1057:
152:
with Greece. Because it was expected that
Turkish Cypriot would object and revolt, a paramilitary group of several thousand men was formed and began its training. According to the copy of the plan, it consisted of two main sections, one delineating external tactics and the other delineating internal
225:
troops should have taken action, which was not the case and led to
Georgadjis shouting "traitors!" in front of their camp. Calling the plan "infamous", the scholar Evanthis Hatzivassiliou wrote that the aim of quick victory indicated the "confusion and wishful thinking of the Greek Cypriot side at
209:
Greek
Cypriot sources have accepted the authenticity of the Akritas plan, but controversy regarding its significance and implications persists. It is a subject of debate whether the plan was actually implemented by Makarios. Frank Hoffmeister wrote that the similarity of the military and political
92:
In 1960, the
British gave in and turned power over to the Greek and Turkish Cypriots. A powersharing constitution was created for the new Republic of Cyprus and included both Turkish and Greek Cypriots holding power. Three treaties were written up to guarantee the integrity and security of the new
93:
republic: the Treaty of
Establishment, the Treaty of Guarantee and the Treaty of Alliance. According to the constitution, Cyprus was to become an independent republic with a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president, with full powersharing between Turkish and Greek Cypriots.
214:", and it is widely perceived as a plan for extermination among Turkish Cypriots. The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs calls the plan a "conspiracy to dissolve the Republic of Cyprus, in pre-determined stages and methods, and to bring about the union of Cyprus with Greece".
210:
actions foreseen in the plan and undertaken in reality was "striking". The
Turkish Cypriot perception is that the events of 1963-1964 were part of a policy of extermination. Turkish Cypriot nationalist narratives have presented the plan as a "blueprint for
196:
Bloody
Christmas violence led to the deaths of 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots. Akritas organization's forces took part in the fighting. About a quarter of the Turkish Cypriots, some 25,000 or so, fled their homes and lands and moved into
164:
It is unknown who authored the plan or to what extent
Makarios was committed to it. Frank Hoffmeister cited the historian Tzermias to support the notion that Makarios had nothing to do with the plan, but Hoffmeister mentioned
630:Από τον Κυπριακό Στρατό μέχρι και τη δημιουργία της Εθνικής Φρουράς (1959-1964) : η διοικητική δομή, στελέχωση, συγκρότηση και οργάνωση του Κυπριακού Στρατού και η δημιουργία ένοπλων ομάδων-οργανώσεων στις δύο κοινότητες
221:, however, the meaning later given to the plan was disproportionate, and the plan was a "stupid" and impractical plan that got more attention than it deserved because of propaganda. He claimed that in accordance to the plan,
129:. Apart from communists, who were excluded as in the EOKA's struggle, the organisation had hostile feelings for Greek Cypriots who failed to accept Makarios as their leader, which included ultranationalists who rejected the
996:
1210:
105:) was a secret group led by prominent members of the Greek Cypriot community, some of them being cabinet ministers. It was formed in 1961 or 1962, in the eve of the creation of Cyprus Republic, and aimed to achieve
1091:
69:. Greek and Turkish nationalism among the two major communities of the island (four-fifths of the population being Greek, one-fifth Turkish) were growing, seeking opposite goals. Greeks were demanding
1121:
169:
and
Etrekun, claiming that Makarios had approved the plan. The plan is signed by "Chief Akritas" (Αρχηγός Ακρίτας). According to Hoffmeister, the plan was drawn by the minister of the interior,
148:
as a response to criticism by pro-Makarios media. It provided a pathway on how to change the constitution of the Cyprus
Republic unilaterally, without Turkish Cypriot consent, and to declare
1116:
157:
as the first objective of an attack, with the statement that it was no longer recognised by Greek Cypriots. If the Treaty of Guarantee was abolished, there would be no legal roadblocks to
750:
Kliot, Nurit (2007). "Resettlement of Refugees in Finland and Cyprus: A Comparative Analysis and Possible Lessons for Israel". In Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Lutomski, Pawel (eds.).
1126:
137:, and its name was also coined to resemble that of EOKA. A joint military exercise was performed in presidential resident in Troodos mountain, along with Greek
1326:
915:
1164:
1418:
956:
1146:
190:
880:
803:
761:
677:
1355:
1009:
61:
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean sea was ruled by several conquerors during its history. In the late 19th century, the
1230:
1283:
782:
181:
as the author of the document. There is also controversy about when the document was formulated, but the most probable was late 1963.
858:
836:
740:
719:
698:
649:
617:
1220:
1288:
1242:
1200:
1076:
639:
275:
1098:
1131:
1024:
949:
891:
1408:
1362:
250:
1377:
1367:
130:
1108:
154:
218:
1263:
709:
607:
919:
688:
1003:
260:
245:
198:
138:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1235:
1169:
1081:
942:
1215:
392:, p. 90: Hakki mentions 1963 as the year that was document revealed but it must be a spelling mistake
1423:
1350:
1014:
170:
144:
The plan was an inner document that was publicly revealed in 1966 by pro-Grivas Greek Cypriot newspaper
122:
1337:
1159:
851:
EU accession dynamics and conflict resolution: catalysing peace or consolidating partition in Cyprus?
40:
35:) that was authored in 1963 and was revealed to the public in 1966. It entailed the weakening of the
1056:
1305:
178:
118:
110:
911:
1319:
1086:
49:) Cyprus with Greece. According to Turkish Cypriots, the plan was a "blueprint to genocide", but
1372:
1345:
1258:
1194:
876:
854:
832:
799:
793:
778:
757:
736:
715:
694:
673:
645:
613:
240:
81:
1312:
1225:
1071:
813:
270:
174:
114:
36:
31:), was an inside document of the Greek Cypriot secret organisation of EOK (mostly known as
1141:
991:
265:
1136:
1042:
965:
868:
846:
255:
193:
to change the constitution. The proposals resemble the first part of the Akritas plan.
66:
62:
50:
24:
1392:
166:
141:
in 1962, other military exercises of smaller-scale also took place in 1962 and 1963.
641:
The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria
628:
177:
and Christodoulos Christodoulou, a top member of Akritas organisation, pointed to
133:. EOK had striking similarities with EOKA, from the structure and the division to
826:
772:
751:
730:
667:
828:
Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus
308:, p. 977-982:The text of the three treaties lies at the appendix pp 988-995
895:
89:, a paramilitary guerilla group, declared its struggle against the British.
211:
753:
Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study
1273:
1188:
1037:
1032:
986:
235:
76:
71:
45:
774:
The road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus
578:
795:
The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion
609:
Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict
222:
934:
535:
533:
1278:
1268:
732:
Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem: Annan Plan And EU Accession
126:
125:
having key roles. Guerillas were recruited by former members of
86:
938:
873:
The EU and conflict resolution: promoting peace in the backyard
464:
462:
460:
458:
892:"THE "AKRITAS PLAN" AND THE "IKONES" DISCLOSURES OF 1980"
189:
In November 1963, Greek Cypriot leader Makarios proposed
173:. Angelos Chrysostomou, in his PhD thesis, wrote that
562:
560:
711:
Greece and the Cold War: Front Line State, 1952-1967
1336:
1297:
1251:
1180:
1107:
1064:
1023:
979:
972:
690:The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878-2006
1284:Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion
669:Keeping the Peace in the Cyprus Crisis of 1963–64
413:
792:O'Malley, Brendan; Craig, Ian (25 August 2001).
539:
53:claimed that it was rather a “defensive plan”.
590:
950:
818:Ιστορία της Κύπρου, τόμος δεύτερος(1950-1959)
153:tactics. The external tactics pointed to the
8:
1327:Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al.
890:Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2015).
606:Bryant, Rebecca; Papadakis, Yiannis (2012).
504:
480:
401:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
317:
109:. It was formed on the command of President
551:
468:
161:, which would happen through a plebiscite.
1104:
976:
957:
943:
935:
425:
579:Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2015
492:
918:. Hamamböcüleri Journal. Archived from
305:
286:
1147:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
566:
524:
520:
516:
449:
437:
389:
293:
7:
1231:Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus
992:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
14:
708:Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis (2006).
627:Chrysostomou, Aggelos M. (2013).
16:Secret Greek Cypriot plan of 1963
1221:History of nationality in Cyprus
1055:
666:James, Alan (28 November 2001).
1419:Persecution of Turkish Cypriots
1289:Turkish Resistance Organisation
1243:Embargo against Northern Cyprus
735:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
1077:Cypriot intercommunal violence
276:Cypriot intercommunal violence
79:) while Turks were aiming for
1:
1132:Battle of Pentemili beachhead
97:Akritas organisation and plan
997:Declaration of Independence
729:Hoffmeister, Frank (2006).
687:Hakki, Murat Metin (2007).
540:Bryant & Papadakis 2012
251:Timeline of Cypriot history
1440:
1010:United Nations Buffer Zone
825:Sant-Cassia, Paul (2005).
714:. Routledge. p. 160.
75:(Cyprus to be united with
1053:
771:Oberling, Pierre (1982).
672:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
638:Isachenko, Daria (2012).
414:O'Malley & Craig 2001
217:According to the scholar
101:Akritas organisation (or
28:
1351:Annan reunification Plan
1211:List of UNSC resolutions
1099:1974 Cypriot coup d'état
1004:Turkish Cypriot enclaves
261:Turkish Cypriot enclaves
246:Modern history of Cyprus
205:Controversy and opinions
131:London-Zürich Agreements
1236:Enclaved Greek Cypriots
1170:2018 Cyprus gas dispute
1109:Turkish invasion (1974)
1082:Bloody Christmas (1963)
853:. Ashgate Publishing.
644:. Palgrave Macmillan.
226:that crucial moment".
85:(partition). In 1955,
1165:Maritime-zone dispute
1015:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
185:1963 events in Cyprus
171:Polycarpos Georgadjis
123:Polycarpos Georgadjis
65:handed Cyprus to the
916:"Ayın Karanlık Yüzü"
41:government of Cyprus
33:Akritas organisation
1306:Apostolides v Orams
1117:Military operations
1092:Civilian casualties
756:. Lexington Books.
591:Hatzivassiliou 2006
483:, pp. 273–274.
380:, pp. 267–269.
356:, pp. 257–258.
332:, pp. 248–251.
191:thirteen amendments
179:Tassos Papadopoulos
155:Treaty of Guarantee
119:Tassos Papadopoulos
111:Archbishop Makarios
1409:1963 controversies
1363:Two-state solution
1320:Loizidou v. Turkey
1216:Demographic issues
1087:Battle of Tillyria
987:Republic of Cyprus
922:on 23 January 2020
831:. Berghahn Books.
43:and then uniting (
1386:
1385:
1259:9 September Front
1201:Enosis referendum
1155:
1154:
1051:
1050:
882:978-0-415-41394-7
805:978-1-86064-737-6
763:978-0-7391-1607-4
679:978-1-4039-0089-0
505:Chrysostomou 2013
481:Chrysostomou 2013
440:, pp. 90–97.
416:, pp. 90–91.
402:Chrysostomou 2013
378:Chrysostomou 2013
366:Chrysostomou 2013
354:Chrysostomou 2013
342:Chrysostomou 2013
330:Chrysostomou 2013
318:Chrysostomou 2013
241:History of Cyprus
219:Niyazi Kızılyürek
1431:
1356:2004 referendums
1313:Cyprus v. Turkey
1105:
1072:Cyprus Emergency
1059:
1025:Guarantor powers
980:Island divisions
977:
959:
952:
945:
936:
931:
929:
927:
907:
905:
903:
898:on 13 April 2015
894:. Archived from
886:
864:
842:
821:
809:
788:
767:
746:
725:
704:
683:
662:
660:
658:
634:
623:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
555:
552:Sant-Cassia 2005
549:
543:
537:
528:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
469:Hoffmeister 2006
466:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
271:Cypriot refugees
175:Glafkos Klerides
115:Glafkos Klerides
37:Turkish Cypriots
30:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:2015–2017 talks
1368:2008–2012 talks
1332:
1293:
1247:
1176:
1151:
1142:Tochni massacre
1122:Military losses
1103:
1060:
1047:
1019:
968:
963:
925:
923:
910:
901:
899:
889:
883:
869:Tocci, Nathalie
867:
861:
847:Tocci, Nathalie
845:
839:
824:
820:. Αθήνα: Εστία.
812:
806:
791:
785:
777:. p. 120.
770:
764:
749:
743:
728:
722:
707:
701:
686:
680:
665:
656:
654:
652:
637:
626:
620:
605:
602:
597:
589:
585:
577:
573:
565:
558:
550:
546:
538:
531:
515:
511:
503:
499:
491:
487:
479:
475:
467:
456:
448:
444:
436:
432:
424:
420:
412:
408:
400:
396:
388:
384:
376:
372:
364:
360:
352:
348:
340:
336:
328:
324:
320:, pp. 240.
316:
312:
304:
300:
296:, pp. 3–9.
292:
288:
284:
266:Kokkina exclave
232:
207:
187:
99:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Cyprus dispute
1411:
1406:
1404:1963 documents
1401:
1399:1963 in Cyprus
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Operation Niki
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1043:United Kingdom
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
1000:
999:
989:
983:
981:
974:
970:
969:
966:Cyprus problem
964:
962:
961:
954:
947:
939:
933:
932:
912:Uludağ, Sevgül
908:
887:
881:
865:
859:
843:
837:
822:
814:Richter, Heinz
810:
804:
798:. I.B.Tauris.
789:
784:978-0880330008
783:
768:
762:
747:
741:
726:
720:
705:
699:
693:. I.B.Tauris.
684:
678:
663:
650:
635:
624:
618:
612:. I.B.Tauris.
601:
598:
596:
595:
593:, p. 160.
583:
571:
556:
544:
542:, p. 249.
529:
509:
507:, p. 272.
497:
495:, p. 120.
485:
473:
454:
442:
430:
426:Isachenko 2012
418:
406:
404:, p. 273.
394:
382:
370:
368:, p. 266.
358:
346:
344:, p. 253.
334:
322:
310:
298:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:Cyprus dispute
253:
248:
243:
238:
231:
228:
206:
203:
186:
183:
98:
95:
67:British Empire
63:Ottoman Empire
58:
55:
51:Greek Cypriots
29:Σχέδιο Ακρίτας
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1436:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1338:Peace process
1335:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:Organisations
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
975:
971:
967:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
941:
940:
937:
921:
917:
913:
909:
897:
893:
888:
884:
878:
875:. Routledge.
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:0-7546-4310-7
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
838:9781571816467
834:
830:
829:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
797:
796:
790:
786:
780:
776:
775:
769:
765:
759:
755:
754:
748:
744:
742:9789004152236
738:
734:
733:
727:
723:
721:9781134154883
717:
713:
712:
706:
702:
700:9781845113926
696:
692:
691:
685:
681:
675:
671:
670:
664:
653:
651:9780230392069
647:
643:
642:
636:
632:
631:
625:
621:
619:9781780761077
615:
611:
610:
604:
603:
599:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
554:, p. 23.
553:
548:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
506:
501:
498:
494:
493:Oberling 1982
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
471:, p. 21.
470:
465:
463:
461:
459:
455:
452:, p. 36.
451:
446:
443:
439:
434:
431:
428:, p. 41.
427:
422:
419:
415:
410:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
362:
359:
355:
350:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
302:
299:
295:
290:
287:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
227:
224:
220:
215:
213:
204:
202:
200:
194:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:John Reddaway
162:
160:
156:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
94:
90:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
56:
54:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
26:
22:
1424:Makarios III
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1206:Akritas plan
1205:
1193:
1187:
1160:S-300 crisis
973:Participants
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
900:. Retrieved
896:the original
872:
850:
827:
817:
794:
773:
752:
731:
710:
689:
668:
655:. Retrieved
640:
629:
608:
586:
574:
547:
512:
500:
488:
476:
445:
433:
421:
409:
397:
385:
373:
361:
349:
337:
325:
313:
306:Richter 2011
301:
289:
216:
208:
195:
188:
163:
158:
149:
145:
143:
134:
106:
102:
100:
91:
80:
70:
60:
44:
32:
21:Akritas plan
20:
18:
657:28 February
567:Uludağ 2004
1393:Categories
1373:2014 talks
1264:Black Gang
1127:Air combat
525:Tocci 2007
521:Tocci 2004
517:Kliot 2007
450:James 2001
438:Hakki 2007
390:Hakki 2007
294:James 2001
282:References
57:Background
1006:(1963–64)
1346:ABC plan
1298:Lawsuits
1226:Refugees
1181:Politics
914:(2004).
871:(2007).
849:(2004).
816:(2011).
230:See also
212:genocide
199:enclaves
926:8 April
902:8 April
600:Sources
113:, with
39:in the
1274:EOKA-B
1195:Taksim
1189:Enosis
1065:Events
1038:Turkey
1033:Greece
879:
857:
835:
802:
781:
760:
739:
718:
697:
676:
648:
633:(PhD).
616:
236:Cyprus
159:enosis
150:enosis
146:Patris
135:tomeis
107:enosis
82:taksim
77:Greece
72:enosis
46:enosis
223:ELDYK
139:ELDYK
25:Greek
1279:PEKA
1269:EOKA
1192:and
928:2015
904:2015
877:ISBN
855:ISBN
833:ISBN
800:ISBN
779:ISBN
758:ISBN
737:ISBN
716:ISBN
695:ISBN
674:ISBN
659:2015
646:ISBN
614:ISBN
127:EOKA
121:and
87:EOKA
19:The
103:EOK
1395::
559:^
532:^
523:;
519:;
457:^
201:.
117:,
27::
958:e
951:t
944:v
930:.
906:.
885:.
863:.
841:.
808:.
787:.
766:.
745:.
724:.
703:.
682:.
661:.
622:.
581:.
569:.
527:.
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.