304:, to explain how energy is transferred from a first mover placed in the 9th sphere to other spheres, explaining the other spheres' variable speeds and different motions. He contradicts the Aristotelian idea that there is a specific kind of dynamics for each world, applying instead the same dynamics to the sublunar and the celestial worlds.
268:'s planetary model, as the numerical predictions of the planetary positions in his configuration were less accurate than those of the Ptolemaic model, because of the difficulty of mapping Ptolemy's epicyclic model onto
640:
974:
201:. Another original aspect of his system was proposing a physical cause of celestial motions. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century.
792:
427:
301:
701:
2076:
767:
307:
His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century, with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century.
2056:
348:
from a physical point of view. It was well known in Europe between the 13th and the 16th centuries and was regarded as a valid alternative to
Ptolemy's
1918:
633:
1912:
1691:
1542:
649:
1446:
2071:
1467:
1217:
558:
450:
2046:
626:
1288:
1171:
1992:
1116:
1354:
579:
2066:
2051:
2041:
2036:
592:
1318:
1308:
286:
One original aspect of al-Biṭrūjī's system is his proposal of a physical cause of celestial motions. He combines the idea of "
1176:
1111:
1131:
716:
2061:
1227:
706:
2026:
1252:
1344:
1907:
1786:
1660:
893:
782:
1161:
1151:
772:
662:
584:
531:
Pederson, Olaf. (1978) Science in the Middle Ages. ed. by David
Lindberg. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 321
511:
1428:
1232:
1009:
256:
of homocentric spheres. This was a modification of the system of planetary motion proposed by his predecessors,
1242:
1136:
777:
1014:
737:
1961:
1247:
1196:
858:
848:
787:
275:
It was suggested based on the Latin translations that his system is an update and reformulation of that of
1665:
1625:
1439:
1380:
1339:
1166:
1146:
1065:
943:
283:. However, it is not known whether the Andalusian cosmologists had access or knowledge of Eudoxus works.
1932:
1726:
1640:
1313:
1126:
1095:
828:
249:
2031:
1951:
1925:
1766:
1736:
1141:
1121:
812:
711:
696:
492:
205:
31:
1892:
1731:
1711:
1645:
1630:
1501:
1460:
1181:
1156:
843:
807:
762:
1956:
1897:
1575:
1385:
938:
732:
194:
98:
1527:
1186:
1987:
1982:
1856:
1716:
1375:
1257:
1191:
903:
588:
554:
446:
313:
287:
276:
225:
182:
1278:
1997:
1966:
1841:
1831:
1761:
1620:
1580:
1565:
1488:
1453:
1433:
1298:
1283:
1004:
853:
742:
390:(Escorial MS 1636, dated 1192), which contains material seemingly borrowed from al-Bitruji.
376:
245:
198:
280:
1902:
1836:
1600:
1555:
1085:
959:
928:
863:
691:
618:
512:
Ptolemaic
Astronomy, Islamic Planetary Theory, and Copernicus's Debt to the Maragha School
380:
291:
166:
138:
918:
878:
613:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non western cultures
1746:
1721:
1507:
1370:
1024:
999:
984:
969:
933:
802:
174:
574:
2020:
1866:
1776:
1650:
1520:
1513:
1212:
1080:
1055:
994:
608:
566:
546:
353:
221:
146:
1696:
1590:
1303:
1237:
1090:
833:
797:
519:
364:
252:, and to account for the phenomena peculiar to the wandering stars, by compounding
220:
Almost nothing about his life is known, except that his name probably derives from
547:"Biṭrūjī: Nūr al‐Dīn Abū Isḥāq [Abū Jaʿfar] Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al‐Biṭrūjī"
1871:
1861:
1826:
1635:
1615:
1494:
1334:
1070:
1019:
979:
747:
142:
134:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1701:
1681:
1605:
1273:
1222:
1060:
1050:
888:
883:
868:
308:
261:
257:
229:
190:
150:
83:
79:
1851:
1791:
1570:
1349:
1293:
964:
898:
873:
757:
269:
126:
First non‐Ptolemaic astronomical system; physical cause of celestial motions
108:
197:
model as an alternative to the
Ptolemaic system, with the planets borne by
17:
1876:
1846:
1811:
1801:
1741:
1560:
1075:
1045:
989:
923:
913:
838:
752:
344:
253:
233:
75:
1781:
1771:
1706:
1655:
1595:
1585:
1550:
908:
443:
The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam
265:
1756:
1751:
372:
1821:
1686:
1610:
360:
387:
317:
while discussing theories of the order of the inferior planets.
209:
186:
1406:
660:
622:
1479:
495:(March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy",
30:"Alpetragius" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see
279:
combined with the motion of fixed stars developed by
193:. Al-Biṭrūjī was the first astronomer to present the
337:
295:
1975:
1944:
1885:
1674:
1541:
1477:
1417:
1363:
1327:
1266:
1205:
1104:
1033:
952:
821:
725:
684:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
409:
407:
405:
403:
130:
122:
114:
104:
94:
89:
71:
66:
54:
46:
39:
634:
264:(Abubacer). He was unsuccessful in replacing
27:12th-century Iberian Arab astronomer and Qadi
8:
551:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
386:There is also an anonymous treatise on the
1421:
1414:
1403:
670:
657:
641:
627:
619:
342:), which presented criticism of Ptolemy's
173:, died c. 1204), known in the West by the
36:
549:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
445:. Oxford University Press. p. 106.
650:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
399:
1447:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
793:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
553:. New York: Springer. pp. 133–4.
1468:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
480:
413:
232:(Abubacer) and was a contemporary of
7:
2077:12th-century writers from al-Andalus
330:
170:
580:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
575:"Al-Bitruji Al-Ishbili, Abu Ishaq"
25:
2057:12th-century Spanish philosophers
441:Salim Ayduz, Caner Dagli (2014).
248:in which he wished to avoid both
244:Al-Bitruji proposed a theory on
1172:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
163:Nūr al-Dīn ibn Isḥaq al-Biṭrūjī
1661:Schema for horizontal sundials
1177:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
702:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
359:This work was translated into
1:
224:(al-Biṭrawsh), a region near
2072:Philosophers from al-Andalus
1919:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
171:نور الدين ابن إسحاق البطروجي
2047:Astronomers from al-Andalus
1908:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1112:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
338:
296:
2093:
1152:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
302:Abū al‐Barakāt al‐Baghdādī
29:
1993:Medieval European science
1424:
1413:
1402:
1253:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
1010:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
673:
669:
656:
156:
62:
2067:12th-century astronomers
2052:Scholars from al-Andalus
2042:13th-century Arab people
2037:12th-century Arab people
1243:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1137:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
778:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
522:.(inaccessible document)
311:cited his system in the
250:epicycles and eccentrics
1345:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
1319:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
1197:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
1117:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
585:Charles Scribner's Sons
272:'s concentric spheres.
228:. He was a disciple of
1626:Navigational astrolabe
1381:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
1147:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1066:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1015:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
944:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
573:Samsó, Julio (1980) .
1962:Hellenistic astronomy
1933:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
1727:Deferent and epicycle
1127:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1096:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
738:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
545:Samsó, Julio (2007).
516:Science and Its Times
339:Book of the Structure
294:) and the concept of
290:" (first proposed by
41:Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji
2062:Islamic philosophers
1952:Babylonian astronomy
1767:Gravitational energy
1142:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1132:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
813:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
712:Mashallah ibn Athari
697:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
493:Bernard R. Goldstein
212:is named after him.
32:Alpetragius (crater)
2027:12th-century births
1893:Al-Azhar University
1712:Celestial mechanics
1502:Book of Fixed Stars
1461:The Book of Healing
1440:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
1182:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
1157:Zakariya al-Qazwini
768:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
763:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
379:translated it into
67:Academic background
1957:Egyptian astronomy
1898:House of Knowledge
1576:Astronomical clock
1386:Muhammad al-Rudani
783:Banū Mūsā brothers
733:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
371:(first printed in
369:De motibus celorum
199:geocentric spheres
195:concentric spheres
99:Islamic Golden Age
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1988:Chinese astronomy
1983:Byzantine science
1857:Temporal finitism
1787:Islamic cosmology
1717:Celestial spheres
1537:
1536:
1429:Arabic star names
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1258:Fathullah Shirazi
1192:Al-Ashraf Umar II
904:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
707:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
560:978-0-387-31022-0
452:978-0-19-981257-8
336:
325:Al-Bitruji wrote
314:De revolutionibus
277:Eudoxus of Cnidus
160:
159:
16:(Redirected from
2084:
1998:Indian astronomy
1967:Indian astronomy
1935:
1928:
1921:
1842:Sublunary sphere
1832:Specific gravity
1732:Earth's rotation
1621:Mural instrument
1566:Armillary sphere
1489:Alfonsine tables
1454:Tabula Rogeriana
1434:Islamic calendar
1422:
1415:
1404:
1299:Sibt al-Maridini
1284:Jamshid al-Kashi
1005:Said al-Andalusi
808:Thābit ibn Qurra
743:Abu Said Gorgani
717:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
671:
658:
643:
636:
629:
620:
598:
564:
532:
529:
523:
509:
503:
490:
484:
478:
457:
456:
438:
432:
431:
423:
417:
411:
377:Moses ibn Tibbon
341:
335:romanized:
334:
332:
299:
246:planetary motion
172:
37:
21:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1971:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1903:House of Wisdom
1881:
1837:Spherical Earth
1670:
1601:Equatorial ring
1581:Celestial globe
1556:Analog computer
1533:
1528:Sullam al-sama'
1473:
1409:
1390:
1359:
1323:
1262:
1201:
1100:
1086:Jabir ibn Aflah
1029:
960:Abu Nasr Mansur
948:
929:Abolfadl Harawi
864:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
817:
721:
692:Ahmad Nahavandi
680:
665:
652:
647:
605:
603:Further reading
595:
572:
561:
544:
541:
536:
535:
530:
526:
510:
506:
502:(1), p. 39-47 .
491:
487:
479:
460:
453:
440:
439:
435:
428:"al-Biṭrūd̲j̲ī"
425:
424:
420:
412:
401:
396:
381:Medieval Hebrew
327:Kitāb al-Hayʾah
323:
300:("desire"), of
292:John Philoponus
260:(Avempace) and
242:
240:Planetary model
218:
139:Albertus Magnus
118:Kitāb al-Hayʾah
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Elliptic orbit
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Circular orbit
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1508:Toledan Tables
1505:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Yang Guangxian
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1025:Ali ibn Khalaf
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:Kushyar Gilani
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Ali ibn Ridwan
967:
962:
956:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
936:
934:Haseb-i Tabari
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
823:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
805:
803:Sahl ibn Bishr
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
729:
727:
723:
722:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
686:
682:
681:
679:
678:
674:
667:
666:
661:
654:
653:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
617:
616:
604:
601:
600:
599:
593:
570:
559:
540:
537:
534:
533:
524:
504:
485:
458:
451:
433:
418:
398:
397:
395:
392:
322:
319:
241:
238:
217:
214:
181:, was an Arab
175:Latinized name
158:
157:
154:
153:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:Main interests
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:Observatories
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Triangulation
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Heliocentrism
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Shadow square
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:Zij-i Sultani
1518:
1516:
1515:
1514:Zij-i Ilkhani
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Kadızade Rumi
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Ibn al-Shatir
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Ibn al-Kammad
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Ibn al-Saffar
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
820:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
724:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
687:
683:
676:
675:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
621:
615:, p. 160
614:
610:
609:Helaine Selin
607:
606:
602:
596:
594:0-684-10114-9
590:
586:
582:
581:
576:
571:
568:
562:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
505:
501:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
448:
444:
437:
434:
429:
422:
419:
415:
410:
408:
406:
404:
400:
393:
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:
340:
328:
320:
318:
316:
315:
310:
305:
303:
298:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Los Pedroches
215:
213:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
164:
155:
152:
148:
147:Regiomontanus
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
123:Notable ideas
121:
117:
115:Notable works
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:Academic work
88:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
33:
19:
1886:Institutions
1737:Eccentricity
1697:Astrophysics
1591:Compass rose
1526:
1519:
1512:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1304:Ibn al-Majdi
1279:Abd al‐Wajid
1238:Al-Wabkanawi
1233:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
1122:Jamal ad-Din
1091:Omar Khayyam
1040:
919:Al-ʻIjliyyah
894:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
879:Ibn al-A'lam
798:Al-Khwarizmi
612:
583:. New York:
578:
550:
527:
520:Thomson Gale
515:
507:
499:
496:
488:
442:
436:
421:
385:
368:
365:Michael Scot
358:
349:
343:
331:'كتاب الهيئة
326:
324:
312:
306:
285:
274:
243:
219:
203:
178:
162:
161:
50:12th century
2032:1204 deaths
1872:Tusi couple
1862:Trepidation
1827:Salah times
1762:Geocentrism
1636:Planisphere
1616:Graph paper
1543:Instruments
1495:Huihui Lifa
1376:Ehmedê Xanî
1335:Al-Birjandi
1314:al-Kubunani
1071:Abu al-Salt
1020:Al-Isfizari
980:Ibn al-Samh
859:Abu al-Wafa
844:al-Khojandi
748:Al-Farghani
663:Astronomers
567:PDF version
367:in 1217 as
206:Alpetragius
204:The crater
179:Alpetragius
143:Roger Bacon
135:Grosseteste
2021:Categories
1976:Influenced
1945:Influences
1817:Precession
1797:Multiverse
1702:Axial tilt
1682:Almucantar
1666:Triquetrum
1606:Equatorium
1355:Takiyüddin
1228:al-Battiwi
1223:Ibn Shuayb
1218:Al-Khalili
1061:Al-Khazini
1056:Al-Kharaqī
1051:Ibn Tufail
1041:Al-Bitruji
975:Al-Zarqālī
939:al-Majriti
889:Al-Saghani
884:Al-Nayrizi
869:al-Battani
788:Iranshahri
773:Al-Marwazi
677:by century
539:References
481:Samsó 2007
414:Samsó 1980
375:in 1531).
354:scholastic
309:Copernicus
281:al-Zarqālī
262:Ibn Tufail
258:Ibn Bajjah
230:Ibn Tufail
191:al-Andalus
183:astronomer
151:Copernicus
131:Influenced
84:al-Zarqali
80:Ibn Tufail
72:Influences
18:Al-Bitruji
1852:Supernova
1807:Obliquity
1792:Moonlight
1692:Astrology
1571:Astrolabe
1350:Piri Reis
1340:al-Khafri
1309:al-Wafa'i
1294:Ulugh Beg
1274:Ali Kuşçu
1248:al-Jadiri
1167:al-Abhari
965:al-Biruni
899:Ibn Yunus
874:Al-Qabisi
849:al-Khazin
758:Al-Mahani
383:in 1259.
356:circles.
329:(Arabic:
270:Aristotle
254:rotations
109:Astronomy
1926:Maragheh
1877:Universe
1847:Sunlight
1812:Parallax
1802:Muwaqqit
1742:Ecliptic
1675:Concepts
1641:Quadrant
1561:Aperture
1076:Averroes
1046:Avempace
990:Avicenna
924:Nastulus
914:al-Sijzi
839:Al-Adami
753:Al-Kindi
426:Vernet.
350:Almagest
345:Almagest
234:Averroes
76:Avempace
1782:Inertia
1772:Gravity
1707:Azimuth
1656:Sundial
1646:Sextant
1596:Dioptra
1586:Compass
1551:Alidade
1162:al-Urdi
985:Alhazen
909:Ma Yize
854:al-Qūhī
829:al-Sufi
288:impetus
266:Ptolemy
226:Cordoba
208:on the
58:c. 1204
1757:Galaxy
1752:Equant
1687:Apogee
1631:Octant
1408:Topics
591:
557:
449:
373:Vienna
167:Arabic
1822:Qibla
1611:Globe
1418:Works
394:Notes
388:tides
361:Latin
321:Works
297:shawq
1364:17th
1328:16th
1267:15th
1206:14th
1105:13th
1034:12th
953:11th
822:10th
589:ISBN
555:ISBN
497:Isis
447:ISBN
216:Life
210:Moon
187:qadi
185:and
55:Died
47:Born
1480:Zij
834:Ibn
726:9th
685:8th
363:by
352:in
189:in
177:of
95:Era
2023::
611:,
587:.
577:.
518:,
514:,
500:63
461:^
402:^
333:,
236:.
169::
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
82:,
78:,
642:e
635:t
628:v
597:.
569:)
565:(
563:.
483:.
455:.
430:.
416:.
165:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.