1056:
At the same time, these treatises were being translated, the
Persian botanist Abu Hanifa al-Dinawari (ca. 815-95) was compiling his botanical lexicon Kitab al-Nabat (The book of plants), which represented the culmination of a tradition in which autonomous botanical writings were part of the sciences
602:, 1912; 'Abd al-Munim 'Amir & Jamal al-din Shayyal, 1960; Isam Muhammad al-Hajj 'Ali, 2001), but has not been translated in its entirety into a European language. Jackson Bonner has recently prepared an English translation of the pre-Islamic passages of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal.
620:), which consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters
304:
Besides having access to early Arabic sources, Dinawari also made use of
Persian sources, including pre-Islamic epic romances. Fully acquainted with the Persian language, Dinawari occasionally inserted phrases from the language into his work.
673:, and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, and floods. The book also describes different types of ground, indicating which types are more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.
1822:
1462:
227:. The birth date of Dinawari is uncertain; it is likely that he was born during the first or second decade of the 9th-century. He was instructed in the two main traditions of the
1938:
1414:
766:
3394:
3384:
2272:
1470:
3404:
2090:
3389:
293:
compared to that of Iran. Regardless, Dinawari was a devoted Muslim, as indicated by his commentary on the Qur'an. He concluded the history with the suppression of
1999:
1132:
3364:
2065:
3354:
1838:
1453:
1422:
1294:
3379:
3334:
3216:
1931:
3424:
3339:
1830:
3349:
3210:
2989:
2840:
1947:
693:
669:
277:, written from a Persian point of view, is possibly the earliest apparent effort to combine Iranian and Islamic history. While historians such as
2744:
3419:
2765:
2515:
1146:
3429:
1924:
2586:
2469:
1374:
285:
devoted the introduction of their work to long discourses on the duration of the world, Dinawari attempted to establish the importance of
3290:
2414:
1016:
Iran in the Early
Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055
2652:
1362:
1334:
997:
969:
887:
3359:
1049:
1024:
3344:
1536:
2616:
2606:
1446:
1741:
3434:
3374:
3369:
2474:
1628:
1551:
698:
176:
2409:
1736:
2429:
2014:
2525:
289:("land of Iran") as the centre of the world. In his work, Dinawari notably devoted much less space to the Islamic prophet
2004:
1597:
598:(Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal) has been edited and published numerous times (Vladimir Guirgass, 1888; Muhammad Sa'id Rafi'i, 1911;
3414:
3409:
2550:
298:
2642:
3324:
3205:
3084:
2958:
1787:
2191:
2080:
2459:
2449:
2070:
1960:
1439:
961:
758:
717:
3399:
2726:
2530:
2307:
31:
2540:
2434:
2075:
1695:
2312:
2035:
1638:
1419:
1298:
976:
Abu
Hanlfah al-DInawarl was a Persian of liberal outlook, who took an interest in botany among other sciences.
3259:
2545:
2494:
2156:
2146:
2085:
325:
2963:
2923:
2737:
2678:
2637:
2464:
2444:
2363:
2241:
1854:
1431:
778:
721:
3230:
3024:
2938:
2611:
2424:
2393:
2338:
2126:
223:
as well as a crossroad between the culture of Iran and that of the inhabitants on the other side of the
3249:
3223:
3064:
3034:
2439:
2419:
2110:
2009:
1994:
1885:
1669:
1576:
677:
231:
219:. It had some importance due to its geographical location, serving as the entrance to the region of
3329:
3190:
3029:
3009:
2943:
2928:
2799:
2758:
2479:
2454:
2141:
2105:
1902:
1873:
1861:
1295:"Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Dawud ibn Wanand al-Dinawari (A.D. 828–895) – Michael Richard Jackson Bonner"
681:
309:
239:
235:
192:
1165:
931:
856:
3254:
3195:
2873:
2683:
2236:
2030:
1710:
1633:
1607:
1531:
1266:
599:
168:
103:
2825:
2484:
1792:
1746:
676:
Al-Dinawari quoted from other early Muslim botanical works that are now lost, such as those of
3285:
3280:
3154:
3014:
2673:
2555:
2489:
2201:
1777:
1500:
1391:
1358:
1330:
1142:
1045:
1020:
1014:
993:
965:
883:
313:
228:
188:
172:
67:
2576:
1270:
1227:
3295:
3264:
3139:
3129:
3059:
2918:
2878:
2863:
2786:
2751:
2731:
2596:
2581:
2302:
2151:
2040:
1847:
1808:
1526:
1521:
1379:
1280:
294:
224:
148:
639:
describes astronomical and meteorological concepts as they relate to plants, including the
3200:
3134:
2898:
2853:
2383:
2257:
2226:
2161:
1989:
1916:
1664:
1426:
762:
160:
2216:
2176:
3044:
3019:
2805:
2668:
2322:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2231:
2100:
1679:
1516:
1383:
1161:
927:
852:
3318:
3164:
3074:
2948:
2818:
2811:
2510:
2378:
2353:
2292:
1879:
1700:
1659:
1571:
781:
MS “Lughdah” is probably correct. Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan al-Iṣbahānī was called "Lughdah".
644:
262:
and was known to be a reliable traditionalist. His most renowned contribution is the
134:
2994:
2888:
2601:
2535:
2388:
2131:
2095:
1705:
1674:
1566:
1561:
1485:
1100:
1096:
953:
808:
774:
629:
335:
184:
1324:
3169:
3159:
3124:
2933:
2913:
2792:
2632:
2368:
2317:
2277:
2045:
1715:
656:
1409:
3114:
3104:
3094:
2999:
2979:
2903:
2571:
2520:
2358:
2348:
2186:
2181:
2166:
1654:
1556:
1495:
1420:
Translation of the Pre-Islamic
Portion of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal by Jackson Bonner
749:"sunset", perhaps also the sun’s absence. See “Kibla,” Enc. Islam, II, 985–89.
330:
282:
255:
130:
126:
122:
1395:
3149:
3089:
2868:
2647:
2591:
2262:
2196:
2171:
2055:
1782:
1592:
1541:
1138:
524:
278:
259:
247:
196:
118:
17:
3174:
3144:
3109:
3099:
3039:
2858:
2373:
2343:
2287:
2221:
2211:
2136:
2050:
1751:
1602:
1546:
297:'s rebellion in 837, and the subsequent execution of the Iranian general
290:
251:
208:
180:
114:
3079:
3069:
3004:
2953:
2893:
2883:
2848:
2206:
1761:
1756:
1612:
745:
the direction faced in prayer; here perhaps with astronomical meaning.
455:
351:
243:
212:
59:
3054:
3049:
1720:
1276:
660:
640:
540:
367:
267:
145:
3119:
2984:
2908:
1867:
988:
Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In
Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
878:
Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In
Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
484:
220:
93:
63:
1326:
Continuity in
Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage
1107:. New York & London: Columbia University Press. p. 172.
664:
652:
216:
2704:
1958:
1920:
1435:
612:
Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his
2777:
1209:
1207:
648:
956:(2006). Young, M.J.L.; Latham, J.D.; Serjeant, R.B. (eds.).
1463:
Geography and cartography in the medieval
Islamic world
958:
Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period
442:); "Book of Arithmetic/Summation and Differentiation"
211:
stock, Dinawari was born in the (now ruined) town of
3273:
3242:
3183:
2972:
2839:
2775:
2715:
2661:
2625:
2564:
2503:
2402:
2331:
2250:
2119:
2023:
1982:
1895:
1821:
1801:
1770:
1729:
1688:
1647:
1621:
1585:
1509:
1478:
1469:
266:, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic
141:
109:
99:
89:
75:
51:
46:
39:
1373:
1044:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 211.
1372:Pezeshk, Manouchehr; Khaleeli, Alexander (2017).
1080:
358:Kitāb an-nabāt yufadiluh al-‘ulamā' fī ta’līfih
30:"Dinawari" redirects here. For other uses, see
1932:
1447:
1213:
1198:
1186:
1134:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
8:
1415:The Book of plants of Abu Hanifa ad-Dinawari
580:
562:
550:
534:
518:
506:
494:
465:
449:
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
361:
1252:
1240:
1118:
1116:
1114:
902:
720:translates the al-Fihrist as “son" but the
2719:
2712:
2701:
1968:
1955:
1939:
1925:
1917:
1475:
1454:
1440:
1432:
275:Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl (General History)
36:
3395:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world
3385:Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
632:and the production of flowers and fruit.
370:, valued by scholars for its composition'
338:, lists sixteen book titles by Dinawari:
992:. Oxford University Press. p. 484.
882:. Oxford University Press. p. 484.
3405:Botanists of the medieval Islamic world
1948:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1353:Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011).
1346:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1131:Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996),
1091:
1089:
1068:
990:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
880:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
844:
827:
710:
694:List of Persian scientists and scholars
3390:Astronomers from the Abbasid Caliphate
2745:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2091:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
2766:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1097:Nadim (al-), Abū al-Faraj M. i. Isḥāq
914:
567:), How the Populace Errs in Speaking;
406:), "Arithmetic/Calculation of Cycles"
7:
815:Meter". Title omitted in Beatty MS.
3365:9th-century Arabic-language writers
1410:Dinawari at Encyclopædia Britannica
581:
563:
551:
535:
519:
507:
495:
466:
450:
438:
426:
414:
402:
390:
378:
363:كتاب النبات يفضله العلماء في تأليفه
362:
164:
157:Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī
27:Persian Islamic polymath (died 895)
3355:9th-century Iranian mathematicians
430:), "Analysis of Indian Arithmetic"
418:) Refutation of Lughdah al-Iṣbhānī
25:
410:Kitāb ar-rud ‘alā raṣd al-Iṣbhānī
83:Dinawar, Jibal, Abbasid Caliphate
3380:Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate
3335:9th-century Iranian philosophers
1537:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
960:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge:
342:Mathematics and natural sciences
242:and his own father. He studied
3425:People from Kermanshah province
3340:9th-century Iranian astronomers
2470:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1019:. Bertold Spuler. p. 225.
680:, Ibn al-Arabi, al-Bahili, and
394:) "Book of Astral Orientations"
3350:9th-century Iranian historians
2959:Schema for horizontal sundials
2475:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
2000:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1552:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
699:Muslim Agricultural Revolution
523:), "Book of Cities (Regions) (
475:Social sciences and humanities
422:Kitāb al-baḥth fī ḥusā al-Hind
238:. His principal teachers were
1:
1388:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
1297:. www.mrjb.ca. Archived from
628:. He describes the phases of
415:كتاب الردّ على رصدٌ الاصفهانى
3420:Medieval Iranian geographers
3217:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
1166:"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"
932:"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"
857:"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"
559:Kitāb ma yulahan fīh al’āmma
299:Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
3430:Iranian historians of Islam
3206:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2410:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
1788:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
1323:Davaran, Fereshteh (2010).
1228:"AḴBĀR AL-ṬEWĀL, KETĀB AL-"
1081:Pezeshk & Khaleeli 2017
1042:The Oxford History of Islam
590:Editions & translations
531:Kitāb ash-sh’ir wa-shu’arā’
446:Kitāb al-jabr wa-l-muqabila
3451:
2450:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1840:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
1832:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
1348:. Oxford University Press.
1344:Nicholson, Oliver (2018).
1040:Esposito, John L. (1999).
962:Cambridge University Press
470:), "Rare Forms of Algebra"
386:Kitāb Al-qiblah wa'z-zawāl
326:biographical encyclopaedia
29:
3291:Medieval European science
2722:
2711:
2700:
2551:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
2308:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
1971:
1967:
1954:
1375:"al-Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa"
1214:Herzig & Stewart 2011
1199:Herzig & Stewart 2011
1187:Herzig & Stewart 2011
1013:Brill Publishers (2014).
573:("Improvement of Speech")
434:Kitāb al-jam’ wa'l-tafrīq
32:Dinawari (disambiguation)
3360:9th-century philologists
2541:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
2435:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
2076:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1737:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
1275:(in Arabic and French).
577:Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl
564:كتاب ما يلحن فيه العامّة
555:), Commandments (wills);
232:grammarians of al-Baṣrah
3345:9th-century geographers
2643:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
2617:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
2495:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
2415:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1272:Kitāb al-Aḥbār aṭ-Ṭiwāl
1265:Dinawari (al-) (1912).
1230:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA.
1057:of the Arabic language.
769:, VI (1), 127 n.2, has
427:كتاب البحث في حسا الهند
2924:Navigational astrolabe
2679:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
2445:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2364:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2313:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
2242:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
1855:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
1742:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
1168:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA
1125:Botany and agriculture
934:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA
859:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA
635:The first part of the
215:in modern-day western
3435:Grammarians from Iran
3375:9th-century linguists
3370:9th-century botanists
3260:Hellenistic astronomy
3231:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
3025:Deferent and epicycle
2425:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
2394:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2036:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1639:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
799:Omitted in al-Fihrist
790:Omitted in al-Fihrist
733:Omitted in al-Fihrist
585:), "General History"
511:), "Book of Rhetoric"
382:) 'Tempest' (weather)
3250:Babylonian astronomy
3065:Gravitational energy
2440:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2430:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
2111:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
2010:Mashallah ibn Athari
1995:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
1670:Ibn Said al-Maghribi
1141:, pp. 813–852,
811:has "Legends in the
462:Kitāb nuwādr al-jabr
451:كتاب الجبر والمقابلة
3415:Linguists from Iran
3410:Grammarians of Kufa
3191:Al-Azhar University
3010:Celestial mechanics
2800:Book of Fixed Stars
2759:The Book of Healing
2738:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
2480:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
2455:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2066:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2061:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1874:The Meadows of Gold
1491:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1243:, p. 1015, II.
582:كتاب الاخبار الطوال
536:كتاب الشعر والشعراء
439:كتاب الجمع والتفريق
391:كتاب القبلة والزوال
310:spiritual successor
167:; died 895) was an
41:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
3325:9th-century births
3255:Egyptian astronomy
3196:House of Knowledge
2874:Astronomical clock
2684:Muhammad al-Rudani
2081:Banū Mūsā brothers
2031:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1711:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1634:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1608:Mahmud al-Kashgari
1532:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
1425:2018-11-11 at the
1355:Early Islamic Iran
905:, p. 981, II.
600:Ignace Krachkovsky
483:("Ancestry of the
398:Kitāb ḥisāb ad-dūr
324:The tenth century
316:(died after 961).
169:Islamic Golden Age
104:Islamic Golden Age
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3286:Chinese astronomy
3281:Byzantine science
3155:Temporal finitism
3085:Islamic cosmology
3015:Celestial spheres
2835:
2834:
2727:Arabic star names
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2556:Fathullah Shirazi
2490:Al-Ashraf Umar II
2202:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
2005:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1914:
1913:
1817:
1816:
1778:Sulaiman Al Mahri
1598:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
1577:Qudama ibn Ja'far
1501:Sulaiman al-Tajir
1380:Madelung, Wilferd
1255:, p. 172, I.
1201:, pp. 61–62.
1148:978-0-415-12410-2
773:, “observation" (
314:Hamza al-Isfahani
154:
153:
137:
68:Abbasid Caliphate
55:Early 9th-century
16:(Redirected from
3442:
3400:Iranian Arabists
3296:Indian astronomy
3265:Indian astronomy
3233:
3226:
3219:
3140:Sublunary sphere
3130:Specific gravity
3030:Earth's rotation
2919:Mural instrument
2864:Armillary sphere
2787:Alfonsine tables
2752:Tabula Rogeriana
2732:Islamic calendar
2720:
2713:
2702:
2597:Sibt al-Maridini
2582:Jamshid al-Kashi
2303:Said al-Andalusi
2106:Thābit ibn Qurra
2041:Abu Said Gorgani
2015:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1969:
1956:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1862:Mu'jam Al-Buldan
1848:Tabula Rogeriana
1842:(ibn Khordadbeh)
1527:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
1522:Ahmad ibn Rustah
1476:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1399:
1390:. Brill Online.
1377:
1368:
1357:. I. B. Tauris.
1349:
1340:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1269:, Ignace (ed.).
1262:
1256:
1253:Nadim (al-) 1970
1250:
1244:
1241:Nadim (al-) 1970
1238:
1232:
1231:
1226:Bosworth, C. E.
1223:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1128:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1103:, Bayard (ed.).
1093:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1010:
1004:
1003:
985:
979:
978:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
924:
918:
912:
906:
903:Nadim (al-) 1970
900:
894:
893:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
849:
832:
820:
806:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
756:
750:
740:
734:
731:
725:
724:MS has “father”.
715:
584:
583:
566:
565:
554:
553:
538:
537:
522:
521:
510:
509:
498:
497:
469:
468:
453:
452:
441:
440:
429:
428:
417:
416:
405:
404:
393:
392:
381:
380:
365:
364:
350:("Book of Solar
295:Babak Khorramdin
225:Zagros Mountains
166:
113:
110:Main interest(s)
84:
70:
37:
21:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3300:
3269:
3238:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3201:House of Wisdom
3179:
3135:Spherical Earth
2968:
2899:Equatorial ring
2879:Celestial globe
2854:Analog computer
2831:
2826:Sullam al-sama'
2771:
2707:
2688:
2657:
2621:
2560:
2499:
2398:
2384:Jabir ibn Aflah
2327:
2258:Abu Nasr Mansur
2246:
2227:Abolfadl Harawi
2162:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
2115:
2019:
1990:Ahmad Nahavandi
1978:
1963:
1950:
1945:
1915:
1910:
1891:
1886:Kitab al-Kharaj
1813:
1797:
1766:
1747:Ahmad ibn Mājid
1725:
1684:
1665:Yaqut al-Hamawi
1643:
1617:
1581:
1505:
1465:
1460:
1427:Wayback Machine
1406:
1384:Daftary, Farhad
1371:
1365:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1162:Pellat, Charles
1160:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1137:, vol. 3,
1130:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
972:
964:. p. 198.
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
928:Pellat, Charles
926:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
890:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
853:Pellat, Charles
851:
850:
846:
841:
836:
835:
829:
824:
823:
807:
803:
798:
794:
789:
785:
757:
753:
741:
737:
732:
728:
716:
712:
707:
690:
610:
596:General History
592:
571:Islâh al-mantiq
547:Kitāb al-Waṣāyā
515:Kitāb al-buldān
503:Kitāb al-faṣāha
499:) "Great Book"
477:
467:كتاب نوادرالجبر
403:كتاب حساب الدور
344:
322:
205:
165:ابوحنيفه دينوری
85:
82:
80:
71:
58:
56:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Elliptic orbit
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Circular orbit
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2806:Toledan Tables
2803:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Yang Guangxian
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2323:Ali ibn Khalaf
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Kushyar Gilani
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Ali ibn Ridwan
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Haseb-i Tabari
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Sahl ibn Bishr
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1680:Ibn al-Mujawir
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Ibn Khordadbeh
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1404:External links
1402:
1401:
1400:
1369:
1364:978-1780760612
1363:
1350:
1341:
1336:978-1138780149
1335:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1286:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1218:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1153:
1147:
1123:Fahd, Toufic,
1110:
1085:
1073:
1071:, p. 160.
1061:
1050:
1032:
1025:
1005:
999:978-0192562463
998:
980:
971:978-0521028875
970:
945:
919:
917:, p. 198.
907:
895:
889:978-0192562463
888:
870:
843:
842:
840:
837:
834:
833:
826:
825:
822:
821:
801:
792:
783:
777:), but in the
751:
735:
726:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
696:
689:
686:
645:constellations
637:Book of Plants
618:Book of Plants
614:Kitab al-Nabat
609:
607:Book of Plants
604:
591:
588:
587:
586:
574:
568:
556:
544:
543:and the Poets"
528:
512:
500:
488:
481:Ansâb al-Akrâd
476:
473:
472:
471:
459:
443:
431:
419:
407:
395:
383:
371:
355:
348:Kitâb al-kusuf
343:
340:
321:
318:
264:Book of Plants
204:
201:
152:
151:
143:
139:
138:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
73:
72:
57:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3447:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:Observatories
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Triangulation
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Heliocentrism
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Shadow square
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:Zij-i Sultani
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:Zij-i Ilkhani
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Kadızade Rumi
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Ibn al-Shatir
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Ibn al-Kammad
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Ibn al-Saffar
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:Piri Reis map
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1809:Evliya Çelebi
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Saadi Shirazi
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Al-Ramhormuzi
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
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3184:Institutions
3035:Eccentricity
2995:Astrophysics
2889:Compass rose
2824:
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2810:
2798:
2791:
2776:
2764:
2757:
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2602:Ibn al-Majdi
2577:Abd al‐Wajid
2536:Al-Wabkanawi
2531:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
2420:Jamal ad-Din
2389:Omar Khayyam
2217:Al-ʻIjliyyah
2192:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
2177:Ibn al-A'lam
2096:Al-Khwarizmi
2060:
1903:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1802:17th century
1771:16th century
1730:15th century
1706:Ibn al-Wardi
1689:14th century
1675:Ibn al-Nafis
1648:13th century
1622:12th century
1586:11th century
1567:Al-Muqaddasi
1562:Ibn al-Faqih
1510:10th century
1490:
1486:Al-Khwarizmi
1387:
1354:
1345:
1325:
1317:Bibliography
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1289:
1271:
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1194:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1156:
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1069:Davaran 2010
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1008:
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983:
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957:
948:
936:. Retrieved
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861:. Retrieved
847:
830:
819:i.e. “long”.
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775:Astronomical
770:
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657:lunar phases
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630:plant growth
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552:كتاب الوصايا
546:
530:
520:كتاب البلدان
514:
508:كتاب الفصاحة
502:
490:
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409:
397:
385:
379:كتاب الانواء
373:
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307:
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286:
274:
272:
263:
206:
185:metallurgist
156:
155:
3170:Tusi couple
3160:Trepidation
3125:Salah times
3060:Geocentrism
2934:Planisphere
2914:Graph paper
2841:Instruments
2793:Huihui Lifa
2674:Ehmedê Xanî
2633:Al-Birjandi
2612:al-Kubunani
2369:Abu al-Salt
2318:Al-Isfizari
2278:Ibn al-Samh
2157:Abu al-Wafa
2142:al-Khojandi
2046:Al-Farghani
1961:Astronomers
1716:Ibn Battuta
1696:Al-Dimashqi
1479:9th century
1471:Geographers
1281:E. J. Brill
1267:Krachkovsky
678:al-Shaybani
659:indicating
594:Dinawari's
491:Kitāb Kabīr
334:written by
308:Dinawari's
273:Dinawari's
236:of al-Kūfah
229:Abbasid-era
18:Al-Dinawari
3330:895 deaths
3319:Categories
3274:Influenced
3243:Influences
3115:Precession
3095:Multiverse
3000:Axial tilt
2980:Almucantar
2964:Triquetrum
2904:Equatorium
2653:Takiyüddin
2526:al-Battiwi
2521:Ibn Shuayb
2516:Al-Khalili
2359:Al-Khazini
2354:Al-Kharaqī
2349:Ibn Tufail
2339:Al-Bitruji
2273:Al-Zarqālī
2237:al-Majriti
2187:Al-Saghani
2182:Al-Nayrizi
2167:al-Battani
2086:Iranshahri
2071:Al-Marwazi
1975:by century
1896:Influences
1834:(al-Bakrī)
1701:Abu'l-Fida
1655:Ibn Jubayr
1557:Ibn Hawqal
1305:2013-11-07
1105:Al-Fihrist
915:Cahen 2006
839:References
331:al-Fihrist
256:arithmetic
189:geographer
173:astronomer
171:polymath:
142:Occupation
131:astronomer
127:metallurgy
123:geographer
3150:Supernova
3105:Obliquity
3090:Moonlight
2990:Astrology
2869:Astrolabe
2648:Piri Reis
2638:al-Khafri
2607:al-Wafa'i
2592:Ulugh Beg
2572:Ali Kuşçu
2546:al-Jadiri
2465:al-Abhari
2263:al-Biruni
2197:Ibn Yunus
2172:Al-Qabisi
2147:al-Khazin
2056:Al-Mahani
1906:(Ptolemy)
1904:Geography
1793:Amīn Rāzī
1783:Piri Reis
1593:Al-Biruni
1542:Al-Masudi
1396:1875-9831
1139:Routledge
743:Al-qiblah
525:Geography
496:كتاب كبير
287:Iranshahr
279:al-Tabari
260:astronomy
248:philology
197:historian
119:historian
3224:Maragheh
3175:Universe
3145:Sunlight
3110:Parallax
3100:Muwaqqit
3040:Ecliptic
2973:Concepts
2939:Quadrant
2859:Aperture
2374:Averroes
2344:Avempace
2288:Avicenna
2222:Nastulus
2212:al-Sijzi
2137:Al-Adami
2051:Al-Kindi
1752:Zheng He
1629:al-Zuhri
1603:Al-Bakri
1547:Istakhri
1423:Archived
1386:(eds.).
1172:27 April
1099:(1970).
938:27 April
863:27 April
747:Al-zawāl
688:See also
352:Eclipses
336:Al-Nadim
291:Muhammad
252:geometry
181:botanist
115:botanist
90:Religion
47:Personal
3080:Inertia
3070:Gravity
3005:Azimuth
2954:Sundial
2944:Sextant
2894:Dioptra
2884:Compass
2849:Alidade
2460:al-Urdi
2283:Alhazen
2207:Ma Yize
2152:al-Qūhī
2127:al-Sufi
1762:Fei Xin
1757:Ma Huan
1613:Domiyat
1496:Ya'qubi
661:seasons
641:planets
456:Algebra
283:Bal'ami
244:grammar
213:Dinawar
209:Persian
149:scholar
60:Dinawar
3055:Galaxy
3050:Equant
2985:Apogee
2929:Octant
2706:Topics
1721:Lin Nu
1394:
1361:
1333:
1277:Leiden
1145:
1048:
1023:
996:
968:
886:
779:Beatty
767:Irshād
761:after
759:Flügel
722:Beatty
718:Flügel
655:, the
647:, the
541:Poetry
368:Plants
268:botany
258:, and
195:, and
161:Arabic
146:Muslim
3120:Qibla
2909:Globe
2716:Works
1868:Rihla
1823:Works
1378:. In
1129:, in
1101:Dodge
817:Ṭiwāl
813:Ṭiwāl
809:Dodge
763:Yāqūt
705:Notes
485:Kurds
320:Works
221:Jibal
94:Islam
64:Jibal
2662:17th
2626:16th
2565:15th
2504:14th
2403:13th
2332:12th
2251:11th
2120:10th
1392:ISSN
1359:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1174:2016
1143:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1021:ISBN
994:ISBN
966:ISBN
940:2016
884:ISBN
865:2016
771:raṣd
670:anwa
665:rain
663:and
653:moon
651:and
643:and
539:), "
454:), "
366:), ‘
312:was
281:and
234:and
217:Iran
203:Life
133:and
76:Died
52:Born
2778:Zij
2132:Ibn
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1983:8th
649:sun
624:to
622:sin
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207:Of
100:Era
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