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works within the shrine would not last very long, since they used artificially-sourced pigments and non-traditional methods, as opposed to the naturally-sourced pigments used by the traditional Sikh art school. Amrik Singh, the SGPC supervisor of the kar seva renovations at the Akal Takht, claims the new methods are better than the traditional methods and that the older methods are "impracticable". He further claims that the present-day structure is designed differently from the original one. A kar seva group leader, Jagtar Singh (Dera Baba), was responsible for the renovations of the structure under the instruction of the SGPC. Enamel paint was apparently used in the present structure, Amrik Singh claims only water-based paints were used and they did not fade for over five years. The fresco work of the present structure was mostly carried out by the artist
Harbhajan Singh, who also had helped retouch frescoes located in the Golden Temple shrine. However, Sukhdev Singh, the state convener of INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) requested that all the kar seva renovators use "old materials and styles, in consonance with what is in the sanctum sanctorum of the Golden Temple". He further criticized the use of synthetic and bright colours, which he decried as being alien to the traditional Sikh school of art.
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1223:. Santa Singh had been approached by Buta Singh (the then union home minister, dispatched by Indira Gandhi) for the purpose of rebuilding the structure. Buta Singh had approached many Sikh groups to gain their support in the kar seva work but all of them refused to work with the government on the reconstruction work unless government occupation forces vacate from the shrine's premises. However, Santa Singh, alongside Narain Singh, decided to convene a Sarbat Khalsa on 11 August 1984, where it was decided that Santa Singh and his faction of Sikhs would assist with the government-sponsored kar seva work. Many institutions such as the
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The present-day Akal Takht lacks many of the historical and cultural intangible heritage that was once found in the original structure. Conservators have raised alarms that the present structure was not designed with the traditional Sikh art style in-mind. They further claimed that any present art
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During the destruction of the historical structure, the original raised platform that Guru
Hargobind had erected located at the base of the built-around structure (where the Guru used to address the gathered Sikh congregation from) was also at-risk of being demolished but protest by Giani Mohinder
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A few years later, Bhindranwale's successor from
Damdami Taksal, Baba Thakur Singh, had the government-sponsored rebuilt Akal Takht demolished, and rebuilt after resolutions were passed by Sarbat Khalsa 1986. The rebuilt Akal Takht under the patronage of Santa Singh was demolished in January 1986.
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The Akal Takht was built on a site where there existed only a high mound of earth across a wide-open space. It was a place where Guru
Hargobind played as a child. The original Takht was a simple platform, 3.5 metres (11 ft) high, on which Guru Hargobind would sit in court to receive petitions
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Santa Singh defended his actions by saying the Akal Takht's
Jathedar, clergy, and the SGPC had not opposed Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale holing himself and his supporters up in the Takht, which led to the government military operation and the original shrine's destruction in the ensuing conflict. He
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According to Teja Singh and Ganda Singh, the structure was built so close-by to the
Harmandir Sahib because whilst the Akal Takht represents politics, the Harmandir Sahib symbolizes spirituality. People at Harmandir Sahib could glance at the Akal Takht and remember temporality whilst those in the
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Originally, wall paintings had existed on the first and second stories of the building. Kanwarjit Singh Kang dates the execution of the wall paintings to the mid-19th century. Of the frescoes dating to the middle of the 19th century that once embellished the walls of the edifice, only 10 fresco
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conducted a counter-insurgency operation, ordered by Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi, to arrest Bhindranwale. The Akal Takht was heavily damaged during this operation by the Indian Army. Bhindranwale was killed in action during an exchange of fire between the armed Militants and the Indian Army.
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Of the ten surviving murals documented in 1971 on the second-story, three of them depicted themes related to Guru
Hargobind. The first was the Guru meeting with Sri Chand, son of Guru Nanak. In this mural was also depicted the five children of the sixth guru, them namely being:
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and administer justice. He was surrounded by insignia of royalty such as the parasol and the fly whisk. Later, there was an open-air semi-circular structure built on marble pillars and a gilded interior section. There were also painted wall panels depicting
Europeans.
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Akal Takht can look upon the
Harmandir Sahib and remember the importance of spirituality. Thus, it is a representation of the co-dependence of religion and politics and that one cannot exist without being balanced by the other, just like limbs of a body.
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Singh (former SGPC secretary), then an elderly and respected Sikh, whom took the matter up with Gurdev Singh Kaunke, then Jathedar of the Akal Takht, to save it from destruction by ignorant Kar Seva volunteers who had no idea of its importance.
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at work as a weaver in a hut alongside Mai Loi (Kabir's wife). There also were lion figurines made of marble. They survived until January 1986, when the Takht was completely demolished to make way for the present-day structure.
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Santa Singh was excommunicated from the Sikh religion in the aftermath by the Akal Takht's clergy as punishment for violating "Sikh maryada". However, Santa Singh rejoined the religion officially in March 2001.
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Fresco of the Sikh gurus together and also Mardana and Bala from the original Akal Takht complex. Destroyed in January 1986 when the structure was completely demolished to make way for the present-day building
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panels survived by 1971. These frescoes had survived painted on the walls of the second-story of the structure. Their colours had been bleached and portions of the plaster at various places was peeling-off.
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1301:. The ninth panel illustrated a scene of a hunting expedition involving a horse and three hunting hounds in an advancing pose. Finally, the last and tenth panel represented a scene of the
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in the 1800s. Contemporary restoration work found a layer of paint-decorated lime plaster that might have been part of the original structure but later than the time of Harminder.
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1261:(later Guru Tegh Bahadur). The second mural panel depicted a scene of Guru Hargobind listening to music being performed by instrumentalists. The third panel depicted
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by the name of Pritam Das (founder of Akhara Sangalwara, also located nearby) was responsible for originally installing the dual Nishan Sahibs at the Akal Takht.
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The first-ever structure erected on the premises was an open brick platform consecrated by Guru Hargobind. Later, a hall would be erected at the site.
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Sohan Lal Suri. 19th century. Umdat-ut-tawarikh, Daftar III, Part 2, trans. V.S. Suri, (1961) 2002, Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, f. 260
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Mural of Guru Hargobind seated atop the original Akal Bunga (later known as the Akal Takht), from Gurdwara Baba Atal, circa 19th century
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1972:. New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 13–14.
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The modern building is a five-story structure with marble inlay and a gold-leafed dome. Three of the stories were added by
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Nomination of Sri Harimandir Sahib for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List Vol.1 Nomination Dossier, India 2003.
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The structure was then rebuilt twice: once immediately after Operation Blue Star in 1984 and then again in 1986.
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Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839-2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.
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On 4 June 1984, the Akal Takht was damaged when the Indian Army stormed Harmandir Sahib under the order of
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as a place of justice and consideration of temporal issues; the highest seat of earthly authority of the
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Fresco of floral motifs and the building structure from the walls of pre-1984 Akal Takht complex
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in Punjab. The renovations during the 18th century gave the building a "better shape". An
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Painting of the Akal Takht from 'Original sketches in the Punjaub by a Lady', circa 1854
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dating to the mid-to-late 18th century, such as ivory mosaic work, in-laid stone work (
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claimed that he had done a great service for the Sikhs by rebuilding the structure.
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was depicted in the fourth mural taking care of daily chores alongside his family,
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organized by some Sikh organizations in 2015. Due to the political imprisonment of
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presenting the retrieved stolen horses, Dilbagh and Gulbagh, to Guru Hargobind.
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Photograph of a 'Panthic Morcha' held at the Akal Takht in Amritsar, circa 1900
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After Operation Blue Star, the surviving Akal Takht structure still contained
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rather than one. The two flags are said to represent the two-sword concept of
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unveiled during construction work on the Akal Takht in the late 20th century
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appends sugar crystals to the formulae he is stirring, whilst the inaugural
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Photograph of the Akal Takht in the aftermath of Operation Blue Star (1984)
1677:(1 ed.). Languages Department of Punjab, Patiala. p. ਅਕਾਲਬੁੰਗਾ.
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961:, India. The Akal Takht (originally called Akal Bunga) was built by
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Panel 3: Bidhi Chand returns the stolen horses to Guru Hargobind
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At Sarbat Khalsa, hardliners appoint Hawara Akal Takht Jathedar
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was appointed as the acting Jathedar by the Sarbat Khalsa. The
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events of 1699 at Anandpur, where Guru Gobind Singh prepares
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After Operation Blue Star, the Akal Takht was rebuilt by the
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Akal Takht illuminated, in Harmandir Sahib complex, Amritsar
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Original platform of the Akal Bunga that was consecrated by
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Mural panels from the second-story of the original structure
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Rebuilding of structure demolished in 1986 completed in 1995
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WorldGurudwara.com Akal Takht, Amritsar established in 1606
1984:"Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric"
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The Sikh religion: Its gurus, sacred writings and authors
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Photograph of the Akal Takht in Amritsar from circa 1924
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Photograph of the Akal Takht in Amritsar from circa 1870
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Panel 10: Amrit Sanchar of the 1699 Vaisakhi at Anandpur
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in the fifth is depicted alongside Raja Rana, and saint
969:(the collective body of the Sikhs) and the place of the
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Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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A unique aspect of the Akal Takht is that it flies two
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Photograph of the Akal Takht in Amritsar, circa 1850's
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eating rice that was offered by his childhood friend,
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eating rice that was offered by his childhood friend
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The position of the Jathedar is disputed between the
2147:"Original drawings offered - Akal Takht restoration"
1871:
Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988). "14. The Akal Takht".
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1745:"Takht Jathedar's address marred by sloganeering"
1048:revealed the platform on 15 June 1606, he put on
1773:. Gateway to Sikhism Foundation. 20 April 2007.
1700:
1698:
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1458:and had been painted by expert Sikh artisans (
1293:on a couch whilst being attended upon by both
1074:led a series of attacks on the Akal Takht and
16:Sikh religious site in Amritsar, Punjab, India
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1462:). Of the frescoes, there were depictions of
1419:Panel 9: Horses and hounds being led by Sikhs
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2183:Sikh Twareekh Vich Akal Takht Sahib Da Role
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1277:in the sixth. The seventh panel portrayed
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3481:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire
1056:) and the other, his temporal authority (
1052:: one indicated his spiritual authority (
1000:however refused to accept its authority.
1715:Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2008.
1652:Photograph of the Akal Takht in Amritsar
1044:built a 9-foot-high concrete slab. When
984:as the acting Jathedar in 2023, and the
98:Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Golden Temple Rd,
1875:. Atma Ram & Sons. pp. 63–74.
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1211:Initial government-sponsored rebuilding
1174:In July 1983, the Sikh political party
1112:, then Prime minister of India, during
998:Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee
978:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee
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1352:Panel 2: Guru Hargobind with musicians
1340:Panel 1: Guru Hargobind with Sri Chand
973:, the highest spokesman of the Sikhs.
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1933:Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (18 May 2008).
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1777:from the original on 13 November 2014
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7:
4340:Buildings and structures in Amritsar
2045:"Baba Santa Singh accepts 'tankhah'"
1990:from the original on 4 November 2019
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1806:from the original on 21 October 2016
1671:Nabha, Kahan Singh (13 April 1930).
1257:, Ani Rai, Suraj Mal, Atal Rai, and
1829:. Jalandhar: Sikh University Press.
1706:"The encyclopedia of Christianity."
1681:from the original on 19 August 2016
1616:, Harmandir Sahib complex, Amritsar
1572:Interior of the pre-1984 Akal Takht
1186:invited the fourteenth jathedar of
2190:Akal Takht Sahib, concept and role
2145:Walia, Varinder (8 October 2002).
2123:Walia, Varinder (7 October 2002).
2073:Walia, Varinder (30 August 2007).
14:
2276:Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Akal Takht
2043:Walia, Varinder (17 March 2001).
1986:. India Today. 15 December 2011.
1825:Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1980).
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1082:(1718–1783) – the leader of the
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41:
29:
4355:Tourist attractions in Amritsar
4276:
3127:Contemporary Sant Mat movements
164:
154:
4180:Sikhism and sexual orientation
2252:Low Price Publications, 1903.
2178:, Sikh University Press, 1980.
1674:Gur Shabad Ratanakar Mahankosh
1:
2204:Akal Takht Tay is da Jathedar
2199:, Sikh University Press 2008.
2192:, Sikh University Press 2005.
2185:, Sikh University Press 2005.
1743:Paul, GS (8 November 2018).
1285:. The eighth panel depicted
955:Darbar Sahib (Golden Temple)
47:Photograph of the Akal Takht
2232:New insights into Sikh art.
2075:"He protected Takht podium"
1799:Akal Takht Ate Khalsa Panth
833:Sikhism and other religions
512:
503:
494:
4371:
4345:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India
3540:British East India Company
1612:Akal Takht illuminated on
1191:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
1184:jathedar of the Akal Takht
1159:
936:Throne of the Timeless One
4273:
3952:Treaty of Amritsar (1846)
3932:Treaty of Amritsar (1809)
3881:Johann Martin Honigberger
3740:Chattar Singh Attariwalla
2323:
2234:Marg Publications. 2003.
2219:. South Asia Books 1989.
1802:. Chandigarh. p. 2.
1311:for the newly introduced
1244:Loss of cultural heritage
169:Heavily damaged in 1984 (
159:15 June 1606 (Akal Bunga)
52:
40:
28:
3942:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3937:Tripartite Treaty (1838)
2281:Shri Akaal Takhat images
2195:Harjinder Singh Dilgeer
2188:Harjinder Singh Dilgeer
2181:Harjinder Singh Dilgeer
2174:Harjinder Singh Dilgeer
1466:accepting wet rice from
1180:Harcharan Singh Longowal
1016:Originally known as the
949:(seats of power) of the
3947:Treaty of Lahore (1846)
3825:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana
2750:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh
2125:"Restoring Takht glory"
953:. It is located in the
316:Selected revered saints
3780:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia
3765:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia
3755:Ranjodh Singh Majithia
3735:Sher Singh Attariwalla
3730:Sham Singh Attariwalla
3626:Officials and warriors
3535:Emirate of Afghanistan
3441:Battle of Chillianwala
2666:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur
2415:Beliefs and principles
1968:G.S., Randhir (1990).
1873:Punjab Art and Culture
1441:
1171:
1013:
918:Punjabi pronunciation:
810:Jathedar of Akal Takht
35:Seal of the Akal Takht
4316:31.62056°N 74.87528°E
4118:Fariduddin Ganjshakar
3861:François Henri Mouton
3851:Jean-Baptiste Ventura
3690:Khushal Singh Jamadar
3477:Panchayati Revolution
3473:Hill States–Sikh Wars
3428:Second Anglo-Sikh War
2740:Qila Mubarak, Patiala
1970:Sikh shrines in India
1771:The Sikh Encyclopedia
1439:
1376:Panel 4: Bhagat Kabir
1195:Golden Temple Complex
1169:
1103:Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1080:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
1066:In the 18th century,
1024:was founded by sixth
1011:
922:[äːkäːlt̪axt]
3899:Influential families
3856:Claude Auguste Court
3846:Jean-François Allard
3760:Surat Singh Majithia
3750:Lehna Singh Majithia
3555:Hill States Alliance
3408:Battle of Ferozeshah
3395:First Anglo-Sikh War
3115:Akhand Kirtani Jatha
3093:Piara Singh Bhaniara
2972:United Arab Emirates
2710:Hazuri Bagh Baradari
2440:Cannabis and Sikhism
2211:The Gallant Defender
2202:Mohinder Singh Josh
1388:Panel 5: Bhagat Sain
982:Giani Raghubir Singh
840:Sikhism and Hinduism
4312: /
4190:Idolatry in Sikhism
4108:Nanakshahi calendar
4103:Sikh Light Infantry
3745:Amar Singh Majithia
3680:Mahan Singh Mirpuri
3471:, Katoch–Sikh War,
1935:"The Lost Heritage"
1704:Fahlbusch E. (ed.)
1162:Operation Blue Star
1156:Operation Blue Star
1114:Operation Blue Star
990:Jagtar Singh Hawara
870:Religion portal
850:Sikhism and Jainism
800:Nanakshahi calendar
140:31.6206°N 74.8753°E
136: /
85:Architectural style
65:General information
4321:31.62056; 74.87528
4091:11th Sikh Regiment
3906:Sandhawalia family
3820:Sultan Mahmud Khan
3805:Jarnail Ghaus Khan
3790:Sangat Singh Saini
3685:Dewan Mokham Chand
3560:Kingdom of Mankera
3436:Battle of Ramnagar
3380:Battle of Peshawar
3375:Battle of Nowshera
3252:Battle of Bhangani
2730:Nanak Shahi bricks
2633:Tav-Prasad Savaiye
2425:Sikh Rehat Maryada
2420:Guru Maneyo Granth
2248:Macauliffe, M. A.
1796:Singh, Dr Kuldip.
1711:7 May 2014 at the
1446:historical artwork
1442:
1172:
1014:
554:Sikh Rehat Maryada
521:Guru Maneyo Granth
4295:
4294:
3976:Bandi Chhor Divas
3960:
3959:
3894:
3893:
3866:Alexander Gardner
3785:Kahan Singh Nakai
3770:Akali Phula Singh
3650:Diwan Bhawani Das
3487:
3486:
3418:Battle of Sobraon
3370:Battle of Shopian
2855:Jammu and Kashmir
2755:Well of Dina Nath
2583:Guru Granth Sahib
2396:Guru Granth Sahib
2391:Guru Gobind Singh
2386:Guru Tegh Bahadur
2258:978-81-7536-132-4
2240:978-81-85026-60-2
2225:978-962-7375-01-2
2217:The Golden Temple
1721:978-0-8028-2417-2
1289:seated alongside
1068:Ahmed Shah Abdali
945:) is one of five
906:
905:
845:Sikhism and Islam
775:Nirgun and Sargun
653:Guru Granth Sahib
302:Guru Granth Sahib
297:Guru Gobind Singh
292:Guru Tegh Bahadur
179:
178:
89:Sikh architecture
57:Alternative names
4362:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4278:
4215:Punjabi language
4175:Women in Sikhism
3715:Balbhadra Kunwar
3675:Hari Singh Nalwa
3665:Misr Diwan Chand
3655:Diwan Buta Singh
3630:
3570:Barakzai dynasty
3545:Kingdom of Nepal
3499:Sikh Khalsa Army
3451:Battle of Gujrat
3413:Battle of Aliwal
3385:Battle of Jamrud
3365:Battle of Multan
3360:Battle of Attock
3352:Afghan–Sikh wars
3244:Mughal-Sikh Wars
3240:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3031:Sects of Sikhism
2997:Northern Ireland
2725:Moti Bagh Palace
2700:Bahadurgarh Fort
2398:(Sikh holy book)
2381:Guru Har Krishan
2310:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
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2133:
2132:
2120:
2087:
2086:
2085:on 11 July 2009.
2081:. Archived from
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1428:
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1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1315:ceremony whilst
1221:Baba Santa Singh
1099:Hari Singh Nalwa
1084:Sikh Confederacy
994:Dhian Singh Mand
959:Amritsar, Punjab
940:
937:
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931:
928:
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884:
868:
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834:
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690:
645:
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515:
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394:Bhagat Trilochan
364:Bhagat Parmanand
317:
287:Guru Har Krishan
245:
204:
181:
151:
150:
148:
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146:
145:31.6206; 74.8753
141:
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133:
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100:Amritsar, Punjab
45:
33:
21:
4370:
4369:
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3911:Majithia family
3890:
3871:Paolo Avitabile
3834:
3815:Fakir Azizuddin
3725:Mehta Basti Ram
3645:Diwan Dina Nath
3621:
3585:
3565:Namgyal dynasty
3513:
3492:Military forces
3483:
3455:
3446:Siege of Multan
3422:
3403:Battle of Mudki
3389:
3346:
3235:
3229:
3205:Nau Nihal Singh
3183:
3178:
3138:
3023:and communities
3022:
3015:
2759:
2745:Ramgarhia Bunga
2656:Harmandir Sahib
2637:
2569:
2451:
2447:Diet in Sikhism
2401:
2332:
2319:
2314:
2267:
2230:Singh K. (ed.)
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173:-era structure)
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3886:Henry Lawrence
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3830:Sohan Lal Suri
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3581:Maqpon Dynasty
3578:
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3537:
3532:
3530:Durrani Empire
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3512:
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3493:
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3465:Nepal–Sikh War
3463:
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3110:Damdami Taksal
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2593:Sarbloh Granth
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2176:The Akal Takht
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1827:The Akal Takht
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1160:Main article:
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359:Bhagat Bhikhan
356:
354:Bhagat Sadhana
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
329:Bhagat Ravidas
326:
320:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
277:Guru Hargobind
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
197:
196:
190:
189:
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
120:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4367:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4290:
4282:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Kesgarh Sahib
4253:
4251:
4250:Damdama Sahib
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Sikh Regiment
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3916:Tiwana family
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Josiah Harlan
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Jawahar Singh
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Zorawar Singh
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Harkishangarh
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Mughal Empire
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:Sino-Sikh war
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Gurdas Nangal
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Chappar Chiri
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Agrahari Sikh
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:Groups, sects
3018:
3010:
3009:U.S. Military
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:United States
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Khanda museum
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:North America
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Three Pillars
2518:
2516:
2515:Antam Sanskar
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Amrit Sanchar
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:The 52 Hukams
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Guru Amar Das
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:Darshi A. R.
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:Sikh Twareekh
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:9788170430964
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1747:. The Tribune
1746:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:Bhagat Dhanna
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1313:Amrit Sanchar
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:'s President
1177:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:Nishan Sahibs
1140:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:Indira Gandhi
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:Sarbat Khalsa
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:; originally
923:
916:: ਅਕਾਲ ਤਖ਼ਤ,
915:
911:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
858:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
829:
828:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
742:
741:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:Damdama Sahib
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
691:
684:
683:
676:
675:
671:
669:
668:
664:
662:
661:
657:
655:
654:
650:
649:
646:
639:
638:
631:
630:Antam Sanskar
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Amrit Sanskar
618:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
548:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
514:
509:
507:
505:
500:
498:
496:
491:
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
473:
472:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Bhatt Mathura
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Bhatt Harbans
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Bhatt Kalshar
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Bhagat Jaidev
387:
385:
384:Bhagat Surdas
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:Bhagat Dhanna
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Bhagat Namdev
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
318:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Guru Amar Das
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
239:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
172:
168:
158:
149:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4297:
4244:
4227:Sacred trees
4008:Other topics
3981:Hola Mohalla
3810:Ilahi Bakhsh
3670:Diwan Mulraj
3660:Pratap Singh
3617:Zorawar Fort
3272:2nd Anandpur
3267:1st Anandpur
3225:Duleep Singh
3200:Kharak Singh
3195:Ranjit Singh
3088:Mazhabi Sikh
2947:South Africa
2715:Kesgarh Qila
2661:Janam Asthan
2643:Architecture
2588:Dasam Granth
2555:Charhdi Kala
2435:Prohibitions
2376:Guru Har Rai
2361:Guru Ram Das
2249:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2128:
2083:the original
2078:
2048:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1872:
1826:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1798:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1770:
1767:"Akal Bunga"
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1738:
1727:
1683:. Retrieved
1673:
1666:
1493:
1489:
1484:Bhagat Kabir
1480:Bhagat Dhruv
1459:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1320:
1306:
1267:Bhagat Kabir
1251:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1214:
1173:
1147:
1141:
1137:Ranjit Singh
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1107:
1097:
1090:
1072:Massa Rangar
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1040:, the sixth
1017:
1015:
975:
942:
909:
907:
712:
672:
665:
660:Dasam Granth
658:
651:
559:Prohibitions
532:Five Virtues
527:Five Thieves
519:
513:Charhdi Kalā
485:
419:Bhatt Gayand
334:Bhagat Farid
324:Bhagat Kabir
282:Guru Har Rai
267:Guru Ram Das
107:Town or city
18:
4350:Sikh places
4319: /
4265:Patna Sahib
4260:Hazur Sahib
3795:Hukma Singh
3710:Gulab Singh
3640:Dhian Singh
3612:Lahore Fort
3602:Multan Fort
3597:Jamrud Fort
3550:Qing Empire
3518:Adversaries
3504:Fauj-i-Khas
3181:Sikh Empire
3144:Sikh Empire
3122:Singh Sabha
3051:Nanakpanthi
2962:Switzerland
2952:South Korea
2912:New Zealand
2907:Netherlands
2778:Afghanistan
2608:Japji Sahib
2540:The Five Ks
2535:Vand Chhako
2500:Anand Karaj
2151:The Tribune
2129:The Tribune
2079:The Tribune
2049:The Tribune
1939:The Tribune
1751:10 November
1271:Bhagat Sain
1263:Bidhi Chand
1206:Re-building
1199:Indian army
1038:Bhai Gurdas
1034:Baba Buddha
957:complex in
733:Hazur Sahib
728:Patna Sahib
625:Anand Karaj
584:The Five Ks
504:Vand Chakkō
464:Balvand Rai
454:Baba Sundar
434:Bhatt Kirat
429:Bhatt Jalap
414:Bhatt Bhika
409:Bhatt Bhalh
379:Bhagat Pipa
369:Bhagat Sain
344:Bhagat Beni
143: /
118:Coordinates
4334:Categories
4307:74°52′31″E
4304:31°37′14″N
4245:Akal Takht
4185:In Fiction
4170:Ravidassia
4138:Dharamyudh
4061:Literature
4051:Panj Pyare
3991:Mela Maghi
3839:Foreigners
3800:Veer Singh
3775:Chandu Lal
3509:Fauj-i-Ain
3215:Sher Singh
3210:Chand Kaur
3066:Sewapanthi
2793:Bangladesh
2765:By country
2735:Pul Kanjri
2705:Fateh Burj
2618:Jaap Sahib
2603:Mul Mantar
2525:Kirat Karo
2510:Amrit Velā
2495:Naam Karan
2475:Sikh rites
2407:Philosophy
2366:Guru Arjan
2351:Guru Angad
2346:Guru Nanak
1810:21 October
1781:21 October
1685:21 October
1658:References
1322:Panj Piare
1050:two swords
1018:Akal Bunga
943:Akal Bunga
910:Akal Takht
785:Literature
770:Panj Pyare
713:Akal Takht
674:Five Banis
615:Naam Karan
574:Amrit Velā
495:Kirat Karō
478:Philosophy
459:Satta Doom
449:Bhatt Salh
444:Bhatt Nalh
404:Bhatt Balh
272:Guru Arjan
257:Guru Angad
252:Guru Nanak
244:Sikh gurus
131:74°52′31″E
128:31°37′14″N
60:Akal Bunga
24:Akal Takht
4195:Criticism
4113:Ramananda
3968:Festivals
3705:Lal Singh
3700:Tej Singh
3577:of Poonch
3327:Jalalabad
3236:conflicts
3220:Jind Kaur
3061:Nirankari
2942:Singapore
2872:Indonesia
2808:Vancouver
2783:Australia
2575:Scripture
2530:Naam Japo
2457:Practices
2215:Singh P.
2156:20 August
1944:24 August
1482:, and of
1460:naqqashis
1450:jaratkari
1400:Panel 7:
1325:watch-on.
1317:Mata Jito
1295:Lakshmana
1176:Akali Dal
1149:miri-piri
1042:Sikh Guru
1026:Sikh Guru
805:Criticism
644:Scripture
546:Practices
487:Naam Japo
166:Destroyed
156:Completed
4289:Category
4219:Gurmukhī
4210:Punjabis
4153:Hinduism
4081:Politics
4041:Waheguru
4036:Ik Onkar
3998:Vaisakhi
3925:Treaties
3307:Sadhaura
3277:Chamkaur
3234:Military
3076:Ramraiya
3046:Namdhari
2987:Scotland
2967:Thailand
2927:Pakistan
2897:Malaysia
2773:Diaspora
2651:Gurdwara
2326:Glossary
1988:Archived
1804:Archived
1775:Archived
1709:Archived
1679:Archived
1303:Vaisakhi
1259:Tyag Mal
1255:Gurditta
1217:Jathedar
1182:and the
971:Jathedar
914:Gurmukhi
765:Waheguru
755:Ik Onkar
703:Gurdwara
611:(Turban)
232:Glossary
186:a series
184:Part of
111:Amritsar
4281:Outline
4205:History
4148:Jainism
4021:Culture
4016:History
3633:Natives
3575:Sudhans
3322:Lohgarh
3302:Sirhind
3292:Sonepat
3287:Muktsar
3071:Nirmala
2982:England
2840:Germany
2830:Finland
2820:Denmark
2798:Belgium
2788:Austria
2613:Chaupai
2598:Gurbani
2560:Dasvand
2330:History
2317:Sikhism
2169:Sources
1994:10 July
1614:Gurpurb
1499:Gallery
1464:Krishna
1455:bhagats
1402:Krishna
1299:Hanuman
1279:Krishna
1275:Dharuva
1004:History
930:
579:Dasvand
227:History
222:Outline
194:Sikhism
102:, India
95:Address
77:of the
4200:Punjab
4133:Dastar
4128:Sardar
4076:Places
4046:Khanda
3460:Others
3297:Samana
3262:Basoli
3257:Nadaun
3188:Rulers
3056:Nihang
3036:Khalsa
2957:Sweden
2937:Poland
2932:Panama
2922:Norway
2865:Punjab
2845:Greece
2835:France
2803:Canada
2686:Europe
2676:Africa
2623:Rehras
2565:Jhatka
2545:Simran
2490:Langar
2485:Kirtan
2465:Khalsa
2256:
2238:
2223:
1879:
1719:
1468:Sudama
1406:Sudama
1283:Sudama
1123:Design
1092:mahant
967:Khalsa
947:takhts
780:Khanda
760:Khalsa
695:Takhts
689:Places
609:Dastar
604:Nitnem
599:Simran
589:Langar
569:Kirtan
217:Topics
212:People
73:First
70:Status
4237:Takht
4165:Sikhs
4143:Islam
4123:Kabir
4071:Names
4066:Music
4056:Films
4031:Music
3986:Maghi
3590:Forts
3342:Delhi
3332:Jammu
3317:Rahon
3282:Sarsa
3105:Jatha
3081:Udasi
2992:Wales
2902:Nepal
2892:Japan
2887:Italy
2860:Kochi
2850:India
2815:China
2480:Ardās
2338:Gurus
2206:2005.
1308:Amrit
1088:Udasi
951:Sikhs
820:Sects
795:Names
790:Music
564:Ardās
79:Sikhs
75:Takht
4158:Rama
3041:Mina
2917:Niue
2882:Iraq
2877:Iran
2825:Fiji
2681:Asia
2671:List
2550:Sewa
2328:and
2254:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2158:2023
1996:2018
1946:2023
1877:ISBN
1812:2016
1783:2016
1753:2022
1717:ISBN
1687:2016
1472:Rama
1297:and
1291:Sita
1287:Rama
1070:and
1058:miri
1054:piri
1036:and
927:lit.
908:The
692:and
594:Sewa
171:Misl
4026:Art
3132:3HO
815:War
4336::
3479:,
3475:,
3467:,
2149:.
2137:^
2127:.
2091:^
2077:.
2057:^
2047:.
2013:^
1937:.
1891:^
1835:^
1769:.
1695:^
1478:,
1474:,
1470:,
1152:.
1028:,
992:,
925:;
188:on
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2131:.
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