406:
469:, which dispersed his fleet and killed many of the crews; the survivors were then attacked by the Byzantines, who destroyed 12 ships. Another effort by Argyros to renew the truce in autumn failed, and in the next year, Hasan and Ammar defeated his forces in Sicily. However, Emperor Constantine VII sent reinforcements to Italy and soon after, as it was returning from Calabria to Sicily, the Fatimid fleet was again wrecked in a storm, in which Ammar perished (on 24 September 958, according to the
440:
was sent to Italy, it occupied itself with suppressing local revolts rather than engaging the
Fatimids, and the Byzantine envoys offered to renew and extend the existing truce. Al-Mu'izz however, determined to expose the Umayyads' collaboration with the infidel enemy and emulate the achievements of
385:
and had the
Byzantines swear to respect the Muslims' right to worship and call the prayer there, and that any Muslim prisoner who sought refuge there would be set free. The treaty also stipulated that, if "as much as a single stone" were removed from it, all churches in Sicily and Ifriqiya would be
416:
In 955, war was renewed, when an
Andalusian merchant ship intercepted a Fatimid ship carrying diplomatic correspondence; fearing that it would alert Fatimid privateers, the Andalusians not only removed its rudder, but took along the case containing the dispatches it carried. Enraged, al-Mu'izz
381:. Following the defeat at Gerace, Constantine VII sent an envoy, John Pilatos, who arranged a truce with Hasan, followed by a treaty concluded on 7 September before al-Mansur. Not only did the Byzantines agree to resume payment of tribute, but before leaving Calabria, Hasan erected a mosque at
487:
in 960–961, where the
Fatimids, constrained by their truce with the Empire and the distances involved, were unable or unwilling to interfere, the Fatimids once more turned their attention to Sicily, where they decided to reduce the remaining Byzantine outposts: Taormina, the forts in the
376:
The Caliph sharply rebuked the commanders and ordered them to return to the
Italian mainland, but this did not happen until the next spring. On 7 May 952, Hasan defeated the Byzantine army under Malakenos and Paschalios at Gerace. He then laid siege to the town and sacked
525:, which landed at Messina in October 964. At the same time, Hasan led Berber troops as reinforcements to Sicily to assist the efforts to capture Rometta. While the Fatimid army defeated the Byzantines before Rometta and then destroyed their fleet at the
301:. Sailing to Sicily, Hasan suppressed the rebellion in Palermo with such swiftness and severity that the Byzantines hastened to pay three years' worth of arrears of the tribute, although it is unclear whether this was done by the central government in
421:. Without hesitating, Hasan took his squadron into the harbour, plundered it and the arsenal, burned the Umayyad ships anchored there, and returned to Ifriqiya. The Umayyads responded by sending admiral
397:. This dynastic succession heralded the beginning of Kalbid rule over Sicily as Fatimid viceroys, which lasted until the civil strife and the political fragmentation of the island in the 1030s.
1084:
1079:
457:, and that the Fatimids plundered Calabria, whereupon Marianos Argyros visited the caliphal court and arranged for a renewal of the truce. In 957 however the Byzantines under the
393:. There he remained thereafter, retaining his position as one of the chief commanders, and as head of the Kalbid family. His post as governor in Sicily passed to his son
369:, and the besieged towns preferred to ransom themselves rather than suffer the consequences of a sack. After Cassano, the Fatimids withdrew to their winter quarters at
353:. In response, Hasan notified al-Mansur and asked for reinforcements. An army of 7,000 cavalry and 3,500 infantry was prepared, and under the command of the eunuch
357:
arrived at
Palermo in June 951. A year later, in June/July, the two Fatimid commanders sailed from Sicily and invaded Calabria, attacking several towns, including
1069:
1064:
254:, which lasted from 944 to 947 and spread across Ifriqiya, almost resulting in the downfall of the Fatimid Caliphate. During this conflict, Hasan made
90:
964:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
422:
983:
1089:
1059:
500:. Taormina fell to Hasan's son Ahmad on Christmas Day 962, after more than nine months of siege, and in the next year his cousin,
883:
The Rise of the
Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
919:
891:
471:
216:
484:
436:
Fatimid sources report that the
Umayyads proposed joint action with Byzantium, but although an expeditionary force under
228:
82:
1031:
501:
394:
170:
86:
336:
297:, encouraged by Fatimid weakness, had stopped paying the tribute agreed in 932 for their possessions in Sicily and
389:
Following the death of al-Mansur on 19 March 953, Hasan returned to
Ifriqiya to present himself to the new ruler,
390:
1094:
312:
240:
186:
405:
446:
116:
94:
526:
958:
929:
Lev, Yaacov (1984). "The Fāṭimid Navy, Byzantium and the Mediterranean Sea, 909–1036 CE/297–427 AH".
509:
255:
354:
1054:
1049:
522:
946:
454:
362:
203:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
378:
350:
997:
324:
290:
1020:
979:
938:
915:
887:
529:, Hasan himself remained in Palermo, where he died in November/December 964 at the age of 53.
518:
450:
154:
49:
1074:
505:
437:
294:
178:
417:
ordered Hasan to pursue, but he was unable to catch the ship before it reached the port of
462:
382:
320:
309:
308:
At the same time, the Byzantines came into contact with the Fatimids' western rivals, the
107:
281:
Following the death of Abu Yazid and the end of his revolt, Caliph al-Mansur sent him to
911:
475:). As a result, al-Mu'izz accepted the proposals for a renewed five-year truce in 958.
302:
298:
174:
150:
135:
72:
1043:
231:
had served the Fatimids with distinction, being killed by the rebellious populace in
442:
328:
453:. The Fatimid sources report that the Byzantine fleet was heavily defeated in the
973:
905:
881:
493:
901:
489:
409:
316:
942:
425:
with a fleet of 70 vessels to Ifriqiya. The Umayyad fleet raided the port of
514:
345:
251:
247:
232:
224:
208:
158:
127:
962:
365:. The Byzantine troops not only failed to confront them, but withdrew to
340:
212:
166:
950:
497:
430:
426:
418:
370:
332:
286:
266:
262:
236:
235:
in 938, and both Hasan and his brother Ja'far were close associates of
220:
190:
182:
39:
265:
was able to reclaim for the Fatimids the north of Ifriqiya, including
1015:
1011:
466:
358:
282:
259:
162:
153:. A member of an aristocratic family within the ruling circle of the
147:
404:
270:
68:
366:
508:
to Rometta. The garrison of the latter sent for aid to Emperor
373:, although al-Mansur had commanded them to remain in Italy.
211:
tribe, and belonged to an aristocratic family established in
910:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 26. Translated by
886:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL.
465:, near Palermo. Hasan suffered heavy losses in a storm off
961:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
596:
594:
239:, the powerful chamberlain and chief minister of Caliph
193:
in 964, during another campaign against the Byzantines.
323:
also sent reinforcements to Italy under the commanders
737:
735:
674:
672:
623:
621:
931:
Byzantion: Revue internationale des études byzantines
764:
762:
564:, al-Ḥasan b. ʻAlī b. Abī l-Ḥusayn al-Kalbī (#22558).
121:
78:
63:
55:
45:
33:
25:
18:
907:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
319:, for joint action against the Fatimids. Emperor
289:in April 947, overthrowing the Fatimid governor,
461:Basil destroyed the mosque at Reggio and raided
449:, and the second later under Hasan himself and
441:his father, refused. The Caliph dispatched two
1085:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
512:, who prepared a major expedition, led by the
401:Naval war against the Umayyads and Byzantines
8:
123:al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī al-Ḥusayn al-Kalbī
967:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
445:to Sicily, the first under Hasan's brother
104:Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi al-Husayn al-Kalbi
991:
246:Hasan first came to prominence during the
173:, but led several campaigns in Sicily and
15:
1080:Fatimid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
978:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
285:, where another revolt had broken out in
157:, he helped suppress the great revolt of
852:
702:
690:
600:
335:and united with the local forces of the
219:. The family had evidently embraced the
181:in 955–958, as well as the raid against
169:. He was succeeded in Sicily by his son
165:from 948 until 953, when he returned to
537:
273:, of which he was appointed governor.
185:that sparked a brief conflict with the
161:in 943–947 and was sent as governor of
840:
780:
627:
585:
573:
7:
864:
828:
816:
792:
741:
726:
678:
663:
651:
639:
612:
804:
768:
753:
714:
112:ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ الكلبي
111:
258:his base, and with the aid of the
223:regime after the overthrow of the
14:
1070:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate
1065:Admirals of the Fatimid Caliphate
561:
37:November/December 964 (Aged 53)
217:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1:
1004:as Fatimid governor of Sicily
975:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
485:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
429:and the environs of Susa and
207:, Hasan hailed from the Arab
795:, pp. 394–396, 403–404.
1090:Fatimid governors of Sicily
1032:Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
502:al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi
305:or was a local initiative.
171:Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
146:(Ἀβουλχαρέ), was the first
122:
1111:
1028:
1009:
994:
139:
20:al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi
1060:10th-century Arab people
972:Metcalfe, Alex (2009),
880:Brett, Michael (2001).
293:. At the same time the
241:al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah
227:in 909, and his father
693:, pp. 53, 54, 58.
447:Ammar ibn Ali al-Kalbi
413:
391:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
277:Governorship of Sicily
959:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
527:Battle of the Straits
408:
56:Years of service
521:and his own nephew,
510:Nikephoros II Phokas
313:Caliphate of Córdoba
201:As evidenced by his
187:Caliphate of Córdoba
83:Ali ibn Abi'l-Husayn
867:, pp. 406–407.
831:, pp. 405–406.
819:, pp. 404–405.
756:, pp. 234–235.
729:, pp. 393–394.
666:, pp. 334–335.
642:, pp. 333–334.
615:, pp. 331–332.
588:, pp. 165–170.
472:Cambridge Chronicle
331:, which arrived at
189:in 955. He died at
455:Straits of Messina
414:
1038:
1037:
1029:Succeeded by
1021:Fatimid Caliphate
1007:
985:978-0-7486-2008-1
914:. Leiden: BRILL.
705:, pp. 80–85.
519:Niketas Abalantes
451:Jawhar al-Siqilli
155:Fatimid Caliphate
120:
101:
100:
50:Fatimid Caliphate
1102:
1001:
995:Preceded by
992:
988:
968:
954:
925:
897:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
757:
751:
745:
739:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
616:
610:
604:
598:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
479:Rometta campaign
438:Marianos Argyros
141:
125:
115:
113:
16:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1095:Emirs of Sicily
1040:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1000:
986:
971:
957:
928:
922:
900:
894:
879:
876:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
760:
752:
748:
740:
733:
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
697:
689:
685:
677:
670:
662:
658:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
619:
611:
607:
599:
592:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
539:
535:
481:
403:
321:Constantine VII
279:
199:
91:Abu'l-Qasim Ali
38:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1008:
996:
990:
989:
984:
969:
955:
937:(1): 220–252.
926:
920:
912:Michael Bonner
898:
892:
875:
872:
870:
869:
857:
845:
843:, p. 242.
833:
821:
809:
807:, p. 236.
797:
785:
783:, p. 241.
773:
771:, p. 235.
758:
746:
744:, p. 394.
731:
719:
717:, p. 234.
707:
695:
683:
681:, p. 335.
668:
656:
654:, p. 334.
644:
632:
630:, p. 185.
617:
605:
590:
578:
576:, p. 240.
566:
536:
534:
531:
483:Following the
480:
477:
402:
399:
355:Faraj Muhaddad
303:Constantinople
299:southern Italy
278:
275:
198:
195:
175:southern Italy
151:Emir of Sicily
99:
98:
80:
76:
75:
73:Emir of Sicily
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
35:
31:
30:
27:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1107:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
977:
976:
970:
966:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
923:
917:
913:
909:
908:
903:
899:
895:
889:
885:
884:
878:
877:
873:
866:
861:
858:
855:, p. 55.
854:
853:Metcalfe 2009
849:
846:
842:
837:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
806:
801:
798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
703:Metcalfe 2009
699:
696:
692:
691:Metcalfe 2009
687:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
653:
648:
645:
641:
636:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
603:, p. 53.
602:
601:Metcalfe 2009
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
538:
532:
530:
528:
524:
523:Manuel Phokas
520:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
478:
476:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
411:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
387:
384:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
137:
133:
129:
124:
118:
109:
105:
96:
95:Ammar ibn Ali
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
17:
1010:
1003:
1002:
974:
963:
934:
930:
906:
882:
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
749:
722:
710:
698:
686:
659:
647:
635:
608:
581:
569:
513:
482:
470:
459:protokarabos
458:
435:
415:
412:of al-Mu'izz
388:
375:
344:
329:Makroioannes
307:
280:
245:
202:
200:
177:against the
143:
132:Boulchasenes
131:
126:), known in
103:
102:
67:Governor of
902:Halm, Heinz
494:Val di Noto
256:Constantine
140:Βουλχάσενης
130:sources as
59:ca. 943–964
1055:964 deaths
1050:911 births
1044:Categories
921:9004100563
893:9004117415
841:Brett 2001
781:Brett 2001
628:Brett 2001
586:Brett 2001
574:Brett 2001
533:References
506:laid siege
490:Val Demone
410:Gold dinar
379:Petracucca
351:Paschalios
343:under its
317:al-Andalus
295:Byzantines
250:revolt of
215:since the
179:Byzantines
144:Aboulchare
85:(father),
46:Allegiance
1019:(for the
998:Ibn Attaf
943:0378-2506
865:Halm 1996
829:Halm 1996
817:Halm 1996
793:Halm 1996
742:Halm 1996
727:Halm 1996
679:Halm 1996
664:Halm 1996
652:Halm 1996
640:Halm 1996
613:Halm 1996
515:patrikios
427:al-Kharaz
346:strategos
325:Malakenos
291:Ibn Attaf
252:Abu Yazid
248:Kharijite
233:Agrigento
225:Aghlabids
209:Banu Kalb
197:Biography
159:Abu Yazid
128:Byzantine
117:romanized
97:(brother)
79:Relations
1026:948–953
1014:emir of
951:44170866
904:(1996).
805:Lev 1984
769:Lev 1984
754:Lev 1984
715:Lev 1984
386:razed.
341:Calabria
213:Ifriqiya
167:Ifriqiya
64:Commands
1075:Kalbids
874:Sources
498:Rometta
463:Termini
431:Tabarqa
419:Almeria
371:Messina
363:Cassano
333:Otranto
310:Umayyad
287:Palermo
263:Berbers
237:Jawdhar
221:Fatimid
191:Palermo
183:Almeria
119::
93:(son),
89:(son),
40:Palermo
1016:Sicily
1012:Kalbid
982:
949:
941:
918:
890:
496:, and
467:Mazara
443:fleets
423:Ghalib
383:Reggio
359:Gerace
283:Sicily
260:Kutama
163:Sicily
148:Kalbid
142:) and
108:Arabic
947:JSTOR
395:Ahmad
337:theme
271:Tunis
204:nisba
136:Greek
87:Ahmad
69:Tunis
980:ISBN
939:ISSN
916:ISBN
888:ISBN
562:PmbZ
492:and
367:Bari
361:and
327:and
269:and
267:Béja
34:Died
26:Born
433:.
339:of
315:in
229:Ali
29:911
1046::
1023:)
945:.
935:54
933:.
761:^
734:^
671:^
620:^
593:^
540:^
504:,
349:,
243:.
138::
114:,
110::
71:,
953:.
924:.
896:.
134:(
106:(
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