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602:"(a colonial term to belittle African Kings because of the racist belief to not equate an African King with a European King in rank) has been established to oversee "chieftaincy" and the Government of Ghana as the British Government once did certifies the Chiefs and gazettes them. Several Akan Kings sit at the various levels of the National House of "Chiefs". Each Paramountcy has a Traditional Council, then there is the Regional House of "Chiefs" and lastly the National House of "Chiefs". Akan Kings who once warred with each other and Kings of other nations within Ghana now sit with them to build peace and advocate development for their nations. The identity of an Akan nation or meta-ethnicity is expressed by the term
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or
General of the Army, the Captains of the Army or Asafohen(Fante) among others. The way Akans ruled their nation fascinated the tribes and peoples of other West African nations and as the Akans conquered or formed alliances with these nations, parts of it were transmitted to them. The British particularly felt the Akan system was highly efficient and tried to establish it throughout their dominions in West Africa using the Indirect Rule System. The Ewes and the Ga-Adangmes with their close affinity to the Akans have modified certain aspects of it to fit their societies.
551:
they rule by their status as founders of that jurisdiction. The
Ashanti Kingdom is ruled by the Oyoko Clan. However, the Bretuo or Twidanfo (in Fante), as well as other clans, rule States, Divisions, Towns, and Villages within the Kingdom. The Fante-speaking peoples usually have the Asona Clan ruling most of their States (like Mankessim). Certain sub-clans or lineages have exclusive rights to some stools within Akanland such as the lineage of Afia Kobi in the Oyoko Clan who alone sits on the Golden Stool of Asante.
415:
1221:
919:"The principles governing inheritance, generation, and age – that is to say, men come before women and seniors before juniors."... When a woman's brothers are available, a consideration of generational seniority stipulates that the line of brothers be exhausted before the right to inherit lineage property passes down to the next senior genealogical generation of sisters' sons. Finally, "it is when all possible male heirs have been exhausted that the females" may inherit.
258:
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royalty. And, especially in the villages and poor areas, traditional Kings are still very important for organizing development, social services and keeping the peace. Some Kings have decided to push ahead with the leadership of their
Kingdoms and States in a non-political fashion. The Asantehen and okyehen have emphasized Education and Environmental Sustainability respectively. Others push the national government and its agents to fulfill promises to their people.
1150:
583:) is any of the members of the lineage eligible to sit on a stool. However, not all royals are Princes as some may be ineligible. A prince is not necessarily the son of a King but rather the former King's nephew on the mother's side. As such, royals strive to achieve the position of a prince in their families or for their children. All Akan clans are considered royal in the context of their matrilineal society. Each clan, known as
327:
them today happened. Oral traditions of the ruling Abrade (Aduana) Clan relate that Akans originated from the ground. They migrated from the north, they went through Egypt and settled in Nubia (Sudan). Around 500 AD, due to the pressure exerted on Nubia by
Axumite kingdom of Ethiopia, Nubia was shattered, and the Akan people moved to the west and established small trading kingdoms. Around 750 AD, these kingdoms grew into Awkar or
3793:
559:(or family-elder). Ranking above a family chief (a family's Abusuapanyin) is the clan's chief (or clan's Abusuapanyin). These branches are called Jaase/Gyaase or Kitchens. Each Kitchen takes its turn to present a candidate for the stool to the kingmakers of the lineage. Once accepted their candidate rules till death. This means until all the Jaase have presented their candidates they have to wait their turn.
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States, including Ohio
University, Ohio State University, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Harvard University, Boston University, Indiana University, University of Michigan, and the University of Florida. The Akan language has been a regular language of study in the annual Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) program and the Akan language is regulated and administered by the
2333:
587:, plays a significant role in inheritance, succession, and the selection of chiefs. The eight main Akan clans—Oyoko, Bretuo, Agona, Asona, Asenie, Aduana, Ekuona, and Asakyiri—are integral to the governance of their respective communities. Members of these clans are viewed as royals, as chiefs are traditionally chosen from them, reinforcing their royal status within Akan culture.
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A sub-chief does not, however, need to be a nobleman. He only has to be suitable for the position he is to occupy. Some sub-chieftaincy positions can be abolished at will. They include the heads of the ruling house or
Mankrado, the Linquist, the Chief Kingmaker or Jaasehen/Gyaasehen, the Supi (Fante)
238:, among others. The Akan subgroups all have cultural attributes in common; most notably the tracing of royal matrilineal descent in the inheritance of property, and for succession to high political office. All Akans are considered royals in status, but not all are in royal succession or hold titles.
672:
or
Kromanti. With the present state of technology, one can listen to live radio broadcasts in Akan from numerous radio stations and receive mass media and public broadcasts in Akan from numerous multimedia and media broadcasting. Akan is studied in major universities in North America and the United
651:
is also spoken in South
America (Suriname and French Guiana), with the Akan language coming to these South American and Caribbean places through the trans-Atlantic slave trade and Akan names and folktales are still used in these South American and Caribbean countries (another example can be seen in
594:
In Ghana and other modern states where the Akan people are located, the Kings, Assistant Kings, Princes, and
Noblemen of the Akans serve mostly a symbolic role. Modern politics has side-lined them in national politics although it is common to find that an elected or appointed official to be of Akan
546:
formation resembles a cross or an airplane. The Fante battle formations eventually had some
European influences and many Asafo Frankaa (battle flags) incorporated the British Union Jack after 1844 when they allied with them. The battle formation has the Frontline, the West Flank, an East Flank, the
517:
they belong to, while those outsides of the Akan people or the abusua were usually conquered or annexed via war or mutual agreement. For example, the Guan state of Larteh and the Akyem state of Akropong joined to form the Akwapim Kingdom to avoid the Akwamu, who the Guan deemed as oppressive. Under
326:
Akan people are believed to have migrated to their current location from the Sahara desert and Sahel regions of Africa into the forest region around the 11th century. Many Akans tell their history as it started in the eastern region of Africa as this is where the ethnogenesis of the Akan as we know
646:
in the Akan peoples in Ghana. Each ethnic group having its own dialect Akan is officially recognized for literacy in the Akan-majority regions, at the primary and elementary educational stage (Primary 1–3) K–12 (education) level, and studied at university as a bachelor's degree or master's degree
550:
The Akan peoples mostly have seven Abusua (Matrilineal clans/tribes) in each state. They do not have the same names in each state but each has an equivalent clan (e.g. in Fante areas along the coast, the Asante clan of Oyoko is referred to as Dehyena or Yokofo). The clans are assigned States which
394:
This wealth in gold attracted European traders. Initially, the Europeans were Portuguese, soon joined by the Dutch and the British in their quest for Akan gold. The Akan waged war on neighboring states in their geographic area to capture people and sell them as slaves to Europeans (Portuguese) who
463:
Many people across the Americas can trace their lineage to the Akan people due to the trans-Atlantic slave trade. According to one estimate, roughly ten percent of all slave ships that embarked from the coast of West Africa contained Akan people. Although gold was the primary source of wealth in
2111:
Owusu-Ansah, David (Nov1994) "Ghana: The Akan Group". This source, "Ghana", is one of the Country Studies available from the US Library of Congress. Archived on the Wayback Machine https://web.archive.org/web/20080917084220/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+gh0048%29
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merchants, who often traded with these ancient Ghanaians. Because historians admit the origin of the Akan people is unknown, they don't reject the Sudanese origin and maintain that oral tradition must also be considered. The ancestors of the Akan eventually left for Kong (i.e. present day Ivory
881:
Public offices are, thus, vested in the lineage, as are land tenure and other lineage property. In other words, lineage property is inherited only by matrilineal kin. Each lineage controls the lineage land farmed by its members, functions together in the veneration of its ancestors, supervises
358:
was established as early as the 12th century. Between the 12th and 13th centuries a gold boom in the area brought wealth to numerous Akans. During different phases of the state of Bonoman, groups of Akans migrated out of the area to create numerous states based predominantly on gold mining and
915:
society in which the mother/child bond is likely to be much stronger than the father/child bond. As a result, in inheritance, a man's nephew (his sister's son) (wɔfase) will have priority over his own son. Uncle-nephew relationships, therefore, assume a dominant position."
395:
subsequently sold the enslaved people along with guns to the Akan in exchange for Akan gold. Akan gold was also used to purchase enslaved people from further up north via the Trans-Saharan route. The Akan purchased enslaved people to help clear the dense forests within
467:
Coromantee ex-soldiers now slaves and other Akan captives were known for various slave revolts and plantation resistance tactics. Their legacy is evident within groups such as the Maroons of the Caribbean and South America. Some notable Akan descendants include the
521:
Akan kings are ranked according to their jurisdiction. The head of an inter-clan Confederacy is usually considered a King, as in the Kings of Ashanti, Fante, Akyem and the Akwapim. Under these are the heads of the constituent states who equates an
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Coast). From Kong they moved to Wam and then to Dormaa, located in present-day Bono Region of Ghana. The movement from Kong was necessitated by the desire of the people to find suitable savannah conditions since they were not used to forest life.
434:
and other similar battles. By the early 1900s, Ghana was a colony or protectorate of Great Britain, while the lands in the Ivory Coast were under the French. On 6 March 1957, following the decolonization from Great Britain under the leadership of
567:. The Queen-mother is more like a figurehead representing the King's or Emperor's eldest sister and hence the mother of the next King or Emperor, she could rule as a King if she wishes (e.g. queen-mothers mainly from the House of Asona clan:
554:
The Akans are traditionally a Matrilineal people of the African continent. Matrilineal inheritance makes it easier to trace the line of succession. Within each lineage or House are the branches. The chief of a family is called an
492:
The Akans consider themselves one nation. Akan means first, foremost, indicating the enlightened and civilized. While traditionally matrilineal, they are also united philosophically through 12 patrilineal spirit groups called the
500:
Within the Akan nation are branches based on many dialects, widest and possibly the oldest one being used is Twi as well as Fante. Each branch subsequently holds a collection of states and stemming from city-states. The state or
518:
the State there are Divisions and under these Divisions are towns and villages. The Fantes also upon migrating from the interior Takyiman conquered other Guan tribes including Efutuband Ewutu and merged them into Mfantseman
877:
from a particular ancestress. Several lineages are grouped into a political unit headed by a council of elders, each of whom is the elected head of a lineage – which itself may include multiple extended-family households.
562:
Akan Kings of whatever rank have other nobleman who serve them as sub-chiefs. These sub-chiefs do not have hereditary titles and therefore do not have black stools. Besides, each King has a female co-ruler known as the
538:). In Asante's case, as an Empire, the Asantehene reigned over the non-Oyoko clan city-states and ruled over the kings of those states as an Imperial head or Emperor (a hardly used but an equivalent term for Emperor or
575:
who ruled Edweso 1896–1900) as well as Komfo Muna who ruled Mankessim 1830–1872. They present the candidate for consideration as King. An assistant king does not have a Queen-mother as his title is not hereditary.
547:
main body and the Vanguard. There are, therefore, five divisional chiefs in each Paramountcy. These are followed in rank by the Kings of the city and then the Kings of the town and then king of the suburbs.
910:
According to one source of information about the Akan, "A man is strongly related to his mother's brother (wɔfa) but only weakly related to his father's brother. This is perhaps viewed in the context of a
367:(1700–1900). From the 15th century to the 19th century, the Akan people dominated gold mining and trading in the region; throughout this period they were among the most powerful groups in Africa. The
3176:
1262:
4182:
2035:
L'homme, Volume 7 École pratique des Hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et Sociales École pratique des Hautes études, Section des sciences économiques et Sociales, 1967
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program. The Akan language is spoken as the predominant language in the Western, Central, Ashanti, Eastern, Brong Ahafo regions of the akan clan. A language with some Akan influence called
1214:
and territorial entity with pre-colonial states and cultures of Africa (spanning roughly 500 BCE to 1500 CE). This map is "an artistic interpretation" using multiple and disparate sources.
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Cast brass weights used to measure precise amounts of gold dust. Weights in this system were developed in the seventeenth century. These weights are from the nineteenth century.
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their economy, the capture and sale of Akan people peaked during the Fante and Ashanti conflicts, resulting in a high number of military captives being sold into slavery.
1082:
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3181:
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727:, literally meaning "the spider story", but in a figurative sense also meaning "traveler's tales". These "spider stories" are sometimes also referred to as
3226:
3154:
1277:
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3149:
1257:
513:. The state is the basic unit of Akan polity. Several states and city-states can band together to form a confederacy or an empire regardless of clan or
4168:
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1964:
A Treasury of African Folklore: the oral literature, traditions, myths, legends, epics, tales, recollections, wisdom, sayings, and humour of Africa
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changed. Thus, the Akan people played a role in supplying Europeans with indentured servants, who were later enslaved by the Europeans for the
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are united by their belief that they are all descended from the same ancient ancestress – so marriage between members of the same group (or
3822:
473:
1140:
907:, with mother and children living and working in one household, and their husband/father living and working in a different household.
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2097:, Vol. 1, p. 477. (This Akan article was written by Kofi Abrefa Busia, formerly professor of Sociology and Culture of Africa at the
2094:
2064:
1890:
542:). Next there are divisional Chiefs, they are primarily arranged according to the five divisions of an Akan army. The Fante army or
2725:
959:. Housing, childcare, education, daily work, and elder care, etc. are then handled by that individual family, rather than by the
4385:
3838:
3815:
1882:
1876:
661:
313:
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1610:
426:, fought against European colonialists and defeated them on several occasions to maintain autonomy. This occurred during the
1397:"Akan Language and its Relationship to Ancient Biblical Writings: Sociology of Names and Places in the Ancient Near East"
1182:
4375:
4191:
3623:
1601:
Wilks, Ivor (1997). "Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Bakewell, Peter (ed.).
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Title: Africa a Voyage of Discovery with Basil Davidson, Language: English Type: Documentary Year: 1984 Length: 114 min.
2127:
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899:) is forbidden, a taboo on marriage. One inherits or is a lifelong member of, the lineage, the political unit and the
885:
The political units above are likewise grouped (into traditionally seven) but as of today, eight larger groups called
2368:
2337:
1380:
Languages of the Akan Area: Papers in Western Kwa Linguistics and on the Linguistic Geography of the Area of Ancient
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3133:
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702:
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633:
408:
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Non-Akan peoples). The Akan went from buyers of slaves to selling slaves as the dynamics in the Gold Coast and the
1382:. Isaac K. Chinebuah, H. Max J. Trutenau, Linguistic Circle of Accra, Basler Afrika Bibliographien, 1976, pp. 168.
175:
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Shumway, Rebecca. 2011. "The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade." Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
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171:
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For the Akan, the first-born twin is considered the younger, as the elder stays behind to help the younger out.
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group has its own surnames, taboos, ritual purifications, and forms of etiquette. A person thus inherits one's
861:
Many but not all of the Akan still practice their traditional matrilineal customs, living in their traditional
599:
4134:
3336:
3123:
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A recent (2001) book provides an update on the Akan, stating that some families are changing from the above
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of one's mother, regardless of one's gender or marriage. Members and their spouses thus belong to different
614:) which forms the second element in this expression has a meaning much of "community, town, nation, state".
431:
2325:
2110:
2053:
1482:
Africa from the 12th to the 16th century Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane, James Currey, 1997, 294 pp.
411:. In 2006, Ghana apologized to the descendants of enslaved Africans for the role played in the slave trade.
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481:
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78:
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31:
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is wide-ranging and renowned, especially for the tradition of crafting bronze gold weights, using the
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is sometimes ignored, but "clan membership" is still important, with many people still living in the
571:
Abena Boaa who ruled Offinso 1610–1640, Nana Afia Dokuaa who ruled Akyem Abuakwa 1817–1835, and Nana
1491:
Indigenous medicine and knowledge in African society. Psychology Press, 2007 – Health & Fitness.
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2407:
2267:
980:
874:
643:
368:
306:
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Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast",
1539:
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678:
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1950:"Man Ray, African art, and the modernist lens", Wendy Grossman, Martha Ann Bari, Letty Bonnell,
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rivers." The Akan goldfield was one of three principal goldfields in the region, along with the
30:
This article is about the meta-ethnicity and ethno-linguistic group Akan. For other topics, see
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891:: Aduana, Agona, Asakyiri, Asenie, Asona, Bretuo, Ekuona, and Oyoko. The members of each such
452:
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households. The traditional Akan economic and political organization is based on matrilineal
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88:
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735:, a trickster spirit, often depicted as a spider, human, or a combination thereof.
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of the Gold Coast to form Ghana. Ivory Coast gained independence on 7 August 1960.
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235:
223:
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17:
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method. The Akan culture reached South America, the Caribbean, and North America.
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399:. About a third of the population of many Akan states were indentured servants (
380:
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207:
195:
163:
155:
1767:
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trading of cash crops. This brought wealth to numerous Akan states such as the
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2575:
2501:
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1591:
The African heritage, Volume 3 Zimbabwe Pub. House, 1999 – History – 180 pages
996:
912:
762:
757:
731:: "words of a sky god". The stories generally, but not always, revolve around
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38:
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group and the Akan language which was and is the most widely spoken and used
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in Guyana. Fante war lord Chief Takyi also led a slave rebellion in Jamaica.
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marriages of its members, and settles internal disputes among its members.
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or clan, especially in the city. The above taboo on marriage within one's
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and their influence with Akan culture and loanwords specifically from the
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Non-western theories of development: regional norms versus global trends
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Bartle, Philip F. W. (January 1978), "Forty Days; The AkanCalendar".
1941:, Philip Briggs, Katherine Rushton Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, 416 pp.
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Long Live the Dead!: changing funeral celebrations in Asante, Ghana
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2280:(African occasional papers, no. 2) Calgary: Dept. of Archaeology,
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825:– What an Akan gets from his father, but one does not belong to a
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227:
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104:
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Kasahorow Akan Dictionary The Dictionary of Standard Written Akan
804:
These are the basic concepts of Akan philosophy and inheritance:
4078:
4068:
1448:
Klein, A. Norman. “Toward a New Understanding of Akan Origins.”
1326:
CIA World Factbook population total suggests roughly 20 million.
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rather than matrilineally. There are ancestrally 12 patrilineal
738:
Elements of Akan culture also include, but are not limited to:
598:
In modern Ghana, a quasi-legislative/judicial body known as the
400:
159:
4164:
3811:
2533:
2372:
1792:: an ethnography of an Akan society Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1975
677:(AOC). Some of Akan's language characteristic features include
2942:
2529:
1605:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 4.
1655:"Asante (Ashanti) History Much of the modern nation of Ghana"
932:(spirit) groups, and everyone belongs to his or her father's
723:
Some of their most important mythological stories are called
2296:
Proceedings of the III International West African Conference
1878:
Language The Alternation Strategies in Multilingual Settings
1263:
List of rulers of the Akan states of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman
2278:: an archaeological investigation into early Akan urbanism
472:
sold from and around Anomabo (Fantelands) in Jamaica, the
922:
Certain other aspects of the Akan culture are determined
135:
129:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1423:
Eva L. R. Meyerowitz. “A Note on the Origins of Ghana.”
869:, which are the basis of inheritance and succession. A
2168:
2166:
840:– What an Akan develops from interaction with the world
2244:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1450:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
948:
from one's father but does not belong to his family.
138:
132:
1768:"United Nations member States – General Information"
341:
wrote about this great kingdom based on accounts by
4087:
3845:
3773:
3757:
3639:
3616:
3575:
3505:
3492:
3397:
3376:
3345:
3317:
3291:
3284:
3261:
3142:
2915:
2753:
2600:
2568:
2012:
Simultaneity in signed languages: form and function
126:
94:
67:
54:
2014:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007, 355 pp.
814:
615:
1527:Africa: a Voyage of Discovery with Basil Davidson
1283:List of rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Abuakwa
1268:List of rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman
1088:Mask (Bo Nun Amuin), from the early 20th century.
2156:de Witte (2001), p. 55 shows such surnames in a
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
371:, according to Peter Bakewell, were the "highly
363:(1550–1650), and ultimately led to the rise the
1846:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana
1633:. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 155.
1978:African Studies, Jerry Bedu-Addo, 1989. 68 pp.
1562:
1560:
1352:"Akan 42.1%" of a population of 22.0 million.
505:are typically ruled by several kings known as
4176:
3823:
2545:
2384:
2358:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2006)
1587:
1585:
1502:"Akwamu – Encyclopedia Article and More from"
1395:Ayim-Aboagye, Phd, Desmond (September 2011).
1367:"Akan 45.3%" of a population of 24.6 million.
307:
8:
1757:, Harcourt Brace College Pub., 1999, 179 pp.
1273:List of rulers of the Akan state of Denkyira
1203:Diachronic map showing "Akan-held territory
178:. Subgroups of the Akan people include: the
49:
2160:, which provides a useful example of names.
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
1348:""Cote d'Ivoire", CIA – The World Factbook"
1278:List of rulers of the Akan state of Gyaaman
794:Concepts of Akan philosophy and inheritance
4183:
4169:
4161:
3830:
3816:
3808:
3502:
3288:
3258:
3202:Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Atadanso
3197:Rulers of the Akan state of Assin Apimenem
2552:
2538:
2530:
2391:
2377:
2369:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1258:List of rulers of the Akan state of Adanse
314:
300:
245:
48:
3207:Rulers of the Akan state of Bono-Tekyiman
3165:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Anafo
3160:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Okere
2192:The Cultural bond: sport, empire, society
2122:
2120:
2118:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1731:"Ghana apologizes to slaves' descendants"
936:group, but not to his family lineage and
819:) – What an Akan inherits from his mother
3192:Rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Kotoku
3187:Rulers of the Akan state of Akyem Bosume
3170:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Guan
1603:Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas
638:Akan refers to the language of the Akan
3222:Rulers of the Akan state of Manya Krobo
2266:, Legon: Institute of African Studies,
2085:, 1970. William Benton, publisher, The
1704:Henry Louis Gates Jr. (22 April 2010).
1339:
1319:
1230:in 1337, including the location of the
1042:
708:Akan culture is one of the traditional
375:area in the forest country between the
248:
2000:Sankofa: African thought and education
1427:, vol. 51, no. 205, 1952, pp. 319–23.
150:group living primarily in present-day
2264:Traditional History of the Bono State
999:(1938–2018) – the first black man to
166:. The Akan speak dialects within the
7:
1452:, vol. 66, no. 2, 1996, pp. 248–73.
1419:
1417:
1390:
1388:
1375:
1373:
3155:Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem
1355:""Ghana", CIA – The World Factbook"
873:is defined as all those related by
620:has been translated as "Akanland".
3217:Rulers of the Akan state of Dwaben
975:Notable individuals of Akan origin
25:
4371:Indigenous peoples of West Africa
3232:Rulers of the Fante Confederation
1966:, Crown Publishers, 1975, 617 pp.
1529:, Documentary, 1984, 114 minutes.
579:A Prince or Daakyehen(Fante)(lit
480:, who was the leader of the 1763
439:, the Gold Coast was united with
4192:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast
3792:
3791:
3177:Rulers of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman
2331:
2319:
2256:"Kente Cloth." African Journey.
1952:International Arts & Artists
1849:. The Society. 2003. p. 28.
1219:
1196:
1181:
1148:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1057:
1045:
256:
122:
2230:At the Court of an African King
1988:Akan Weights and the Gold Trade
1706:"Ending the Slavery Blame-Game"
1540:"Pre-colonial history of Ghana"
829:; instead one belongs to one's
701:17th Century Akan Terracotta –
2024:The Rough Guide to West Africa
1030:(1865–1930) – the first black
1:
2355:Akan Philosophy of the Person
1954:, 2009 – Photography, 183 pp.
1939:Ghana: The Bradt Travel Guide
1162:
4381:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
2726:Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans
2273:Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1985),
2262:Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979),
2058:. Published by Het Spinhuis.
1922:"Akan (Twi) – Akan language"
422:Akan people, especially the
267:
2282:University of Calgary Press
2237:Ancient Ashanti Chieftaincy
2209:Ghana's Heritage of Culture
2081:Busia, Kofi Abrefa (1970).
1100:Wooden mask of an elephant.
971:framework presented above.
815:
616:
27:Ethnic group in West Africa
4402:
3739:Ashanti Empire (Asanteman)
3134:Akan Orthography Committee
2714:Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)
2248:Edinburgh University Press
2054:de Witte, Marleen (2001).
1976:Facets of Ghanaian culture
1875:Guerini, Federica (2006).
1024:from European colonialism.
1016:(1909–1972) – started the
978:
797:
758:Outdooring naming ceremony
703:Metropolitan Museum of Art
675:Akan Orthography Committee
634:Akan Orthography Committee
627:
409:trans-Atlantic slave trade
36:
29:
4198:
3789:
2414:
2223:Akan Traditions of Origin
2026:, Penguin, 2008, 1360 pp.
1350:. Cia.gov. 3 August 2022.
1141:Museum of Natural History
848:– What an Akan gets from
242:Oral tradition and Origin
99:
72:
59:
4140:Gold Coast Euro-Africans
2002:, P. Lang, 1995, 236 pp.
1990:, Longman, 1980. 393 pp.
1288:List of rulers of Asante
1064:Akan metalwork from the
37:Not to be confused with
3182:Rulers of Akyem Abuakwa
3124:Adamorobe Sign Language
2228:Meyerowitz, Eva L. R.,
2221:Meyerowitz, Eva L. R.,
2181:de Witte (2001), p. 73.
2172:de Witte (2001), p. 53.
2083:Encyclopædia Britannica
1464:. Accessed 9 Jan. 2023.
1439:. Accessed 9 Jan. 2023.
1191:and the Gold Coast map.
1032:professional footballer
1020:, which liberated many
432:War of the Golden Stool
4386:Ethnic groups in Ghana
3839:Ethnic groups in Ghana
2925:Central Tano languages
2336:Quotations related to
2214:Kyerematen, A. A. Y.,
1631:Ancient Ghana and Mali
705:
670:Jamaican Maroon Creole
482:Berbice slave uprising
459:Trans-Atlantic slavery
419:
79:Central Tano languages
3497:Ashantiland Peninsula
3129:Nanabin Sign Language
2592:Ashantiland Peninsula
2404:Ashantiland Peninsula
2239:, Tema (Ghana), 1986.
2087:University of Chicago
1788:The Techiman-Bono of
1680:"History Slave Trade"
1007:. He was awarded the
700:
668:) in the language of
628:Further information:
417:
3781:Akan Knowledge (XXG)
3455:Fetu Afahye Festival
3425:Fancy Dress Festival
3410:Ashanti Yam Festival
2328:at Wikimedia Commons
2259:. 25 September 2007.
2099:University of Leiden
1127:military golden war
1018:pan-African movement
712:cultures of Africa.
172:Potou–Tano subfamily
4376:West African people
3608:Western Ashantiland
3598:Eastern Ashantiland
3593:Central Ashantiland
3506:Geographic entities
3269:New Patriotic Party
2731:Antigua and Barbuda
2615:List of Akan people
2268:University of Ghana
2138:on 16 February 2011
1926:amesall.rutgers.edu
981:List of Akan people
875:matrilineal descent
644:indigenous language
526:that only heads an
387:goldfield, and the
51:
18:Akan (ethnic group)
3480:Mmoaninko Festival
3460:Fofie Yam Festival
3405:Akwasidae Festival
3212:Rulers of Denkyira
2235:Obeng, Ernest E.,
2225:, London, c. 1950.
1710:The New York Times
706:
474:Akwamu in St. John
428:Anglo-Ashanti wars
420:
176:Niger–Congo family
4348:
4347:
4158:
4157:
4125:African Americans
3805:
3804:
3753:
3752:
3632:
3617:Major settlements
3557:Cape Three Points
3553:
3537:
3525:
3488:
3487:
3430:Aboakyer Festival
3420:Awukudae Festival
3333:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3254:
3227:Rulers of Gyaaman
3089:
3082:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2690:Afro–Costa Ricans
2686:
2674:
2662:
2654:
2642:
2588:
2527:
2526:
2408:Gold Coast Region
2324:Media related to
2250:), 48 (1): 80–84.
1627:Levtzion, Nehemia
1189:Empire of Ashanti
1156:Empire of Ashanti
1137:Empire of Ashanti
1122:Empire of Ashanti
955:structure to the
778:Akan gold weights
540:the king of kings
453:Upper West Region
449:Upper East Region
365:Empire of Ashanti
324:
323:
114:
113:
82:
60:c. 24–25 million
16:(Redirected from
4393:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4162:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3746:
3626:
3543:
3531:
3515:
3503:
3450:Bakatue Festival
3440:Akwambo Festival
3435:Akrokre Festival
3327:
3304:Akan Goldweights
3289:
3271:
3259:
3251:Akan chieftaincy
3244:
3237:Rulers of Asante
3150:Rulers of Adanse
3119:Avatime language
3085:
3078:
3075:Avikam–Alladian
3051:Lagoon languages
3037:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2971:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2702:Afro-Panamanians
2692:
2680:
2668:
2660:
2648:
2624:
2578:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2335:
2323:
2216:Panoply of Ghana
2211:, Leipzig, 1963.
2194:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:. Archived from
2124:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2079:
2068:
2051:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1897:
1896:
1872:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1816:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1568:"Africa Gallery"
1564:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:. 13 August 2010
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1351:
1344:
1327:
1324:
1298:Geology of Ghana
1223:
1200:
1185:
1167:
1164:
1152:
1118:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1061:
1049:
993:Olympic sprinter
987:Blessing Afrifah
818:
773:Akan Chieftaincy
718:lost-wax casting
619:
606:. The Akan word
600:House of "Chiefs
441:British Togoland
316:
309:
302:
260:
246:
154:and in parts of
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
76:
63:
55:Total population
52:
21:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4194:
4189:
4159:
4154:
4083:
3841:
3836:
3806:
3801:
3785:
3774:Knowledge (XXG)
3769:
3749:
3737:
3640:Historic states
3635:
3612:
3571:
3562:Bobowasi Island
3494:
3484:
3475:Kundum Festival
3470:Kobine Festival
3465:Gmayem Festival
3393:
3372:
3341:
3313:
3276:
3262:Political party
3257:
3138:
3102:Potou languages
2917:
2911:
2749:
2666:Afro-Barbadians
2596:
2564:
2558:
2528:
2523:
2410:
2397:
2349:Akan gold trade
2316:
2311:
2218:, London, 1964.
2207:Antubam, Kofi,
2203:
2201:Further reading
2198:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2101:, Netherlands.)
2080:
2071:
2052:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1900:
1893:
1885:. p. 100.
1874:
1873:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:modernghana.com
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1659:modernghana.com
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1506:Merriam-Webster
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:10.2307/1161318
1447:
1443:
1425:African Affairs
1422:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1254:
1247:
1224:
1215:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1144:
1133:personal armour
1119:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1066:Brooklyn Museum
1062:
1053:
1050:
1041:
983:
977:
863:extended family
859:
802:
800:Akan philosophy
796:
791:
753:Adinkra symbols
695:
652:the Maroons of
640:ethnolinguistic
636:
626:
490:
461:
445:Northern Region
369:Akan goldfields
352:
337:Arab historian
320:
244:
146:) people are a
125:
121:
61:
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4399:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4088:Non-indigenous
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3538:
3526:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3247:Manhyia Palace
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
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2601:Demographics
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2340:at Wikiquote
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1740:29 September
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
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1687:. Retrieved
1684:ghanaweb.com
1683:
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1664:29 September
1662:. Retrieved
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1596:
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1544:ghanaweb.com
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1510:. Retrieved
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1401:ResearchGate
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335:11th century
330:Koumbi Saleh
328:
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168:Central Tano
117:
115:
101:Christianity
46:Ethnic group
43:
4361:Akan people
3689:Twifo-Heman
3588:Brong-Ahafo
3576:Territories
3567:Dodi Island
3541:Birim River
3529:Atewa Range
2916:Linguistics
2683:The Bahamas
2609:Akan people
2517:Ashanti Twi
2461:Twifo-Heman
2338:Akan people
2326:Akan people
2158:family tree
1774:13 November
1574:13 November
1512:13 November
1308:Tacky's War
1228:Mali Empire
1205:Ashantiland
1166: 1824
1052:Akan Woman.
1009:Nobel Prize
748:Kente cloth
710:matrilineal
612:plural Aman
581:Future-king
488:Akan polity
470:Coromantees
391:goldfield.
250:Akan people
164:West Africa
156:Ivory Coast
50:Akan people
4355:Categories
3982:Ga-Adangbe
3970:Avenor Ewe
3846:Indigenous
3242:Asantehene
2918:(language)
2862:Coromantee
2695:Costa Rica
2646:Coromantee
2576:Bono state
2276:Bono Manso
1883:Peter Lang
1689:5 December
1640:0841904316
1612:0860785130
1549:5 December
1334:References
1246:Goldfields
1170:Visual Art
997:Kofi Annan
913:polygamous
763:Akan names
729:nyankomsem
373:auriferous
39:Aka people
4213:Adjoukrou
3701:Mankessim
3546:Pra River
3522:Kpong Dam
3493:Geography
3398:Festivals
3389:Akan Drum
3019:South Bia
2984:North Bia
2792:Adjoukrou
2754:Subgroups
2512:Asanteman
2473:Mankessim
2364:1095-5054
2298:, 118–20.
2128:"Ashanti"
1820:"Amamere"
1406:9 January
1361:24 August
1357:. Cia.gov
1209:Sovereign
725:anansesem
405:New World
288:Mythology
283:Languages
68:Languages
4320:Mandinka
4059:Tallensi
4049:Mamprusi
4029:Konkomba
4019:Karamogo
4014:Jakhanke
3965:Anlo Ewe
3940:Chumburu
3798:Category
3743:Ashantis
3733:Denkyira
3513:Akosombo
3358:Asasa Ya
3299:Akan Art
3143:Politics
3080:Alladian
2867:Denkyira
2719:Dominica
2671:Barbados
2627:Suriname
2585:Denkyira
2507:Denkyira
2406:and the
1770:. Un.org
1715:26 March
1629:(1973).
1293:Birimian
1252:See also
940:. Each
867:lineages
743:Akan art
714:Akan art
536:Denkyira
534:and the
507:Amanhene
443:and the
339:Al-Bakri
95:Religion
4280:Djimini
4263:Tchaman
4145:Indians
4135:Chinese
4110:Soninke
4024:Kassena
4009:Gurunsi
3950:Dagomba
3945:Dagaaba
3903:Avatime
3893:Ashanti
3765:Oheneba
3716:Gyaaman
3712:Dwabena
3679:Akuapem
3662:Abuakwa
3583:Ashanti
3384:Hiplife
3346:Deities
3285:Culture
3066:Adjukru
3004:Chakosi
2950:Akuapem
2902:Tchaman
2857:Chokosi
2837:Avatime
2769:Akuapem
2762:Ashanti
2743:Jamaica
2651:Jamaica
2581:Gyaaman
2569:History
2490:Gyaaman
2485:Dwabena
2451:Akuapem
2434:Abuakwa
2142:31 July
1303:Gyaaman
1135:of the
1125:warrior
1039:Gallery
991:Israeli
905:abusuas
871:lineage
789:Beliefs
693:Culture
660:of the
654:Jamaica
604:Akanman
530:(e.g.,
524:Emperor
397:Ashanti
356:Bonoman
350:History
268:Culture
212:Chakosi
200:Ashanti
184:Akuapem
174:of the
85:English
4340:Yoruba
4335:Whites
4330:Senufo
4258:M'Bato
4248:Evalue
4238:Baoulé
4233:Avikam
4115:Yoruba
4054:Nafana
4039:Kusasi
3977:Frafra
3930:Bimoba
3913:Evalue
3888:Ahanta
3868:Abidji
3758:Titles
3684:Akwamu
3674:Adanse
3667:Kotoku
3657:Bosome
3629:Obuasi
3624:Kumasi
3368:Anansi
3363:Abosom
3318:Faiths
3292:Topics
3112:M'Bato
3087:Avikam
3061:Abidji
3025:Ahanta
2997:Baoulé
2957:Asante
2887:Ndyuka
2882:M'Bato
2872:Evalue
2847:Baoule
2842:Avikam
2807:Akwamu
2802:Ahanta
2787:Abidji
2707:Panama
2658:Baoule
2635:Guyana
2622:Ndyuka
2563:topics
2456:Akwamu
2446:Adanse
2439:Kotoku
2429:Bosome
2362:
2305:
2288:
2093:
2063:
1889:
1637:
1609:
1437:718785
1435:
1232:Bambuk
1022:states
969:abusua
965:abusua
961:abusua
953:abusua
938:abusua
901:abusua
897:abusua
893:abusua
888:abusua
837:Sunsum
831:Abusua
810:Abusua
685:, and
649:Ndyuka
617:(A)man
585:abusua
528:Empire
515:abusua
511:Ahemfo
476:, and
451:, and
430:: the
385:Bambuk
343:Berber
234:, and
232:Ahanta
204:Baoulé
188:Akwamu
89:French
62:(est.)
4325:Mossi
4310:Krahn
4305:Hausa
4285:Dyula
4268:Wassa
4253:Fante
4228:Attie
4223:Aowin
4150:Tabom
4130:Arabs
4120:Zarma
4105:Mossi
4095:Hausa
4044:Logba
4034:Krobo
4002:Kyode
3997:Gonja
3992:Efutu
3987:Guang
3955:Dyula
3935:Bissa
3923:Nzema
3918:Fante
3898:Assin
3878:Akyem
3873:Ahafo
3858:Agave
3853:Adele
3721:Abron
3706:Fante
3652:Akyem
3647:Efutu
3377:Music
3353:Nyame
3330:Nyame
3272:(NPP)
3107:Ebrié
3071:Attié
3039:Nzema
3011:Sehwi
2990:Anyin
2936:Fante
2897:Sefwi
2892:Nzema
2877:Kwahu
2832:Attie
2827:Assin
2822:Aowin
2812:Akyem
2797:Ahafo
2776:Fante
2495:Abron
2478:Fante
2424:Akyem
2419:Efutu
1790:Ghana
1454:JSTOR
1433:JSTOR
1429:JSTOR
1314:Notes
1159:scout
946:Ntoro
942:Ntoro
934:Ntoro
929:Ntoro
852:(God)
850:Nyame
827:Ntoro
823:Ntoro
816:mogya
666:Ghana
544:Asafo
495:Ntoro
478:Coffy
381:Volta
377:Komoe
273:Music
236:Nzema
228:Wassa
224:Sefwi
220:Kwahu
216:Fante
192:Akyem
180:Agona
152:Ghana
105:Islam
4366:Akan
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4290:Fula
4275:Bété
4243:Bono
4218:Anyi
4208:Abbé
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4100:Fula
4079:Yeji
4074:Wala
4069:Tshi
3908:Bono
3883:Anyi
3863:Akan
3728:Bono
3696:Asen
2973:Wasa
2964:Bono
2907:Wasa
2852:Bono
2817:Anyi
2782:Abbe
2633:and
2561:Akan
2502:Bono
2468:Asen
2400:Akan
2360:ISSN
2303:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2144:2020
2091:ISBN
2061:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1831:2016
1776:2011
1742:2016
1717:2012
1691:2019
1666:2016
1635:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1576:2011
1551:2019
1514:2011
1408:2023
1363:2012
1244:Akan
1242:and
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379:and
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