46:
451:; if the descriptions of scholars such as himself differed from how the Arabs of the desert naturally spoke, then the cause was a lack of knowledge on the scholar's part as the unspoken, unwritten natural speech of pure Arabs was the final determiner. Al-Farahidi was distinguished, however, in his view that the Arabic alphabet included 29 letters rather than 28 and that each letter represented a fundamental characteristic of people or animals. His classification of 29 letters was due to his consideration of the combination of
562:") was the first dictionary written for the Arabic language. Instead of following the order of the alphabet, al-Farahidi sorted letters according to where the consonants are pronounced in the mouth, from back to front, beginning with the letter ع "ayn", representing the sound formed in the throat. The word
705:
while a young man and prayed to God that he be inspired with knowledge no one else had. When he returned to Basra shortly thereafter, he overheard the rhythmic beating of a blacksmith on an anvil and he immediately wrote down fifteen metres around the periphery of five circles, which were accepted as
648:
written by a linguist. The lost work contains many "firsts", including the use of permutations and combinations to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. Later Arab cryptographers explicitly resorted to al-Farahidi's phonological analysis for calculating letter frequency in their own
446:
In regard to the field of grammar, al-Farahidi held the realist views common among early Arab linguists yet rare among both later and modern times. Rather than holding the rules of grammar as he and his students described them to be absolute rules, al-Farahidi saw the Arabic language as the natural,
422:
offered al-Farahidi a pension and requested that the latter tutor the former's son. Al-Farahidi declined, stating that he was wealthy though possessing no money, as true poverty lay not in a lack of money, but in the soul. The governor reacted by rescinding the pension, an act to which al-Farahidi
401:
and a garden inherited from his father. Two dates of death are cited, 786 and 791 CE. The story goes that it was theoretical contemplation that brought about his death. On the particular day, while he was deeply absorbed in contemplation of a system of accounting to save his maidservant from being
311:
Al-Farahidi was the first scholar to subject the prosody of
Classical Arabic poetry to a detailed phonological analysis. The primary data he listed and categorized in meticulous detail was extremely complex to master and utilize, and later theorists have developed simpler formulations with greater
610:
had probably belonged originally to Ibn al-'Ala al-Sijistani, who according to
Durustuyah had been a member of a circle of scholars who critiqued the book. In this group was Abu Talib al-Mufaddal ibn Slamah, 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Karmani, Abu Bakr ibn Durayd and al-Huna'i al-Dawsi.
503:, Sibawayh says "I asked him" or "he said", without naming the person referred to by the pronoun, however, it is clear that he refers to al-Farahidi. Both the latter and the former are historically the earliest and most significant figures in the formal recording of the Arabic language.
387:, the founder of ibadism. It was said his parents were converts to Islam, and that his father was the first to be named "Ahmad" after the time of Muhammad. His nickname, "Farahidi", differed from his tribal name and derived from an ancestor named Furhud (Young Lion); plural
431:
Embarrassed, the governor then responded with an offer to renew the pension and double the rate, which al-Farahidi still greeted with a lukewarm reception. Al-Farahidi's apathy about material wealth was demonstrated in his habit of quoting
710:, suggesting that al-Farahidi may have invented them himself. He never mandated, however, that all Arab poets must necessarily follow his rules without question, and even he was said to have knowingly broken the rules at times.
499:) was a collaborative work of forty-two authors, but also that the principles and subjects in the "Kitab" were based on those of al-Farahidi. He is quoted by Sibawayh 608 times, more than any other authority. Throughout the
623:– rules-governing Arabic poetry metre – and Arabic musicology. Often called a genius by historians, he was a scholar, a theorist and an original thinker. Ibn al-Nadim's list of al-Khalil's other works were:
2375:
393:. He refused lavish gifts from rulers, or to indulge in the slander and gossip his fellow Arab and Persian rival scholars were wont, and he performed annual pilgrimage to Mecca. He lived in a small
397:
house in Basra and once remarked that when his door was shut, his mind did not go beyond it. He taught linguistics, and some of his students became wealthy teachers. Al-Farahidi's main income was
1842:, pg. 63. Eds. Mushira Eid, Vicente Cantarino and Keith Walters. Volume 115 of Amsterdam studies en the theory and history of linguistic science, volume 6 of Perspectives on Arabic linguistics.
427:"He, Who formed me with a mouth, engaged to give me nourishment till such a time as He takes me to Himself. Thou hast refused me a trifling sum, but that refusal will not increase thy wealth."
1483:
Law, Christianity and
Modernism in Islamic Society: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants Et Islamisants Held at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
689:
was much less ambiguous than the previous system where dots had to perform various functions, and while he only intended its use for poetry it was eventually used for the Qur'an as well.
606:
b. al-Muzaffar b. Nasr b. Sayyar, had dictated edited portions to al-Layth and they had reviewed its preparation together. Ibn al-Nadim writes that a manuscript in the possession of
443:
began his call – and began to diminish after sixty, the point at which
Muhammad died. He also believed that a person was at their peak intelligence at the clearest part of dawn.
3771:
1795:
439:
Al-Farahidi distinguished himself via his philosophical views as well. He reasoned that a man's intelligence peaked at the age of forty – the age when the
Islamic prophet
2743:
2515:
983:, pg. 4. Eds. Harry Francis Hollien and Patricia Hollien. Volume 9 of Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 1979.
2380:
1977:
566:
may also mean a water source in the desert, perhaps reflecting its author's goal to derive the etymological origins of Arabic vocabulary and lexicography.
1361:
Monique
Bernards, "Pioneers of Arabic Linguistic Studies." Taken from In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arabic Culture, pg. 213. Ed.
3761:
2868:
3036:
3801:
2690:
869:
1390:
526:. His prowess in the Arabic language was said to be drawn, first and foremost, from his vast knowledge of Muslim prophetic tradition as well as
2763:
1608:, vol. 1, pg. 791. Volume 6 of Studies in Arabic literature: Supplements to the Journal of Arabic Literature. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1977.
2858:
697:
Al-Farahidi's first work was in the study of Arabic prosody, a field for which he is credited as the founder. Reportedly, he performed the
3766:
3811:
3786:
1878:
1855:
1847:
1824:
1699:
1633:
1613:
1560:
1525:
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1470:
1442:
1378:
1322:
1253:
1096:
1071:
988:
941:
908:
848:
1873:, pg. 192. Volume 5 of Studies in Arabic literature: Supplements to the Journal of Arabic Literature. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1976.
877:
2655:
1915:, Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 25 (Leiden: Brill, 1997). Includes a thorough assessment of al-Khalil's biography.
3806:
2650:
881:
2060:
3791:
2768:
2015:
1970:
981:
Current Issues in the
Phonetic Sciences: Proceedings of the IPS-77 Congress, Miami Beach, Florida, 17–19 December 1977, Part 1
627:
Chanting; Prosody; Witnesses; (Consonant) Points and (Vowel) Signs; Death (or pronunciation or omitting) of the 'Ayn; Harmony.
3816:
2115:
1675:
1350:
3721:
979:
Muhammad Hasan
Bakalla, "Ancient Arab and Muslim Phoneticians: An Appraisal of Their Contrubition to Phonetics." Taken from
353:
174:
3781:
3385:
2410:
2405:
2312:
1277:
Khalil I. Semaan, Linguistics in the Middle Ages: Phonetic
Studies in Early Islam, pg. 39. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1968.
706:
the basis of the field and still accepted as such in Arabic language prosody today. Three of the meters were not known to
511:
3016:
2350:
3776:
2893:
2575:
2773:
2620:
840:
507:
2705:
2640:
1871:
Modern Arabic Poetry: 1800 – 1970; the
Development of Its Forms and Themes Under the Influence of Western Literature
3510:
2680:
2625:
2360:
2307:
1963:
1063:
669:; rather than a series of indistinguishable dots, it was al-Farahidi who introduced different shapes for the vowel
45:
3696:
3315:
3182:
2908:
2085:
1816:
1791:
472:
414:
Al-Farahidi's eschewing of material wealth has been noted by a number of biographers. In his old age, the son of
2155:
3624:
3272:
3124:
2983:
2888:
2435:
933:
929:
3671:
2853:
2090:
1317:
M.G. Carter, Sibawayh, pg. 21. Part of the Makers of Islamic Civilization series. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.
491:
were among his students, with the former having been more indebted to al-Farahidi than to any other teacher.
380:
3639:
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3074:
3064:
2948:
2928:
2525:
2480:
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2165:
1462:
3686:
3651:
3629:
3112:
2933:
2580:
2570:
2415:
2095:
866:
3726:
599:
357:
3796:
3681:
3661:
3619:
3535:
3320:
3152:
2863:
2670:
2465:
2232:
2222:
2045:
1812:
1691:
1059:
415:
376:
243:
200:
2385:
1714:
Broemeling, Lyle D. (1 November 2011). "An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology".
406:, he wandered into a mosque and there he absent-mindedly bumped into a pillar and was fatally injured.
3495:
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3202:
3187:
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2365:
2332:
2317:
2297:
2170:
2075:
2055:
1433:, pg. 13. Ed. Ibrahim A. Mumayiz. Volume 2 of WATA-publications: World Arab Translators Association.
1307:. Vol. 1. Translated by Dodge, B. New York & London: Columbia University Press. p. 112.
471:
al-Farahidi had become a household name by the time he died, and become almost as mythic a figure as
341:
305:
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3716:
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2287:
2257:
2105:
1936:
1840:
Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics VI: Papers from the Sixth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics
3656:
3380:
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2445:
2440:
2355:
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2252:
2010:
1731:
1666:"Combinational analysis, numerical analysis, Diophantine analysis and number theory." Taken from
707:
654:
106:
2555:
2272:
2237:
607:
595:
591:
436:'s famous stanza: "If thou wantest treasures, thou wilt find none equal to a virtuous conduct."
1932:
495:, the 10th-century bibliophile biographer from Basra, reports that in fact Sibawayh's "Kitab" (
3711:
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3666:
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3545:
3505:
3405:
3192:
3147:
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2700:
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2342:
2292:
2242:
2130:
1986:
1874:
1851:
1820:
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1668:
Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 2: Mathematics and the Physical Sciences
1629:
1609:
1556:
1521:
1486:
1466:
1438:
1374:
1346:
1335:
Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 3: Technology, Alchemy and Life Sciences
1318:
1249:
1092:
1067:
1009:
984:
937:
904:
844:
666:
384:
297:
1453:
Bernard K. Freamon, "Definitions and Concepts of Slave Ownership in Islamic Law." Taken from
3646:
3565:
3520:
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3370:
3295:
3280:
3207:
3197:
3177:
2753:
2695:
2395:
2267:
2262:
2204:
2180:
2175:
2150:
1723:
1370:
836:
577:
550:
360:, ‘Āṣm al-Aḥwal, al-‘Awwām b. Ḥawshab, etc. His teacher Ayyub persuaded him to renounce the
293:
289:
260:
144:
619:
In addition to his work in prosody and lexicography, al-Farahidi established the fields of
3445:
3435:
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219:
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216:
Abu ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Amr ibn Tammām al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī al-Yaḥmadī
276:(vowel marks in Arabic script) system, and was instrumental in the early development of
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2400:
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1943:
1536:
1501:
1481:
A. Cilardo, "Preliminary Notes on the Meaning of the Qur'anic Term Kalala." Taken from
674:
285:
277:
134:
2070:
3745:
3560:
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3410:
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2823:
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2720:
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2550:
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1783:
1735:
1601:
678:
645:
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had said that al-Khalil had explained the concept and structure of his dictionary to
476:
239:
154:
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1949:مُنتَدَى التَّجْديدِ: المِنْـبَـرُ الإلكترونيُّ لِتَيْسِيرِ الدِّراساتِ العربـيَّةِ
1645:
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2120:
2050:
1894:
1866:
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1196:, iss. #18–20, pg. 114. Egypt: Hayʾah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Istiʻlāmāt, 1992. Digitized by
726:
641:
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recounts the various names attached to the transmission of Kitab al-'Ayn, i.e. the
583:
519:
492:
480:
403:
394:
313:
247:
235:
116:
17:
3069:
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789:, vol. Introduction (3rd ed.), Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, pp. 11–12
488:
196:
1907:
3580:
3525:
3485:
3415:
3290:
3242:
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3041:
3011:
2923:
2818:
2600:
2590:
2560:
2510:
2455:
2227:
2185:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2065:
1264:
Gerhard Bowering, "Sulami's treatise on the science of the letters." Taken from
1047:
515:
419:
1431:
Arabesques: Selections of Biography and Poetry from Classical Arabic Literature
677:
so much that it has not been changed since. He also began using a small letter
3475:
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3252:
3167:
3031:
3006:
2968:
2958:
2913:
2838:
2828:
2813:
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2778:
2730:
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2635:
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2370:
2145:
1999:
1051:
468:
281:
251:
1901:. Vol. 1. Translated by Dodge, B. Columbia University Press. p. 95.
3001:
2903:
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2500:
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2277:
1843:
1552:
1517:
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670:
368:
120:
1727:
1646:"Forgotten Pioneers in the History of Statistics: al-Farahidi and al-Kindi"
1455:
The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary
1240:
Yasir Suleiman, "Ideology, grammar-making and standardization." Taken from
1908:
Arabic Grammar in its Formative Age: Kitāb al-‘ayn and its Attribution to
1628:, pg. 62. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition.
3345:
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Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of
650:
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484:
440:
398:
372:
317:
204:
192:
1838:, "Elements of Romance Prosody in the Poetry of Ibn Quzman." Taken from
1013:
785:
Sībawayh, ʻAmr ibn ʻUthmān (1988), Hārūn, ʻAbd al-Salām Muḥammad (ed.),
2873:
2735:
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448:
273:
130:
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in Arabic philology. He was the first to codify the complex metres of
308:, a polymath and scholar, he was a man of genuinely original thought.
224:أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد بن عمرو بن تمام الفراهيدي الأزدي اليحمدي
3310:
2160:
1548:
1513:
1458:
1366:
1338:
1242:
In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arabic Culture
682:
531:
527:
523:
452:
433:
333:
312:
coherence and general utility. He was also a pioneer in the field of
1955:
1411:
804:
530:. The Al Khalil Bin Ahmed Al Farahidi School of Basic Education in
702:
685:
mark for doubling consonants. Al-Farahidi's style for writing the
587:
456:
383:
b. Naṣr. Known for his piety and frugality, he was a companion of
365:
361:
349:
96:
86:
1582:. Vol. 2. Translated by Dodge, B. Columbia University Press.
1899:
The Fihrist of al-Nadim A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture
1580:
The Fihrist of al-Nadim A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture
1305:
The Fihrist of al-Nadim A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture
698:
345:
329:
301:
74:
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2032:
1997:
1959:
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337:
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al-Kitāb Kitāb Sībawayh Abī Bishr ʻAmr ibn ʻUthmān ibn Qanbar
735:) and gives the report that his paternal ancestry was of the
653:(c. 801–873), who discovered the method of cryptanalysis by
1416:(in Arabic). Riyadh: مركز التراث للبرمجيات. p. 343/5.
809:(in Arabic). Riyadh: مركز التراث للبرمجيات. p. 343/5.
665:
Al-Farahidi is also credited with the current standard for
1788:
Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch
459:
as a separate third letter from the two individual parts.
1809:
Silencing the Sea: Secular Rhythms in Palestinian Poetry
1670:, pg. 378. Ed. Roshdi Rasheed. London: Routledge, 1996.
640:"Book of Cryptographic Messages", was the first book on
288:. His linguistic theories influenced the development of
27:
Iraqi lexicographer, philologist and poet (718 – 786 CE)
1944:
The Tajdīd Online Forum for Facilitating Arabic Studies
1391:
Outward Bound programme launched in Al Farahidi School
340:
parents of modest means, al-Farahidi became a leading
1922:, 5th ed. (Revised), Posted online with free access.
833:
Early Medieval Arabic: Studies on Al-Khalīl Ibn Ahmad
575:
388:
352:, he studied Islamic traditions and philology under
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2341:
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160:
150:
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126:
112:
102:
92:
80:
68:
63:
55:
34:
1796:Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1333:Toufic Fahd, "Botany and agriculture." Taken from
59:Genius of the Arabic language (Abqarī al-lughah)
729:calls him ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad al-Khalīl (
423:responded with the following lines of poetry:
1971:
903:, pg. 19. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002.
8:
1606:Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry
750:
740:
730:
272:"The Source") – introduced the now standard
1091:, pg. 261. London: Immel Publishing, 1995.
649:works. His work on cryptography influenced
50:1965-1970 Sculpture of al-Farahidi in Basra
3598:
3120:
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2199:
2029:
1994:
1978:
1964:
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1933:The Al Khalil bin Ahmed Al Farahidi Center
1223:
1221:
1219:
1157:
1155:
1141:
1139:
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1008:, pg. 21. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1960.
44:
31:
3772:Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
1418:date of author 750 AD, searchable online
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1171:
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1021:
1000:
998:
996:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
895:
893:
891:
889:
811:date of author 750 AD, searchable online
590:(chain of authorities). He begins with
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1079:
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1920:Towards a New Theory of Arabic Prosody
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926:The World of Persian Literary Humanism
862:
860:
858:
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827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
1709:
1707:
1688:Implementing virtual private networks
1570:
1568:
258:– and the oldest extant dictionary –
7:
506:Al-Farahidi was also well versed in
3604:National literatures of Arab states
1485:, pg. 3. Peeters Publishers, 1998.
751:
741:
731:
479:, and an outstanding genius of the
447:instinctual speaking habits of the
304:prosody. The "Shining Star" of the
269:
223:
1748:"Combinational analysis," pg. 377.
1248:. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011.
25:
3762:8th-century Arabic-language poets
1848:John Benjamins Publishing Company
3802:Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate
673:in Arabic, which simplified the
2016:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
1545:Landmarks in Linguistic Thought
1541:The Arabic Linguistic Tradition
1510:Landmarks in Linguistic Thought
1506:The Arabic Linguistic Tradition
1337:, pg. 814. Ed. Roshdi Rasheed.
1130:, vol. 2, pp. 887–888
901:Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries
306:Basran school of Arabic grammar
37:al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī
2116:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
878:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
835:, pg. 3. Ed. Karin C. Ryding.
1:
2313:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
1918:Abdel-Malek, Zaki N. (2019)
882:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
732:عبد الرحمنابن ابن احمد الخليل
418:and reigning governor of the
316:, and influenced the work of
2774:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib
1656:(137): 12. 1 November 2020.
1457:, pg. 46. Ed. Jean Allain.
1437:: Garant Publishers, 2006.
1288:Arabic Linguistic Tradition
1211:Arabic Linguistic Tradition
965:Arabic Linguistic Tradition
841:Georgetown University Press
745:) tribe, and mentions that
727:Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Nadīm
576:
534:, Oman is named after him.
389:
3833:
3767:8th-century lexicographers
2308:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
1064:Princeton University Press
548:
524:Muslim prophetic tradition
226:; 718 – 786 CE), known as
3610:
3597:
3316:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
3119:
3106:
2211:
2198:
2041:
2028:
2006:
1993:
1817:Stanford University Press
1792:William McGuckin de Slane
1790:, vol. 1, pg. 493. Trns.
1716:The American Statistician
1413:Al-Ayn Lexicon كتاب العين
1054:, vol. 2, pg. 435. Trns.
806:Al-Ayn Lexicon كتاب العين
183:
165:
43:
3812:8th-century Omani people
3787:Lexicographers of Arabic
2706:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli
1126:Ben Cheneb, Muh. (ed.),
934:Harvard University Press
930:Cambridge, Massachusetts
749:would call him Farhūdī (
371:; Among his pupils were
364:doctrine and convert to
3807:Medieval cryptographers
3075:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi
2526:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
2381:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi
2166:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
2061:Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād
1463:Oxford University Press
1266:In the Shadow of Arabic
872:8 February 2014 at the
594:'s account that it was
381:al-Layth b. al-Muẓaffar
3792:Philologists of Arabic
2581:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari
2571:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya
2086:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah
1897:, Bayard, ed. (1970).
1728:10.1198/tas.2011.10191
1578:, Bayard, ed. (1970).
1408:al-Farahidi, Al-khalil
1389:Abdullah Al Liwaihi ,
1303:, Bayard, ed. (1970).
801:al-Farahidi, Al-khalil
570:Isnad of Kitab al-'Ayn
528:exegesis of the Qur'an
473:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
3817:8th-century linguists
3321:Abdur Rahman Kashgari
3153:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
2854:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
2671:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
2233:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
2223:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
2046:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
1692:McGraw-Hill Education
1690:, pg. 344. New York:
1592:Dodge, vol.1 pp.95–96
1543:, pg. 4. Part of the
1508:, pg. 4. Part of the
1128:Encyclopedia of Islam
1114:Early Medieval Arabic
739:clan of the Farāhīd (
416:Habib ibn al-Muhallab
354:Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'
201:al-Raghib al-Isfahani
175:Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'
3782:Grammarians of Basra
3496:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
3456:Mohamed Said Raihani
3341:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
3188:Suleyman al-Boustani
3017:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
2566:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
2491:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa
2471:Abu Mansur al-Azhari
2366:Abu Firas al-Hamdani
2328:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a
2318:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari
2298:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr
2171:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
2076:Al-Khirniq bint Badr
1194:Aujourd'hui L'Egypte
280:(study of prosody),
250:. He made the first
3777:Arab lexicographers
3571:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
3426:Ihsan Abdel Quddous
3158:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq
2541:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
2416:Baha' al-din Zuhair
2288:Layla al-Akhyaliyya
2156:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
2106:Antarah ibn Shaddad
2096:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl
1937:University of Nizwa
1772:The Arabic Language
1759:The Arabic Language
1650:إشراقة – جامعة نزوى
1626:The Arabic Language
867:al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad
600:al-Zaj al-Muhaddath
358:Aiyūb al-Sakhtiyāni
342:grammarian of Basra
244:grammarian of Basra
18:Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad
3381:Abdul Rahman Munif
3351:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel
3326:Muhammad al-Maghut
3301:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
3027:Hamdallah Mustawfi
2992:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
2611:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
2446:Al-Hariri of Basra
2441:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan
2386:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
2323:Dorayd bin Al Soma
2253:Maysun bint Bahdal
2091:'Alqama ibn 'Abada
2011:Namara inscription
1244:, pgs. 13–14. Ed.
1087:Paula Casey-Vine,
899:Abit Yaşar Koçak,
708:Pre-Islamic Arabia
655:frequency analysis
377:al-Naḍr b. Shumail
169:Influenced by
107:Islamic Golden Age
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3546:Ibrahim Nasrallah
3506:Ibrahim al-Mazini
3406:Saadallah Wannous
3203:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
3193:Butrus al-Bustani
3148:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
2974:Ibn Abi al-Khisal
2859:ibn Hani al-Azdi
2701:Usama ibn Munqidh
2676:Sharif al-Murtaza
2661:Al-Sharif al-Radi
2621:Al-Sarī al-Raffā’
2421:Bashshar ibn Burd
2293:Suraqah al-Bariqi
2243:Hassan ibn Thabit
2194:
2193:
2131:Laila bint Lukaiz
2056:Afira bint 'Abbad
2024:
2023:
1987:Arabic literature
1177:John A. Haywood,
1031:John A. Haywood,
1004:John A. Haywood,
667:Arabic diacritics
569:
542:
213:
212:
16:(Redirected from
3824:
3599:
3566:Mourid Barghouti
3521:Nazik Al-Malaika
3451:Abdellatif Laabi
3371:Ghassan Kanafani
3296:Sonallah Ibrahim
3281:Nawal El Saadawi
3208:Abdallah Marrash
3198:Ahmad Zaki Pasha
3178:Qustaki al-Himsi
3121:
3108:
2849:Lubna of Córdoba
2754:Maria Alphaizuli
2641:Laylā bint Ṭarīf
2396:Ahmad al-Tifashi
2268:Jarir ibn Atiyah
2263:Suraqa bin Malik
2258:Jamil ibn Ma'mar
2213:
2200:
2181:Aktham ibn Saifi
2176:Zuhayr ibn Janab
2030:
1995:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1902:
1881:
1864:
1858:
1833:
1827:
1805:
1799:
1781:
1775:
1770:Kees Versteegh,
1768:
1762:
1757:Kees Versteegh,
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1711:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1624:Kees Versteegh,
1622:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1563:
1547:series, vol. 3.
1534:
1528:
1512:series, vol. 3.
1499:
1493:
1479:
1473:
1451:
1445:
1429:Introduction to
1427:
1421:
1420:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1371:Brill Publishers
1359:
1353:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1309:
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1297:
1291:
1286:Kees Versteegh,
1284:
1278:
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1232:
1225:
1214:
1209:Kees Versteegh,
1207:
1201:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1112:Introduction to
1110:
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1074:
1045:
1036:
1029:
1016:
1002:
991:
977:
968:
963:Kees Versteegh,
961:
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922:
911:
897:
884:
864:
851:
837:Washington, D.C.
831:Introduction to
829:
814:
813:
797:
791:
790:
782:
756:
754:
753:
744:
743:
734:
733:
724:
661:Diacritic system
581:
578:Kitab al-Fihrist
392:
271:
225:
113:Main interest(s)
48:
38:
32:
21:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3606:
3585:
3446:Mohammed Bennis
3436:Mohamed Choukri
3376:Ghada al-Samman
3306:Mahmoud Darwish
3267:
3263:Tawfiq al-Hakim
3218:Maryana Marrash
3213:Francis Marrash
3143:Nasif al-Yaziji
3138:Maruf al Rusafi
3115:
3094:
3090:Ahmed Ben Triki
3051:
2978:
2733:
2725:
2686:Yaqut al-Hamawi
2556:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
2536:Yunus ibn Habib
2481:ibn al-Mudabbir
2337:
2303:Waddah al-Yaman
2273:Ka'b bin Zuhayr
2238:Fadl Ashsha'ira
2207:
2190:
2136:Mahd al-Aadiyya
2101:Amr ibn Kulthum
2037:
2020:
2002:
1989:
1984:
1929:
1905:Rafael Talmon.
1893:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1865:
1861:
1836:James T. Monroe
1834:
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1807:Khalid Furani,
1806:
1802:
1782:
1778:
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1239:
1235:
1227:Ibn Khallikan,
1226:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1161:Ibn Khallikan,
1160:
1153:
1145:Ibn Khallikan,
1144:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1089:Oman in History
1086:
1077:
1056:Franz Rosenthal
1046:
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1030:
1019:
1003:
994:
978:
971:
962:
947:
924:Hamid Dabashi,
923:
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874:Wayback Machine
865:
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747:Yunus ibn Habib
725:
721:
716:
695:
687:Arabic alphabet
681:to signify the
663:
638:Kitab al-Muamma
634:
617:
572:
553:
547:
540:
465:
412:
402:cheated by the
328:Born in 718 in
326:
256:Arabic language
209:
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188:
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141:Notable work(s)
127:Notable idea(s)
85:
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28:
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3576:Samih al-Qasim
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3556:Omar Abu Risha
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3481:Youssef Rzouga
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3441:Leila Abouzeid
3438:
3433:
3431:Alaa Al Aswany
3428:
3423:
3421:Leila Aboulela
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3401:Colette Khoury
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3336:Abbās al-Aqqād
3333:
3328:
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3286:Naguib Mahfouz
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3163:Naoum Mokarzel
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3047:Al-Qalqashandi
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3019:
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3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
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2964:Ibn al-Kattani
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2784:Ibn Abd Rabbih
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2711:Ibn al-Shajari
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2521:Aban al-Lahiqi
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1722:(4): 255–257.
1703:
1686:Steven Brown,
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598:who said that
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558:("The Book of
549:Main article:
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3361:Ibrahim Tuqan
3359:
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3331:Nizar Qabbani
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3238:Kahlil Gibran
3236:
3234:
3233:Mikhail Naimy
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Hafez Ibrahim
3221:
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3126:
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3118:
3114:
3109:
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3085:Ibn al-Wannan
3083:
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2997:Ibn Al Ouardy
2995:
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2989:
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2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
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2967:
2965:
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2957:
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2954:Ibn al-Yayyab
2952:
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2827:
2825:
2824:Ibn al-Khatib
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Ibn al-Zaqqaq
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
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2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Al-Rumaikiyya
2747:
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2737:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
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2691:Al Suhrawardi
2689:
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2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
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2589:
2587:
2586:Ibn al-Anbari
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
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2569:
2567:
2564:
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2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Bint al-Mahdī
2349:
2348:
2346:
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2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:Early Islamic
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Imru' al-Qais
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
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2109:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
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2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
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1969:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1952:
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1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
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1926:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:alīl b. Aḥmad
1911:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1879:9789004047952
1876:
1872:
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1856:9789027236180
1853:
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1825:9780804782609
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1784:Ibn Khallikan
1780:
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1634:9780748614363
1631:
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1614:9789004049208
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Salma Jayyusi
1598:
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1561:9780415157575
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1526:9780415157575
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1491:9789068319798
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1471:9780199660469
1468:
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1443:9789044118889
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1379:9789004215375
1376:
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1327:
1324:
1323:9781850436713
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1254:9789004215375
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1234:
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1203:
1200:16 July 2010.
1199:
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1097:9781898162117
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1072:9780691017549
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989:9789027209108
986:
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946:
943:
942:9780674067592
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913:
910:
909:9783899300215
906:
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849:9780878406630
846:
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690:
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656:
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647:
646:cryptanalysis
643:
639:
631:
626:
625:
624:
622:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:(Catalogue),
580:
579:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
551:Kitab al-'Ayn
545:
544:Kitab al-'Ayn
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Arabic poetry
474:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
437:
435:
426:
425:
424:
421:
417:
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396:
391:
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382:
378:
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367:
363:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
262:
261:Kitab al-'Ayn
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:lexicographer
237:
233:
229:
221:
217:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
182:
176:
173:
164:
161:Muslim leader
159:
156:
155:Lexicographer
153:
149:
146:
145:Kitab al-'Ayn
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:786 or 791 CE
83:
79:
76:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
3797:Phonologists
3697:Saudi Arabia
3640:Copto-Arabic
3541:Saadi Yousef
3516:Safa Khulusi
3501:Hasan Tawfiq
3471:Alifa Rifaat
3466:Tahar Djaout
3366:Emile Habibi
3356:Sinan Antoon
3273:Contemporary
3258:Taha Hussein
3248:Jurji Zaydan
3228:Ahmed Shawqi
3173:Ameen Rihani
3022:Ibn al-Wardi
2909:al-Shushtari
2884:Umm Al-Kiram
2789:Ibn al-Abbar
2769:Al-Rukuniyya
2716:Ibn al-Nafis
2646:Al-Tha'alibi
2596:Ibn Qutaybah
2545:
2496:Al-Mutanabbi
2476:ibn al-Mahdi
2451:Ibn al-Farid
2406:ibn al-'Amid
2356:Ibn al-Ahnaf
2121:Hatim al-Tai
2051:Adi ibn Zayd
1948:
1942:
1941:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1898:
1888:Bibliography
1870:
1867:Shmuel Moreh
1862:
1839:
1831:
1808:
1803:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1687:
1682:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1625:
1620:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1454:
1449:
1435:Philadelphia
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1395:Oman Tribune
1385:
1363:Bilal Orfali
1357:
1334:
1329:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1246:Bilal Orfali
1241:
1236:
1228:
1210:
1205:
1193:
1178:
1162:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1088:
1032:
1005:
980:
964:
925:
900:
832:
810:
805:
800:
795:
786:
722:
696:
664:
642:cryptography
637:
635:
632:Cryptography
620:
618:
584:Ibn al-Nadim
573:
563:
559:
556:Kitab al-Ayn
555:
554:
543:
520:music theory
505:
500:
496:
493:Ibn al-Nadim
481:Muslim world
466:
445:
438:
430:
413:
404:green grocer
327:
314:cryptography
310:
286:poetic metre
259:
242:and leading
231:
227:
215:
214:
117:Lexicography
29:
3581:Fadwa Tuqan
3526:Ahmed Matar
3511:al-Jawahiri
3491:Amal Donqol
3486:Salah Jahin
3416:Tayeb Salih
3291:Yusuf Idris
3243:Farah Antun
3183:al-Kawakibi
3080:Hanna Diyab
3057:Ottoman era
3042:Ibn Khaldun
3012:Ibn Battuta
2924:Ibn al-Arif
2819:Ibn Khafaja
2601:Dik al-Jinn
2591:Al-Qasabani
2561:Al-Mubarrad
2546:Al-Farahidi
2516:Al-Armanazi
2456:Ibn al-Rumi
2436:Al-Isfahani
2411:Al-Hamadani
2376:Al-Mudabbir
2343:Abbasid era
2333:al-Mufaddal
2228:Al-Farazdaq
2186:Al-Munakhal
2081:Al-Shanfara
2066:Al-Hujayjah
2035:Pre-Islamic
1048:Ibn Khaldun
615:Other works
516:Islamic law
512:mathematics
420:Muhallabids
332:, southern
236:philologist
228:al-Farāhīdī
3757:786 deaths
3752:718 births
3746:Categories
3672:Mauritania
3476:Ali Douagi
3396:Hanna Mina
3386:Al Gosaibi
3253:May Ziadeh
3168:Ahmad Rida
3133:El Baroudy
3065:Al-Nabulsi
3037:al-Nafzawi
3032:Ibn Nubata
3007:Ibn Manzur
2984:Mamluk era
2969:Ibn Tufayl
2959:Ibn Jubayr
2929:Ibn Wahbun
2914:Abu Madyan
2844:Ibn Zaydún
2839:Ibn Zamrak
2829:Ibn Quzman
2814:Ibn Juzayy
2809:Ibn Bassam
2779:Ibn Hamdis
2744:Abu Ja'far
2731:Al-Andalus
2721:Ibn 'Adlan
2666:Ibn Hayyus
2656:al-Tawhīdī
2651:Al-Daylami
2636:Al-Tughrai
2616:Ibn Bakkar
2551:Al-Shafi'i
2486:Al-Ma'arri
2461:Ibn Duraid
2371:Abu Tammam
2146:Al-Nabigha
1811:, pg. 30.
1676:0415124115
1351:0415124123
1268:, pg. 349.
1231:, pg. 495.
1165:, pg. 494.
1149:, pg. 497.
1052:Muqaddimah
928:, pg. 64.
763:References
671:diacritics
596:al-Kasrawi
592:Durustuyah
469:Arab world
282:musicology
270:كتاب العين
252:dictionary
187:Influenced
151:Occupation
3687:Palestine
3536:al-Sayyab
3531:Al-Bayati
3002:Al-Busiri
2949:al-Fazazi
2934:Ibn Abdun
2904:Ibn Arabi
2894:Yusuf III
2889:Yusuf III
2879:Al-Tutili
2799:Ibn Amira
2764:Buthaina
2759:Ibn Ammar
2696:Al-Hallaj
2631:Niftawayh
2576:Al-Zahiri
2501:Abu Nuwas
2466:al-Zajjaj
2431:Al-Busiri
2391:Al-Asma'i
2283:Kuthayyir
2278:Al-Khansa
2205:Classical
2071:Al-Ḥurqah
1844:Amsterdam
1813:Palo Alto
1774:, pg. 57.
1761:, pg. 56.
1736:123537702
1553:Routledge
1518:Routledge
1343:Routledge
1290:, pg. 39.
1181:, pg. 22.
1060:Princeton
1035:, pg. 20.
967:, pg. 23.
880:. ©2013,
508:astronomy
489:al-Asma'i
369:orthodoxy
232:al-Khalīl
197:al-Asma'i
121:philology
3630:Djibouti
3346:Said Akl
2939:Avempace
2919:al-Rundi
2899:Ibn Hazm
2834:Ibn Sahl
2804:Ibn Baqi
2681:Al Uyuni
2511:Shāriyah
2506:Al-Jahiz
2141:Mu'aqqir
2111:Al-A'sha
1850:, 1994.
1819:, 2012.
1694:, 1999.
1555:, 1997.
1520:, 1997.
1465:, 2012.
1373:, 2011.
1345:, 1996.
1213:, pg. 7.
1198:AbeBooks
1116:, pg. 2.
1066:, 1969.
936:, 2012.
870:Archived
843:, 1998.
651:al-Kindi
604:al-Layth
485:Sibawayh
441:Muhammad
399:falconry
373:Sibawayh
318:al-Kindi
205:al-Kindi
193:Sibawayh
93:Religion
64:Personal
3717:Tunisia
3702:Somalia
3677:Morocco
3662:Lebanon
3625:Comoros
3620:Bahrain
3615:Algeria
3391:Echebbi
2944:al-Baji
2874:Qasmuna
2736:Maghreb
2626:Al-Suli
2426:Buhturi
1935:at the
1798:, 1842.
1014:5693192
876:at the
693:Prosody
574:In his
467:In the
449:Bedouin
390:farahid
298:Kurdish
294:Turkish
290:Persian
274:harakat
254:of the
131:Harakat
3722:U.A.E.
3657:Kuwait
3652:Jordan
3311:Adunis
3113:Modern
3070:Fuzûlî
2869:Nazhun
2161:Tarafa
1877:
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1549:London
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1367:Leiden
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1321:
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1229:Deaths
1179:Arabic
1163:Deaths
1147:Deaths
1095:
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1033:Arabic
1012:
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742:فراهيد
683:shadda
608:Da'laj
532:Rustaq
463:Legacy
434:Akhtal
379:, and
334:Arabia
266:Arabic
230:, or
220:Arabic
72:718 CE
3727:Yemen
3712:Syria
3707:Sudan
3692:Qatar
3667:Libya
3635:Egypt
3125:Nahda
2864:Muhya
2606:‘Inān
2126:Labīd
1895:Dodge
1732:S2CID
1576:Dodge
1301:Dodge
714:Notes
703:Mecca
621:ʻarūḍ
588:isnad
538:Works
501:Kitab
410:Views
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362:Abāḍi
356:with
350:Basra
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2000:Old
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