316:
centuries, it is more likely that a Beduin family in the
Ottoman service should become partly turkicized and live for a while in Anatolia than that a Turkish family should seek to derive prestige by falsely attributing its origins to a Beduin tribe." On the other hand, Dr Abdul Karim Rafeq "opts for the local-origin theory without committing himself to the beduin part." In response to primary sources stating "that Sadeddin was "un autre pacha arabe de nation"; and that Mehmed was of an Arab family... that the 'Azms were "Arabs" (awlad al-'Arab) from the Arab lands (al-bilad al-'Arabiyya)," Dr Rafeq advocates for treating these statements with great caution, especially the epithet "Arab", which he takes to mean "local" as opposed to Ottoman. Finally, it is important to note that there is evidence that "Sulayman Pasha al-Azm knew not a word of
436:
written in different ways. Some family members have the family name Azme, Aladem, Alazm, Aladam, Alzm or some other surnames, although they all belong to the same family. In addition, some members of the family that remained in Turkey have a variety of different last names which were selected following the promulgation of a 1934 law which made last names mandatory and banned the use to references of nobility. It is not clear whether some use the surname Kemikoğlu, literally meaning "the son the bone".
84:
234:
51:
315:
The controversy can be understood in light of statements made by Dr. Shamir Shimon and Dr. Abdul Karim Rafeq. Dr. Shimon Shamir states that "although none of the views is supported by definite proofs, the latter seems to be more acceptable. In the realities of Syria in the seventeenth and eighteenth
302:
In addition to the
Turkish origin theory, an Arab origin is believed to be possible. In particular, the Azm family is believed to be part of "the Banu Azm tribe of the northern Hijaz, served the Ottomans in the sixteenth century by protecting the Damascus-Medina caravan route, and later migrated to
376:
of
Istanbul disliked al-Azm for apparently not taking good care of him when he passed through Damascus on the pilgrim caravan. The Ottoman state was also interested in confiscating the wealth al-Azm accumulated during his tenure in office. The large amounts of money collected made the state revalue
637:
The most prominent family to secure significant independent political power in
Damascus was the 'Azm family. Ibrahim al-'Azm, a rural notable possibly of Turkish stock, went to Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, a trading center between Aleppo and Hama catering to beduin, to restore order in the mid-seventeenth
435:
Last names were not used during the
Ottoman era. Family members were using the name Azmzade in the nineteenth century, in reference to the Azm clan with the zade being an addition indicating nobility. The Latin inscription of the name translated from Arabic script has evolved over time and is now
255:; hence, their roots in Turkey may shed light on recruitment and career patterns of the family members who held high positions as Ottoman officers in the Syrian provinces. The Al-Azm's began to emerge as a major influence in the region when Ibrahim al-'Azm, "a rural notable possibly of
307:
there is no doubt, however, that to eighteenth century local annalists and
European observers the ‘Aẓms were known as a family of Arab (Bedouin) origin... It may very well be that the latter view is a mistaken conclusion based on the family's long residence in the province of
294:...in fact of 'Ottoman' and Turkish descent. His family belonged to the Ottoman ruling class in Damascus; its power dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries... The Turkish family al-Azm continued to stay in Damascus under French mandate. A member of the family,
381:
and later dismissed and executed. This marked the end of the family's golden age. It continued to assert some influence, and many of its members served as walis later, but its great days were over. The last member of the family to govern
Damascus was
246:
The origins of the Azm family are relatively obscure and evidence has been described as "contradictory and generally unsatisfactory." One of the most prominent families in
Ottoman Syria, the Al-Azm's may have originated from the region of
563:
666:
The origins of the families are of interest because they shed light on recruitment and career patterns of officers in the Syrian provinces, many of whom originated from
Anatolia. The Azm family may have originated from the Konya
394:
In the mid-18th century the al-Azm family reconciled itself to power centres outside the family. Consequently, two members of its family, Layla bint al-Sayyid
Ibrahim al-Azm and Khadija bint Nasuh Pasha, were married to Turkish
356:
who reigned between 1743 and 1757, and was considered the greatest governor of Damascus in Ottoman times. As'ad Pasha overcame all his local adversaries after three years struggle. In his reign Hama and
399:
in the family's service to retain the Azm family name. The lineage descending from Layla indicates that this branch of the family were concentrated around Hama, and many held government posts there.
564:
https://www.amazon.com/Journey-Grand-Sahara-Africa-Through/dp/1737129884/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&qid=1630652339&refinements=p_27%3AGiyas+M+Gokkent&s=books&sr=1-2&text=Giyas+M+Gokkent
364:
Despite As'ad Pasha's ability to ensure the security of the pilgrim caravan, the new Ottoman authorities in Istanbul deposed him in 1757 after fourteen years of governance. The
638:
century. Although he was killed, his sons, Isma'il and Sulayman, completed their father's task and were rewarded with hereditary tax farms in Homs, Hama and Ma'arrat al-Nu'man.
1034:
352:, brother of Ismail Pasha, became wali of Damascus between 1733 and 1738 and again from 1741 until his death in 1743. He was succeeded by his nephew
996:
976:
956:
936:
916:
865:
562:
Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed, Bir Osmanli Zabitinin Afrika Sahra-i Kebirinde Seyahati , Istanbul, 1897 translated to English by G. Gokkent 2021
1039:
298:, even became prime minister. The family's political influence lasted until 1963, when the pan-Arabic nationalist Baath party seized power.
697:
1019:
896:
659:
344:
caravan from departing on time. His brother became the wali of Tripoli, and his son became the wali of Sidon. In 1730 when Sultam
688:
al-Azm, Sadiq Jalal (2008), "Science and Religion, an Uneasy Relationship in the History of Judeo-Christian-Muslim Heritage",
830:
740:
630:
1029:
966:
986:
946:
926:
906:
732:
622:
556:
Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed, Habes Seyahatnamesi , Istanbul, 1904 translated to English by G. Gokkent and family 2021
463:
107:
372:, denounced him as a, "peasant son of a peasant," after a deal between the two of them failed. In addition, the
1024:
481:
271:, completed their father's task and were rewarded by the Ottoman administration with hereditary tax farms in
260:
119:
557:
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509:
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451:
383:
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268:
115:
111:
99:
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131:
992:
972:
952:
932:
912:
892:
861:
826:
736:
693:
655:
626:
540:
424:
143:
886:
287:
230:. The family's influence declined in the 19th century, failing to establish a true dynasty.
169:
317:
263:
to restore order in the mid-seventeenth century. Upon his death, Ibrahim al-'Azm's sons,
203:
156:
484:, Ottoman governor of Jeddah, Imperial Commissaire in Bulgaria, Salih Azdashir Bey's son
312:
However, "there is no proof that the Azms themselves claimed to be of bedouin origin".
256:
215:
1008:
499:
295:
223:
181:
127:
823:
Families in politics: Damascene Factions and Estates of the 18th and 19th Centuries
493:
487:
412:
408:
365:
227:
211:
123:
332:(governor) of Tripoli, was transferred to Damascus in 1725 at the request of the
210:, held power in Damascus for 47 years, in addition to periodical appointments in
427:
in Hama, both of which were built by As'ad Pasha al-Azm as palatial residences.
373:
337:
531:
420:
55:
855:
345:
50:
419:
were built, many of which still remain today. Most famous of them are the
535:
466:, Ottoman governor of Aleppo and Egypt (among others), Ismail Pasha's son
454:, Ottoman governor of Tripoli, Sidon and Damascus, Ismail Pasha's brother
252:
177:
67:
558:
https://www.amazon.com/Ethiopia-Book-Travels-Giyas-Gokkent/dp/1737129892
619:
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860-1920
329:
233:
198:
17:
988:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia
396:
378:
333:
248:
232:
184:
began in the 18th century when members of the family administered
89:
407:
Al-Azm's era brought a building boom to Damascus where dozens of
206:
in 1725. Between 1725 and 1783, members of the family, including
925:
Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977),
857:
Losing Istanbul: Arab-Ottoman Imperialists and the End of Empire
544:
416:
358:
341:
276:
272:
219:
189:
71:
472:, Ottoman governor of Sidon and Damascus, As'ad Pasha's son
460:, Ottoman governor of Hama and Damascus, Ismail Pasha's son
282:
In an article written by a member of the family, Professor
888:
The Ottomans in Syria: a history of justice and oppression
714:
As'ad Pasha al-'Azm and Ottoman rule in Damascus (1743–58)
652:
The Ottomans in Syria: a history of justice and oppression
508:, Professor Emeritus of Modern European Philosophy at the
348:
was deposed they were all dismissed, but not for long.
448:, Ottoman governor of Hama, Homs, Tripoli and Damascus
478:, Ottoman governor of Damascus, Muhammad Pasha's son
320:
whereas Mehmed was apparently thoroughly Arabized".
163:
39:
137:
95:
77:
63:
29:
386:who served intermittently between 1795 and 1807.
948:International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties
816:
814:
336:, after fighting between different factions of
305:
292:
968:A Companion to the History of the Middle East
8:
32:
985:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007),
905:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, Leonard (2001),
502:, six-time former prime minister of Syria
928:The Cambridge history of Islam, Volume 1
786:
784:
692:, Leuven University Press, p. 129,
612:
610:
608:
606:
361:were added to the province of Damascus.
860:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
716:, Cambridge University Press, p. 1
575:
26:
821:Linda Schatkowski, Schilcher (1985),
591:Holt, Lambton and Lewis, 1977, p.376.
303:Anatolia, then to Ma'arra." In fact,
180:family. Their political influence in
141:Azm Palace of Damascus (nationalized)
7:
377:its currency. He was transferred to
766:The Province of Damascus, 1723-1783
729:Ottoman Rule in Damascus, 1708-1758
160:
33:
25:
551:Books published by family members
1035:Syrian people of Turkish descent
951:, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.,
844:Dumper and Stanley, 2007, p.123.
582:Stearns and Langer, 2001, p.357.
516:Buildings named after the family
490:, former prime minister of Syria
431:Different translation of surname
82:
49:
328:Ismail Pasha, who later became
931:, Cambridge University Press,
908:Historical dictionary of Syria
1:
911:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
965:Choueri, Youssef M. (2005),
1040:Political families of Syria
945:Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000),
825:, F. Steiner, p. 138,
764:Rafeq, Abdul-Karim (1966),
654:, I.B. Tauris, p. 69,
390:Maintaining the family name
286:, the introductory author,
164:
40:
1056:
733:Princeton University Press
623:Cambridge University Press
617:Khoury, Philip S. (2003),
768:, Khayats, pp. 88–89
192:. A scion of the family,
48:
1020:Arabic-language surnames
854:Minawi, Mostafa (2022).
778:Barbir, 1980, pp. 58-61.
727:Barbir, Karl K. (1980),
482:Azmzade Sadik Al Mouayad
290:, describes Al-Azm as:
279:and Ma'arrat al-Nu'man.
120:Azmzade Sadik Al Mouayad
712:Shamir, Shimon (2009),
496:, editor and politician
799:Choueiri, 2005, p.232.
510:University of Damascus
464:Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm
310:
300:
238:
173:
108:Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm
885:Douwes, Dick (2000),
754:Barbir, 1980, pp. 58.
650:Douwes, Dick (2000),
476:Abdullah Pasha al-Azm
470:Muhammad Pasha al-Azm
452:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
440:Members of the family
423:in Damascus, and the
384:Abdullah Pasha al-Azm
350:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
269:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
237:Diwan Al-Azm in Samma
236:
116:Abdullah Pasha al-Azm
112:Muhammad Pasha al-Azm
100:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
808:Douwes, 2000, p. 57.
678:Douwes, 2000, p. 69.
600:Douwes, 2000, p. 45.
1030:History of Damascus
971:, Wiley-Blackwell,
790:Singh, 2000, p.162.
522:Khan Sulayman Pasha
446:Ismail Pasha al-Azm
265:Ismail Pasha al-Azm
194:Ismail Pasha al-Azm
690:Islam & Europe
506:Sadiq Jalal al-Azm
458:As'ad Pasha al-Azm
354:As'ad Pasha al-Azm
288:Jean-Pierre Rondas
284:Sadiq Jalal al-Azm
261:Ma'arrat al-Nu'man
239:
208:As'ad Pasha al-Azm
144:Azm Palace of Hama
132:Sadiq Jalal al-Azm
104:As'ad Pasha al-Azm
998:978-1-57607-919-5
978:978-1-4051-0681-8
958:978-81-261-0403-1
938:978-0-295-98676-0
918:978-0-395-65237-4
867:978-1-5036-3316-2
541:Azm Palace (Hama)
296:Khalid bey al-Azm
186:Maarrat al-Nu'man
176:) is a prominent
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16:(Redirected from
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259:stock", went to
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78:Place of origin
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415:, schools and
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340:prevented the
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216:Tripoli Eyalet
148:
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146:(nationalized)
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64:Current region
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224:Aleppo Eyalet
221:
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182:Ottoman Syria
179:
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153:Al-Azm family
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128:Khalid al-Azm
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30:Al-Azm family
28:
19:
991:, ABC-CLIO,
987:
967:
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879:Bibliography
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494:Rafiq al-Azm
488:Haqqi al-Azm
434:
406:
393:
370:Raghib Pasha
366:Grand Vizier
363:
327:
314:
311:
306:
301:
293:
281:
245:
228:Egypt Eyalet
212:Sidon Eyalet
197:
152:
151:
124:Haqqi al-Azm
374:Kizlar Agha
338:janissaries
165:ʾĀl al-ʿAẓm
58:in Damascus
41:ʾĀl al-ʿAẓm
1009:Categories
832:3515031464
742:1400853206
632:0521533236
570:References
532:Azm Palace
425:Azm Palace
421:Azm Palace
174:Azm Ailesi
56:Azm Palace
346:Ahmed III
178:Damascene
138:Estate(s)
536:Damascus
253:Anatolia
161:آل العظم
68:Damascus
34:آل العظم
667:area...
397:mamluks
257:Turkish
242:Origins
170:Turkish
96:Members
995:
975:
955:
935:
915:
895:
864:
829:
739:
696:
658:
629:
403:Legacy
379:Aleppo
318:Arabic
308:Konya.
226:, and
157:Arabic
87:
18:Al-Azm
543:, in
534:, in
417:souqs
413:khans
409:baths
334:mufti
249:Konya
90:Syria
993:ISBN
973:ISBN
953:ISBN
933:ISBN
913:ISBN
893:ISBN
862:ISBN
827:ISBN
737:ISBN
694:ISBN
656:ISBN
627:ISBN
545:Hama
359:Homs
342:Hajj
330:wāli
277:Hama
273:Homs
267:and
220:Hama
199:wāli
190:Hama
188:and
72:Hama
251:in
202:of
1011::
813:^
783:^
731:,
664:,
635:,
621:,
605:^
411:,
275:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
172::
168:,
159::
70:,
870:.
155:(
44:)
38:(
20:)
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