540:UK CAA
271:UK CAA
201:Garmin
158:ay-kas
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1312:FADEC
1198:EICAS
1073:Slats
914:HOTAS
766:Strut
594:FLARM
522:(PDF)
501:(PDF)
471:8 Oct
332:FLARM
328:less.
279:radar
101:JSTOR
87:books
1394:and
1258:TCAS
1238:ISIS
1193:EFIS
1138:ACAS
1125:and
1078:Slot
1038:Flap
991:and
979:Yoke
751:Spar
676:Dope
573:2014
547:2022
473:2014
337:WAAS
289:and
267:UAVs
215:and
193:ICAO
181:TCAS
154:ACAS
142:F-16
136:The
73:news
1233:INS
1213:GPS
1068:LEX
746:Rib
374:GPS
236:TSO
148:An
140:'s
56:by
1568::
564:.
538:.
503:.
487:^
464:.
368:a
349:a
319:a
273:.
207:,
203:,
622:e
615:t
608:v
575:.
549:.
475:.
450:.
152:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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