489:
654:). The succession did nothing to halt the decline of the Buyid power in Iraq, or the mounting Sunni–Shi'a tensions. The Buyid emirs that followed Baha al-Dawla were also increasingly engaged in an unrestrained competition for supremacy amongst themselves, in which control of Baghdad and of the caliph, who could dispense titles and tokens of legitimacy, was of central importance. This in turn gave al-Qadir greater freedom of action, and placed him on much better and more equal footing with Baha al-Dawla's successors, who were careful to maintain good relations with the caliph. Sultan al-Dawla did not come to Iraq for his investiture ceremony as
737:) in the east, who was not only a political opponent of the Buyids, but also a champion of Sunni orthodoxy. The recognition of Mahmud by al-Qadir took place indepepntetly of the Buyids, while conversely Mahmud's recognition of his suzerainty was a boost to the caliph's position. The Ghaznavid ruler regularly kept al-Qadir informed of his campaigns, requesting caliphal confirmation for his rule over the countries he had conquered. Al-Qadir had reports of Mahmud's victories read publicly in the mosques, a gesture that historian
705:
51:
620:. This effectively downgraded Baghdad and Iraq to a mere province, but also left al-Qadir more room for independent activity, which he used to strengthen his authority. While Baha al-Dawla had previously imposed his own candidates even as members of the caliphal court, al-Qadir was now able to establish his own chancery and nominate his own officials, often from among officials who had served under al-Ta'i. Al-Qadir is also recorded as having a separate
884:, but firmly rejected by the Sunnis. Al-Qadir summoned a commission of scholars that condemned the recension in April 1006, and ordered the execution of a Shi'a partisan who anathematized those who burned it. It was only the intervention of Baha al-Dawla that calmed matters and prevented the disorders from spreading. To further lend authority to the canonical version of the Quran, in 1010 al-Qadir assisted at public readings from it during the
355:. Although still under Buyid tutelage and with limited real power even in Baghdad, al-Qadir was able to gradually increase the authority of his office over time, exploiting the rivalries of the Buyid emirs and the caliphate's role as a fount of legitimacy and religious guidance. Al-Qadir was able to nominate his own heirs without interference by the Buyids, and was instrumental in securing control of Baghdad for the Buyid emir
952:
support even from
Twelver notables. This also left room for the Twelvers to reach an accommodation with the Abbasid caliphate; stories circulated that Ali himself, the fourth caliph and first Shi'a imam, had appeared in a dream prophesying his ascent to the throne. Twelver Alids continued to play an important role in Baghdad and Iraqi politics of the time, most prominently the brothers
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Busse, "the installation of Jalal al-Dawla was the achievement of al-Qadir". Jalal al-Dawla entered
Baghdad in 1026 and began curtailing the caliph's powers, but his rule was short-lived, as once again the troops turned against him. Al-Qadir sent a delegation to inform him that he must leave the capital, and prohibited him from returning for several years.
1047:. All speculative theological debate was prohibited, along with the denigration of any of the Companions or even examination of the disputes in which they had been involved, and which had given rise to the first schisms in Islam. Quranic createdness was again singled out as heresy, its supporters branded as infidels "whose blood may legitimately be shed".
1184:). The condemnation of Shi'a practices further created a sharp distinction between Sunni and Shi'a, that had not hitherto been the case. The effect was, according to Kennedy, that "it was no longer possible to be simply a Muslim, one was either a Sunni or a Shi'a". Al-Qadir thus laid the ideological foundations for what has been termed the '
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Al-Qadir's reign was an important turning point in the history of the
Abbasid caliphate and Sunni Islam. Previous Abbasid caliphs had sympathized with rationalist schools like the Mu'tazilites, and been opposed by the conservative traditionalist Sunni scholars. One of the most notable Sunni scholars,
931:
tribes by giving rule over the
Yamamah in central Arabia to the Bedouin chieftain Usayfir, but this had little success. Throughout the period, the safe passage of the caravans had to be purchased, often with donations provided by Islamic princes such as Mahmud of Ghazni for the purpose. Al-Qadir also
547:
troops clamouring for money. At 45 years, al-Qadir was the oldest
Abbasid caliph to ascend the throne; and it was expected that he would be a pliant figurehead. At first, al-Qadir indeed seemed to bear out this image, approving Baha al-Dawla's nominations of officials and supporting his policies. New
1059:
was captured in 1029 and Kirman attacked two years later), and the
Ghaznavid expansion into India, but also with the presence of Jalal al-Dawla on the Buyid throne, who was dependent on the caliph's goodwill. Thus al-Qadir was able to secure the dismissal of pro-Alid preachers, and the protection by
841:
jurisprudence against Sunni practices, al-Qadir put himself at the head of a popular Sunni reaction, and succeeded in reverting the nomination. From this point on, the caliph identified himself with a broad Sunni backlash against the Shi'a, both of the
Twelver variant espoused by the Buyids, as well
598:
ruler. Al-Qadir used the event as an excuse to publicly proclaim his son as heir, bypassing the need to seek Buyid approval. The
Karakhanids soon recognized the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty for the first time, and dropped their support of the pretender. The pretender then arrived in Baghdad, where he
1195:
Al-Qadir's forty-year rule, followed by a similarly long reign under al-Qa'im (1031–1075) that was in many ways a continuation of his own, restored stability to the
Abbasid caliphate, and marked the re-emergence of the Abbasid caliphs as independent political actors. Although their direct authority
1050:
In 1029, al-Qadir reiterated and reinforced his theological doctrines; In three sessions on 2 September, 2 October, and 11 November, each more lengthy and elaborate than the previous one and held before an assembly of Alids, jurists, and other notables, the caliph once again denounced Mu'tazilism,
761:
and trustee of the community'). As the historian
Michael Brett explains, this arrangement suited both men: for al-Qadir, nominating a powerful prince as his surrogate was a substitute for real power; while for Mahmud, caliphal recognition legitimized his position and his plans for conquests against
615:
Ambitious to subdue the Buyid emirates to the east under his own rule, Baha al-Dawla forced al-Qadir to finance the military preparations to that effect, which progressively emptied the caliphal coffers. Nevertheless, Baha al-Dawla's successes also had positive corollary: following his conquest of
951:
as fraudulent, and their followers as enemies of Islam. Singling out the Fatimids as the first target of his active involvement in public affairs was a clever move, as the Buyids not only tolerated it but regarded it as useful for their own purposes, and an attack on the rival Shi'a sect gathered
700:
by the soldiery, and initially recognized as such by the Caliph, but he was toppled when the troops eventually defected to Jalal al-Dawla. The caliph played a central role in these events, mediating with the Turkic soldiery in favour of Jalal al-Dawla, so that, according to the historian Heribert
548:
titles were conferred on Baha al-Dawla, and al-Qadir even agreed to marry the Buyid's daughter, although in the event she died just before the wedding was to take place. Seeing him as a Buyid puppet, the dynasts of the eastern Islamic world delayed recognition, and it was not until 1000 that the
391:. Al-Qadir's religious policies cemented the Sunni–Shi'a split, as the followers of divergent doctrines were denounced as infidels and made licit to be killed as a result. His reign heralded the re-emergence of the Abbasid caliphate as an independent political actor, and presaged the so-called '
1012:
was suspended, and the traditionalist Hanbali school emerged with its prestige strengthened and its doctrines more influential than before. In 1017, al-Qadir unequivocally sided with his predecessors' opponents: he condemned Mu'tazilite as well as Shi'a doctrines, prohibited the teaching of
519:). The deposed al-Ta'i was kept in captivity until his death twelve years later. Despite their previous differences, al-Qadir treated his predecessor well: al-Ta'i was not blinded, as had been the case for previous deposed caliphs, and he was accorded the treatment due to a reigning caliph.
1196:
was limited to Baghdad and its environs, the Abbasids wielded considerable influence across the wider Muslim world as sources of political legitimacy, and in the 12th century even managed to re-establish enough independent military power to secure rule of Iraq under their direct control.
660:, which was carried out in absentia. In contrast to previous occasions, the gifts sent to the caliphal court were modest, while the poverty of al-Qadir had reached such extent that the palace had to be decorated for the occasion with rugs and drapes provided by the governor of Baghdad.
918:, whose power stretched to the outskirts of Baghdad, recognized the suzerainty of the Fatimid caliph. Al-Qadir responded by sending an embassy to Baha al-Dawla that succeeded in getting the Buyid ruler to apply pressure on the Uqaylid emir, who soon returned to Abbasid allegiance. The
770:
Although al-Qadir held no temporal political power, he nevertheless managed to exploit the opportunities he was presented with to greatly restore the moral and religious authority of the caliphate. In this, he made good use of his own education in Islamic jurisprudence
1171:), that has come down to the present day, was current by the reign of al-Qa'im. The establishment of such a creed a seminal moment in the history of Sunni Islam. Until then, the Sunnis had defined themselves mostly in opposition to the Shi'a, but, as the historian
560:, who ruled large parts of central and northern Iran until his death in 997, refused to recognize al-Qadir, continuing to mint coins in al-Ta'i's name. The only independent actions taken during the first decade of his caliphate were the completion in 993/4 of a
1175:
put it, "now there was a body of positive belief which had to be accepted by anyone claiming to be a Sunni". Al-Qadir's statement of faith provided a definition of belief, and, conversely, of unbelief; giving Sunni jurists a template by which to issue rulings
762:
diverse 'infidels', primarily India to the south, but also the Buyids to the west. Mahmud's lavish gifts also helped alleviate somewhat the poverty of the caliph as a result of Buyid exactions; nevertheless, at his death, al-Qadir left an empty treasury.
1084:
Medieval sources generally give a favourable view of al-Qadir as a mild-mannered and gentle person. He went out in disguise among the people, gave alms to the poor, and regularly attended public sessions where the commoners could voice their complaints
1136:). Al-Qadir on the other hand succeeded in repositioning the caliphate as the champion of conservative Sunnism, specifically of the Hanbali branch. Apart from the decrees issued in his own name, he commissioned works by theologians and jurists.
795:
school. The Shafi'is were supported by the Buyids, in large part due to the convergence between Shafi'i and Shi'a doctrines. As a young prince, al-Qadir was thus taught by the Shafi'i scholar Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Harawi, and his credentials in
1072:, as his heir, a decision also taken completely independently of the Buyid rulers. Al-Qadir died after an illness on 29 November 1031. Initially he was buried in the caliphal palace, but in the next year he was ceremonially moved to
678:
of the Turkic military officers without asking for the Caliph's permission, al-Qadir protested, and in return secured a pledge of fidelity from Musharrif al-Dawla. When the latter died in 1025, Musharrif al-Dawla's brother
906:) was hailed during the riots over Ibn Mas'ud's recension. This was a development that threatened the Sunni Abbasids and the Twelver Buyids alike. The Fatimid threat became especially apparent in August 1010, when
725:
Al-Qadir's efforts to re-establish his authority against the Buyids were aided by the broad popular support he could count on among the Sunni population of Baghdad, the decline of Buyid power, and the emergence of
926:
pilgrims from Iraq were unable to visit the city as the security of their passage could not be guaranteed. Al-Qadir tried to secure the protection of the pilgrim caravans from being attacked and extorted by
456:
As an Abbasid prince, Ahmad received a good education. When his father Ishaq died in March 988, Ahmad quarreled with his half-sister, Amina, over the inheritance. She reported him to their cousin, Caliph
1097:
lauded al-Qadir's personal religious devotion and piety, and held him to have been "one of the best Abbasid caliphs"; his personal austerity was such that the late 11th-century vizier and historian,
1076:, to a family mausoleum that may have been the same one as constructed by his father, al-Ta'i, where al-Qadir's parents were also buried. The succession of al-Qa'im was smooth and uncontested.
1025:
who had shown Mu'tazilite tendencies to do penance, on pain of corporal punishment and exile. Shortly after, on 27 January 1019, inspired by Hanbali ideas, the caliph issued a decree, the
2473:
The Reign of the 'Abbāsid Caliph al-Qādir billāh (381/991-422/1031). Studies on the political, economic and religious aspects of his caliphate during the Buwayhid rule of Baghdād
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Al-Qadir faced two usurpation attempts during this time. About 998, a certain Abdallah ibn Ja'far, a close relative of the deposed al-Ta'i, pretended to be the escaped caliph in
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472:, Muhadhdhib al-Dawla, for about three years. From there, Ahmad plotted against al-Ta'i, harping on his own loyalty to the Buyids, whereas al-Ta'i had been installed by a
4014:
468:), as plotting to replace him as caliph. To escape capture, Ahmad went into hiding for a while, before seeking refuge with the governor of the swamps of Bathihah near
511:), deposed al-Ta'i, because the latter had been showing signs of independence. In his stead, Baha al-Dawla appointed al-Qadir to the caliphate on 22 November 991 (12
806:
to count among the prominent scholars belonging to his school. As caliph, however, al-Qadir was to hew closer to the doctrines of the conservative traditionalist
4144:
1043:, as an obligation for all Muslims, against Shi'a beliefs that the first three caliphs had been illegitimate, as they had deprived Ali (the fourth caliph) of his
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of 1011, and issued proclamations that for the first time codified Sunni doctrine in the so-called 'Qadiri Creed', taking the side of the traditionalist
4201:
2570:
674:). The latter came to Baghdad in March 1023, and ordered al-Qadir to come to him. Al-Qadir complied, but when Musharrif al-Dawla went on to renew the
527:
The accession of the new caliph was not without its troubles: on his way from Bathihah he was held up by Turkic soldiery who extracted promises of a
363:, who sought caliphal recognition for his conquests, providing funds in return. In the religious sphere, al-Qadir placed himself as the champion of
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stress that during al-Qadir's reign, the Abbasid dynasty and the office of the caliphate began to recover their previous prestige and authority.
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The affair had also highlighted another threat, namely the inroads of Fatimid propaganda in Baghdad, where the name of the Fatimid caliph,
1031:('Epistle of al-Qadir'), which for the first time explicitly formulated Sunni doctrine. The decree condemned Shi'a, Mu'tazilite, and even
1052:
943:, signed by both Sunni and Twelver scholars. The document not only condemned the Fatimid Isma'ili doctrine as false, but denounced the
437:, they had retained the Abbasid caliphate for reasons of legitimacy. The Buyids ruled Iraq ostensibly as caliphal commander-in-chiefs (
4206:
3175:
1239:"The Role of Women in the Būyid and Saljūq Periods of the Abbasid Caliphate (339-447/9501055&447-547/1055-1152): The Case of Iraq"
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The first major clash with the Buyids over religious issues came with the appointment by Baha al-Dawla of the prominent pro-Shi'a
628:
on the other hand had to wait the next reign; al-Qadir's chief ministers had to content themselves with the title of 'secretary' (
331:
Born as an Abbasid prince outside the main line of succession, al-Qadir received a good education, including in the tenets of the
2379:
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condemned the doctrine of Quranic createdness, and reaffirmed the special status of the Rashidun caliphs and the need of "
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3105:
960:, sons of Abu Ahmad al-Husayn, who maintained close relations with the caliphal court and succeeded their father as
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and even gained the backing of the local ruler for a time, before he was discovered. At about the same time, in
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496:, controlling Iraq and large parts of Iran, and the other states of the Middle East in the late 10th century
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school, which had enjoyed the protection of the Buyids and whose members had often held the post of chief
272:
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in Baghdad under Buyid rule. Mu'tazilism had in the past been supported by Abbasid caliphs, most notably
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408:
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233:
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1216:. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 85.
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As al-Ghalib had died in January 1019, in 1030 al-Qadir named his younger son Abu Ja'far, the future
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describes as a barely veiled gibe against the Buyids, and in turn rewarded Mahmud with lofty titles,
717:
579:, then just eight or nine years old, as heir apparent, with the title of al-Ghalib Bi'llah, in 1001.
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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779:), which gave him an authority to speak as a member of the emerging class of religious scholars (
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school of jurisprudence, but this association was broken in the Buyid period, in favour of the
50:
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Al-Qadir's edicts do not survive in full in the sources, but a consolidated 'Qadiri Creed' (
1110:
1101:, called him "the monk of the Abbasids". Both Ibn al-Jawzi and the slightly later historian
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59:
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The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
1192:, a new steppe power who saw themselves as champions of Sunnism and of the Abbasid caliph.
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The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 2: The Survival of Al-Hallaj
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607:. He was finally arrested by the Ghaznavids on al-Qadir's orders, and died in captivity.
388:
1055:". This coincided with the campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni against the Shi'a, the Buyids (
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doctrines by Ali ibn Sa'id al-Istakhri, are said to have been composed on his request.
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861:
680:
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557:
473:
450:
449:, confined to their palaces. Like many Abbasid princes of the time, Ahmad lived in the
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590:, another distant cousin, Abdallah ibn Uthman, a descendant of the 9th-century caliph
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to persecute the traditionalists who refused to accept the Mu'tazilite doctrine of
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446:
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1188:' of the 11th century, which culminated with the destruction of the Buyids by the
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Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate
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As a further reaction against the Fatimids, in November 1011 al-Qadir issued the
640:, who served from 992 until his death in 1030, with a brief interruption in 998.
359:. At the same time, he sought champions further afield, notably in the person of
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2715:
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1137:
936:, abandon the Fatimids and return to Abbasid allegiance, but without success.
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595:
594:, pretended to be al-Qadir's designated heir and won the support of the local
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340:
332:
99:
55:
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850:. In this cause he succeeded in restoring the Sunni and Abbasid form of the
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2475:(PhD thesis). Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University.
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Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad, the future al-Qadir, was born on 28 September 947 in
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s of al-Quduri and Abd al-Wahhab al-Maliki, as well as a refutation of
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doctrines, and affirmed the veneration of the first four caliphs (the '
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838:
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404:
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In 1021, Sultan al-Dawla ceded rule over Iraq to his younger brother,
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secretly gathered support, before moving again to the east via Basra,
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armed escort of Sunni ones that were threatened by Shi'a partisans.
1006:. In the event, the persecution not only failed, but backfired: the
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The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2
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Shortly before his birth, in December 945, Baghdad and the rest of
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indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only
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1016:
997:
873:
837:(judge) at Baghdad in 1003/4. Seeing in this an attempt to impose
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621:
487:
469:
376:
344:
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Griffel, Frank (2006). "Sunni Revival". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).
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from the caliph al-Qadir in 1000, miniature from Rashid al-Din's
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832:
814:
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600:
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TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu)
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2331:. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
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Brett, Michael (2004). "ʿAbbasids, Fatimids and Seljuqs". In
1994:
1992:
1281:. Bollingen Series. Princeton University Press. p. 142.
864:. In 1006, a violent controversy broke out over a recension (
694:, clashed over his inheritance. The latter was proclaimed as
1113:, founder of the Hanbali school, had been persecuted by the
282:; 28 September 947 – 29 November 1031), better known by his
2222:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 675–720.
1320:
1318:
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Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257
636:). For most of al-Qadir's caliphate, this post was held by
624:, which he may have (re-)established. The appointment of a
445:), but in practice they had reduced the Abbasid caliphs to
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2085:
1854:
1852:
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1468:
1466:
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1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
643:
Baha al-Dawla died in 1012, and was succeeded by his son,
422:), and his mother Tammani or Dimna was a slave concubine.
2128:
2126:
2124:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
922:
also recognized Fatimid suzerainty, and for many years,
787:). The Abbasids had traditionally been followers of the
2036:
2034:
2021:
2019:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1514:
1512:
1510:
564:
in the Harbiyya quarter of Baghdad, begun by his uncle
2239:
Chalif und Grosskönig - Die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055)
1485:
1483:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1093:). The renowned 12th-century Muslim religious scholar
616:
western Iran in 998, the Buyid moved his residence to
4233:
2243:
Caliph and Great King - The Buyids in Iraq (945-1055)
1412:
1410:
1408:
556:
recognized al-Qadir's caliphate. Even the Buyid emir
2310:. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 782–783.
1177:
1166:
1155:
1118:
1086:
1026:
1014:
1007:
995:
974:
961:
865:
851:
830:
818:
797:
780:
772:
752:
742:
695:
655:
629:
536:
438:
296:
277:
4132:
4056:
3997:
3971:
3911:
3732:
3668:
3654:
3599:
3558:
3540:
3470:
3432:
3414:
3334:
3303:
3216:
3199:
3126:
3064:
3049:
3017:
2813:
2586:
880:, which was espoused by Shi'a scholars against the
247:
239:
229:
217:
203:
170:
156:
146:
132:
119:
115:
105:
95:
87:
67:
28:
2399:Ibn 'Aqil: Religion and Culture in Classical Islam
802:were enough for the 14th-century Shafi'i scholar
543:) in his name was likewise delayed by Turkic and
2382:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 127–128.
2308:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
371:, represented by the Buyids as well as by the
2976:
2564:
1013:Mu'tazilite doctrines or theological debate (
8:
290:
209:Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq Al-Qadir Bi’llah
2245:] (in German). Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.
969:Al-Qadir's next target was the rationalist
302:
4172:
4053:
4042:
3908:
3897:
3765:
3665:
3555:
3429:
3213:
3061:
3014:
3003:
2983:
2969:
2961:
2571:
2557:
2549:
2479:
2442:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
575:), and the public proclamation of his son
339:. He rose to the throne after his cousin,
25:
2450:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 378–379.
2401:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2144:
1324:
1237:Rudainy, Al; Saud, Reem (June 12, 2015).
2192:
2091:
2010:
1954:
1942:
1906:
1894:
1858:
1783:
1759:
1474:
4240:
2156:
2132:
2025:
1998:
1983:
1966:
1747:
1735:
1718:
1685:
1637:
1577:
1501:
1387:
1375:
1204:
16:Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad (r. 991–1031)
200:
19:For people with the similar name, see
2180:
2168:
2115:
2103:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
1930:
1918:
1882:
1870:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1771:
1697:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1489:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1416:
1399:
1264:
7:
2355:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
2535:22 November 991 – 29 November 1031
1053:enjoining good and forbidding wrong
379:. He denounced the Fatimids in the
291:
267:
4207:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
3176:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1241:. University of Exeter. p. 59
91:22 November 991 – 29 November 1031
14:
2370:Küçükaşcı, Mustafa Sabri (2001).
1846:, pp. 138, 268–269, 286–288.
1592:, pp. 71, 134, 138, 301–302.
1277:Massignon, L.; Mason, H. (2019).
932:tried to make the Emir of Mecca,
846:branch that was led by the rival
500:In 991, the Buyid ruler of Iraq,
4267:
4255:
4243:
3106:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
2456:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3761
2284:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History
49:
1131:
985:
901:
754:yamīn al-dawla wa amīn al-milla
732:
685:
669:
649:
570:
506:
463:
433:. Although the Buyids were pro-
417:
387:school against the rationalist
4335:People under the Buyid dynasty
1504:, pp. 97 (note 378), 119.
622:postal and information service
531:payment, and the first solemn
1:
3912:Palace and central government
711:receiving a richly decorated
4315:11th-century Abbasid caliphs
4305:10th-century Abbasid caliphs
3372:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
3116:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
2266:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
1933:, pp. 138–139, 444–445.
1021:), and ordered those Hanafi
876:claimed to have belonged to
827:Abu Ahmad al-Husayn ibn Musa
279:Abu'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Isḥāq
1178:
1167:
1156:
1119:
1087:
1027:
1015:
1008:
996:
990:), who even instituted the
975:
962:
866:
852:
831:
819:
798:
781:
773:
753:
743:
696:
656:
630:
537:
439:
429:had been taken over by the
297:
278:
260:Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq
62:, citing al-Qadir as caliph
4351:
2380:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
2289:Cambridge University Press
2287:. Cambridge and New York:
947:'s claims to descent from
142:Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
18:
4182:
4171:
4052:
4041:
3907:
3896:
3775:
3764:
3377:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
3013:
3002:
2951:
2537:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2482:
2260:Donohue, John J. (2003).
2237:Busse, Heribert (2004) .
749:commander of the faithful
611:Relations with the Buyids
208:
199:
48:
42:Commander of the Faithful
35:
4310:11th-century Arab people
4300:10th-century Arab people
3972:Financial administration
3744:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
2397:Makdisi, George (1997).
2378:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
2281:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021).
1798:, pp. 431–432, 435.
395:' later in the century.
268:أبو العباس أحمد بن إسحاق
3902:Government and military
2700:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
2471:Tholib, Udjang (2002).
2325:Hanne, Eric J. (2007).
1099:Abu Shuja al-Rudhrawari
908:Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad
817:and dean of the Alids (
3397:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
1212:El-Azhari, T. (2019).
1146:al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya
1041:Companions of Muhammad
766:Championing of Sunnism
722:
497:
3706:Mustansiriya Madrasah
3111:Round city of Baghdad
2214:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
2183:, pp. 21, 24–25.
897:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
744:walī amīr al-muʾminīn
707:
491:
343:, was deposed by the
337:Islamic jurisprudence
234:Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir
4325:11th century in Iraq
4320:10th century in Iraq
4202:Science and learning
3101:Conquest of Ifriqiya
2633:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
2118:, pp. 134, 140.
1390:, pp. 216, 239.
1168:al-Iʿtiqād al-Qādirī
1125:, founded by Caliph
1064:Death and succession
1045:rightful inheritance
958:al-Sharif al-Murtada
804:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
411:was a son of caliph
312:Made powerful by God
4177:Culture and society
3280:Kharijite Rebellion
2171:, pp. 139–140.
2079:, pp. 200–201.
2001:, pp. 239–240.
1957:, pp. 125–126.
1945:, pp. 121–125.
1921:, pp. 281–291.
1909:, pp. 199–200.
1897:, pp. 195–196.
1885:, pp. 365–366.
1822:, pp. 432–433.
1786:, pp. 193–195.
1700:, pp. 136–137.
1688:, pp. 378–379.
1676:, pp. 220–221.
1545:, pp. 70, 154.
1533:, pp. 70, 153.
1448:, pp. 157–159.
1144:or even his famous
1028:Risāla al-Qādiriyya
1004:Quranic createdness
492:The domains of the
4217:Islamic philosophy
3513:Musharrif al-Dawla
3382:Qarmatian invasion
3367:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
3248:Anarchy at Samarra
3204:the Abbasid empire
3072:Abbasid Revolution
2511:Sunni Islam titles
2421:"al-Ḳādir Bi'llāh"
890:Mantle of Muhammad
723:
690:) and his nephew,
676:oath of allegiance
665:Musharrif al-Dawla
638:al-Hajib al-Nu'man
498:
328:from 991 to 1031.
192:Fatima (died 1056)
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
3892:
3891:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3728:
3727:
3660:(1157–1258)
3650:
3649:
3550:(1055–1157)
3536:
3535:
3528:al-Malik al-Rahim
3455:Baghdad Manifesto
3410:
3409:
3195:
3194:
3029:Umayyad Caliphate
2992:Abbasid Caliphate
2958:
2957:
2934:al-Mutawakkil III
2924:al-Mutawakkil III
2547:
2546:
2538:Succeeded by
2389:978-975-389-451-7
2362:978-0-582-40525-7
2338:978-0-8386-4113-2
2317:978-0-415-96690-0
2298:978-1-107-18324-7
1969:, pp. 8, 10.
1640:, pp. 32–33.
1557:, pp. 70–71.
1288:978-0-691-65721-9
1223:978-1-4744-2319-9
954:al-Sharif al-Radi
941:Baghdad Manifesto
916:Upper Mesopotamia
882:canonical version
848:Fatimid Caliphate
718:Jami' al-tawarikh
381:Baghdad Manifesto
373:Fatimid Caliphate
276:
257:
256:
213:
212:
127:Abbasid Caliphate
74:Abbasid Caliphate
4342:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4173:
4150:Jews and Judaism
4054:
4047:Religion and law
4043:
3909:
3898:
3766:
3748:Mamluk Sultanate
3666:
3661:
3556:
3551:
3430:
3425:
3424:(946–1055)
3214:
3209:
3202:Fragmentation of
3154:Sack of Heraclea
3062:
3057:
3015:
3004:
2997:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2941:Ottoman conquest
2914:al-Mutawakkil II
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2517:Preceded by
2505:
2504:29 November 1031
2498:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2412:
2393:
2366:
2342:
2321:
2302:
2277:
2256:
2233:
2229:978-1-13905403-4
2196:
2195:, pp. 8–10.
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:, pp. 8–10.
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1328:
1322:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1183:
1170:
1161:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1111:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1092:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1001:
989:
987:
978:
965:
905:
903:
871:
855:
836:
824:
801:
786:
778:
756:
747:('friend of the
746:
736:
734:
728:Mahmud of Ghazni
709:Mahmud of Ghazni
699:
689:
688: 1027–1044
687:
673:
672: 1021–1025
671:
659:
653:
652: 1012–1024
651:
635:
574:
572:
542:
510:
508:
467:
465:
444:
421:
419:
361:Mahmud of Ghazni
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
300:
298:al-Qādir bi’llāh
294:
293:
281:
271:
269:
201:
139:
136:29 November 1031
123:28 September 947
60:Mahmud of Ghazni
53:
26:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4212:House of Wisdom
4178:
4159:
4128:
4048:
4029:
3993:
3967:
3903:
3888:
3771:
3752:
3737:
3724:
3718:Sack of Baghdad
3662:
3659:
3646:
3595:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3532:
3508:Sultan al-Dawla
3498:Sharaf al-Dawla
3493:Samsam al-Dawla
3478:Mu'izz al-Dawla
3466:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3406:
3330:
3304:Abbasid revival
3299:
3231:Sack of Amorium
3210:
3208:(833–946)
3207:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3144:Harun al-Rashid
3122:
3089:Battle of Talas
3058:
3056:(750–833)
3055:
3054:
3045:
3022:
3009:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2884:al-Mutawakkil I
2869:al-Mutawakkil I
2859:al-Mutawakkil I
2829:al-Mustansir II
2821:
2809:
2803:Mongol conquest
2622:Harun al-Rashid
2594:
2582:
2580:Abbasid Caliphs
2577:
2543:
2534:
2522:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:Abbasid dynasty
2485:
2470:
2437:Bosworth, C. E.
2415:
2409:
2396:
2390:
2369:
2363:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2236:
2230:
2210:Luscombe, David
2207:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1331:
1323:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1130:
1082:
1066:
984:
963:naqīb al-ashrāf
945:Fatimid dynasty
904: 996–1021
900:
829:, as the chief
821:naqīb al-ashrāf
768:
735: 998–1030
731:
684:
668:
648:
645:Sultan al-Dawla
613:
569:
525:
509: 988–1012
505:
486:
462:
416:
401:
314:
311:
308:
305:
195:
165:
152:
141:
137:
124:
76:
63:
40:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:Robe of honour
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3872:Jund Qinnasrin
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Jund al-Urdunn
3849:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3600:Seljuk sultans
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Jalal al-Dawla
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:'Adud al-Dawla
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3402:Nasir al-Dawla
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Zanj Rebellion
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3218:Samarra period
3211:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:al-Mustakfi II
2896:
2894:al-Mu'tadid II
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2791:al-Mustansir I
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2425:van Donzel, E.
2413:
2407:
2394:
2388:
2372:"Kādir-Billâh"
2367:
2361:
2343:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2303:
2297:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2234:
2228:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2147:, p. 128.
2145:Küçükaşcı 2001
2137:
2135:, p. 782.
2120:
2108:
2106:, p. 140.
2096:
2094:, p. 203.
2081:
2069:
2057:
2055:, p. 154.
2045:
2043:, p. 139.
2030:
2015:
2013:, p. 196.
2003:
1988:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1873:, p. 412.
1863:
1861:, p. 195.
1848:
1836:
1834:, p. 138.
1824:
1812:
1810:, p. 432.
1800:
1788:
1776:
1774:, p. 688.
1764:
1762:, p. 200.
1752:
1750:, p. 119.
1740:
1738:, p. 240.
1723:
1721:, p. 379.
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 254.
1654:
1652:, p. 136.
1642:
1630:
1628:, p. 249.
1618:
1616:, p. 230.
1606:
1604:, p. 313.
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 239.
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1521:, p. 151.
1506:
1494:
1479:
1477:, p. 193.
1462:
1460:, p. 341.
1450:
1438:
1421:
1404:
1402:, p. 193.
1392:
1380:
1378:, p. 378.
1329:
1327:, p. 127.
1325:Küçükaşcı 2001
1294:
1287:
1269:
1267:, p. 201.
1252:
1229:
1222:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1134: 813–833
1081:
1078:
1065:
1062:
1039:') and of the
988: 813–833
920:Emirs of Mecca
888:, wearing the
886:Friday prayers
767:
764:
739:Tayeb El-Hibri
697:amīr al-umarāʾ
681:Jalal al-Dawla
657:amīr al-umarāʾ
612:
609:
573: 946–974
558:Fakhr al-Dawla
524:
521:
485:
482:
466: 974–991
451:Tahirid Palace
441:amīr al-umarāʾ
420: 908–932
400:
397:
357:Jalal al-Dawla
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
197:
196:
194:
193:
190:
187:
182:
176:
174:
168:
167:
158:
154:
153:
150:
148:
144:
143:
140:(aged 84)
134:
130:
129:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
78:Abbasid Caliph
65:
64:
54:
46:
45:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4347:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4241:
4237:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4122:Shi'a Century
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Sunni Revival
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4040:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Abna al-dawla
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Amir al-umara
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Jund Filastin
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Malik-Shah II
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:al-Mustarshid
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Baha al-Dawla
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Sack of Mecca
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:al-Mutawakkil
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:Establishment
3063:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:al-Mu'tadid I
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:al-Mustakfi I
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:al-Mustarshid
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:al-Mutawakkil
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2408:0-7486-0960-1
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:Kennedy, Hugh
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2273:90-04-12860-3
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2252:3-89913-005-7
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2193:El-Hibri 2021
2189:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:El-Hibri 2021
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:, p. 72.
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:El-Hibri 2021
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:El-Hibri 2021
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:El-Hibri 2021
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:El-Hibri 2021
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:El-Hibri 2021
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:El-Hibri 2021
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1784:El-Hibri 2021
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:El-Hibri 2021
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1492:, p. 71.
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:El-Hibri 2021
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:, p. 70.
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:, p. 69.
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:Sunni Revival
1182:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
993:
982:
977:
972:
967:
964:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
869:
863:
859:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
834:
828:
823:
822:
816:
811:
809:
805:
800:
794:
790:
785:
784:
777:
776:
765:
763:
760:
757:('right hand
755:
750:
745:
740:
729:
720:
719:
714:
713:robe of honor
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
682:
677:
666:
661:
658:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
627:
623:
619:
610:
608:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
567:
563:
562:Friday mosque
559:
555:
551:
546:
541:
540:
534:
533:Friday sermon
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
503:
502:Baha al-Dawla
495:
494:Buyid dynasty
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
460:
454:
452:
448:
447:puppet rulers
443:
442:
436:
432:
428:
423:
414:
410:
407:. His father
406:
398:
396:
394:
393:Sunni Revival
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Baha al-Dawla
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
320:
299:
288:
285:
280:
274:
265:
261:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
220:
216:
207:
202:
198:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
173:
169:
163:
162:Baha al-Dawla
160:Sakinah bint
159:
155:
149:
145:
135:
131:
128:
122:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
4330:Anti-Shi'ism
4187:Architecture
4145:Christianity
4107:Twelve Imams
3857:Jund Dimashq
3734:
3713:al-Musta'sim
3701:al-Mustansir
3681:al-Mustanjid
3657:Final period
3656:
3642:Ahmad Sanjar
3617:Malik-Shah I
3576:al-Mustazhir
3542:
3483:Izz al-Dawla
3449:
3416:
3201:
3166:Fourth Fitna
3052:Early period
3051:
3019:
2938:
2929:al-Mustamsik
2919:al-Mustamsik
2909:al-Mustanjid
2879:al-Musta'sim
2874:al-Wathiq II
2864:al-Musta'sim
2800:
2796:al-Musta'sim
2771:al-Mustanjid
2751:al-Mustazhir
2735:
2698:
2631:
2525:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2472:
2447:
2440:
2398:
2375:
2351:
2327:
2307:
2283:
2262:
2242:
2238:
2218:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2157:Makdisi 1997
2152:
2140:
2133:Griffel 2006
2111:
2099:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2028:, p. 9.
2026:Makdisi 1997
2006:
1999:Kennedy 2004
1986:, p. 8.
1984:Makdisi 1997
1967:Makdisi 1997
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1748:Donohue 2003
1743:
1736:Kennedy 2004
1719:Sourdel 1978
1693:
1686:Sourdel 1978
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1638:Donohue 2003
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1578:Kennedy 2004
1550:
1538:
1526:
1502:Donohue 2003
1497:
1453:
1441:
1395:
1388:Kennedy 2004
1383:
1376:Sourdel 1978
1278:
1272:
1243:. Retrieved
1232:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1190:Seljuk Turks
1173:Hugh Kennedy
1164:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1107:
1103:Ibn al-Athir
1095:Ibn al-Jawzi
1083:
1067:
1049:
968:
938:
894:
812:
769:
759:of the state
724:
716:
662:
642:
614:
581:
526:
499:
455:
453:of Baghdad.
424:
402:
389:Mu'tazilites
330:
292:القادر بالله
286:
259:
258:
166:Qatr al-Nada
138:(1031-11-29)
36:
4295:1031 deaths
4155:Khurramites
4102:Shi'a Islam
4066:Mu'tazilism
3523:Abu Kalijar
3471:Buyid emirs
3362:al-Mustakfi
3342:al-Muqtadir
3321:al-Mu'tadid
3316:al-Muwaffaq
3311:al-Mu'tamid
3258:al-Musta'in
3253:al-Muntasir
3226:al-Mu'tasim
3181:Mu'tazilism
3034:Third Fitna
2889:al-Musta'in
2849:al-Hakim II
2844:al-Wathiq I
2822:(1261–1517)
2721:al-Mustakfi
2694:al-Muqtadir
2684:al-Mu'tadid
2679:al-Mu'tamid
2664:al-Musta'in
2659:al-Muntasir
2644:al-Mu'tasim
2433:Pellat, Ch.
2417:Sourdel, D.
1115:Inquisition
992:Inquisition
971:Mu'tazilite
934:Abu'l-Futuh
692:Abu Kalijar
588:Transoxiana
523:Early years
413:al-Muqtadir
369:Shi'a Islam
365:Sunni Islam
317:), was the
284:regnal name
252:Sunni Islam
189:Abu'l-Qasim
96:Predecessor
4290:947 births
4284:Categories
4192:Literature
4117:Qarmatians
4112:Isma'ilism
4020:Commanders
3879:Tabaristan
3746:under the
3686:al-Mustadi
3676:al-Muqtafi
3637:Muhammad I
3612:Alp Arslan
3591:al-Muqtafi
3571:al-Muqtadi
3357:al-Muttaqi
3326:al-Muktafi
3268:al-Muhtadi
3263:al-Mu'tazz
3077:Abu Muslim
3041:Hashimiyya
3020:Background
2996:(750–1258)
2834:al-Hakim I
2776:al-Mustadi
2766:al-Muqtafi
2746:al-Muqtadi
2716:al-Muttaqi
2689:al-Muktafi
2674:al-Muhtadi
2669:al-Mu'tazz
2595:(749–1258)
2446:Volume IV:
2181:Hanne 2007
2169:Busse 2004
2116:Busse 2004
2104:Busse 2004
2077:Busse 2004
2065:Busse 2004
2053:Busse 2004
2041:Busse 2004
1931:Busse 2004
1919:Busse 2004
1883:Busse 2004
1871:Busse 2004
1844:Busse 2004
1832:Busse 2004
1820:Busse 2004
1808:Busse 2004
1796:Busse 2004
1772:Brett 2004
1698:Busse 2004
1674:Busse 2004
1662:Busse 2004
1650:Busse 2004
1626:Busse 2004
1614:Busse 2004
1602:Busse 2004
1590:Busse 2004
1555:Busse 2004
1543:Busse 2004
1531:Busse 2004
1519:Busse 2004
1490:Busse 2004
1458:Busse 2004
1446:Busse 2004
1434:Busse 2004
1417:Busse 2004
1400:Busse 2004
1265:Busse 2004
1200:References
1138:Al-Mawardi
878:Ibn Mas'ud
596:Karakhanid
554:Ghaznavids
478:Sabuktakin
399:Early life
335:school of
56:Gold dinar
4250:Biography
4197:Musicians
4090:Shafi'ism
4085:Hanbalism
3944:Officials
3867:Jund Hims
3770:Geography
3735:Aftermath
3627:Berkyaruq
3586:al-Rashid
3290:Saffarids
3238:al-Wathiq
3171:al-Ma'mun
3149:Barmakids
3096:al-Mansur
3084:al-Saffah
2761:al-Rashid
2649:al-Wathiq
2639:al-Ma'mun
2607:al-Mansur
2602:al-Saffah
2484:Al-Qadir
2464:758278456
2429:Lewis, B.
1245:April 14,
1151:Mukhtasar
1127:al-Ma'mun
1074:al-Rusafa
1033:Ash'arite
981:al-Ma'mun
872:) of the
592:al-Wathiq
545:Daylamite
484:Caliphate
476:general,
347:ruler of
273:romanized
180:Al-Ghalib
125:Baghdad,
106:Successor
4080:Hanafism
3998:Military
3832:Khurasan
3805:Ifriqiya
3780:Arminiya
3696:al-Zahir
3691:al-Nasir
3622:Mahmud I
3566:al-Qa'im
3462:al-Qa'im
3450:al-Qadir
3347:al-Qahir
3335:Collapse
3295:Tulunids
3285:Tahirids
3134:al-Mahdi
2904:al-Qa'im
2786:al-Zahir
2781:al-Nasir
2741:al-Qa'im
2736:al-Qadir
2731:al-Ta'i'
2726:al-Muti'
2706:al-Qahir
2612:al-Mahdi
2541:Al-Qa'im
2531:Abbasids
2520:Al-Ta'i'
2448:Iran–Kha
2439:(eds.).
2419:(1978).
2349:(2004).
2216:(eds.).
1070:al-Qa'im
1037:Rashidun
914:emir of
844:Isma'ili
810:school.
577:Muhammad
566:al-Muti'
550:Samanids
529:donative
367:against
287:al-Qadir
248:Religion
185:Al-Qa'im
164:(m. 993)
110:al-Qa'im
29:Al-Qadir
4236:Portals
4015:Battles
4010:Ghilman
3939:Mazalim
3785:Bahrayn
3669:Caliphs
3607:Tughril
3559:Caliphs
3445:al-Ta'i
3440:al-Muti
3433:Caliphs
3352:al-Radi
3161:al-Amin
3139:al-Hadi
3008:History
2994:topics
2815:Caliphs
2711:al-Radi
2627:al-Amin
2617:al-Hadi
2592:Baghdad
2588:Caliphs
2529:of the
2202:Sources
1142:al-Iqna
1089:maẓālim
1023:jurists
929:Bedouin
912:Uqaylid
862:Bahrayn
858:Yamamah
842:as the
839:Twelver
808:Hanbali
793:Shafi'i
783:ʿulamāʾ
751:') and
513:Ramadan
459:al-Ta'i
405:Baghdad
385:Hanbali
341:at-Ta'i
333:Shafi'i
326:Baghdad
319:Abbasid
306:
275::
224:Abbasid
219:Dynasty
157:Consort
151:Baghdad
100:al-Ta'i
82:Baghdad
72:of the
4140:Dhimmi
3989:Kharaj
3963:Vizier
3958:Shurta
3847:Awasim
3822:Jazira
3546:period
3544:Seljuk
3420:period
3392:Bajkam
3127:Apogee
2527:Caliph
2500:
2462:
2435:&
2405:
2386:
2359:
2335:
2314:
2295:
2270:
2249:
2226:
1285:
1220:
1158:bāṭinī
1148:, the
1117:-like
1080:Legacy
994:-like
910:, the
868:muṣḥaf
853:khuṭba
789:Hanafi
626:vizier
618:Shiraz
605:Kirman
603:, and
539:khuṭba
474:Turkic
431:Buyids
322:caliph
264:Arabic
240:Mother
230:Father
147:Burial
70:Caliph
38:Caliph
31:القادر
4274:Islam
4133:Other
4070:Mihna
4058:Islam
3984:Iqta'
3979:Diwan
3953:tiraz
3934:Harem
3929:Hajib
3924:Barid
3884:Yemen
3842:Syria
3837:Sindh
3827:Jibal
3815:Sawad
3800:Hejaz
3795:Egypt
3790:Barqa
3418:Buyid
3185:Mihna
2819:Cairo
2502:Died:
2495:Born:
2423:. In
2241:[
1180:fatwā
1121:miḥna
1017:kalām
1009:mihna
998:mihna
874:Quran
632:kātib
584:Gilan
470:Basra
435:Shi'a
409:Ishaq
377:Cairo
345:Buyid
243:Dimna
204:Names
172:Issue
88:Reign
68:25th
21:Qadir
4262:Iraq
4075:Fiqh
4068:and
4025:Wars
3951:and
3810:Iraq
3183:and
2460:OCLC
2403:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2224:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1247:2024
1218:ISBN
976:qāḍī
956:and
924:Hajj
860:and
833:qāḍī
815:Alid
799:fiqh
775:fiqh
601:Kufa
552:and
515:381
427:Iraq
349:Iraq
303:lit.
133:Died
120:Born
2817:of
2590:of
2497:947
2452:doi
1140:'s
1057:Ray
949:Ali
856:in
825:),
375:of
324:in
80:in
58:of
4286::
2458:.
2444:.
2431:;
2427:;
2374:.
2291:.
2212:;
2123:^
2084:^
2033:^
2018:^
1991:^
1974:^
1851:^
1726:^
1705:^
1562:^
1509:^
1482:^
1465:^
1424:^
1407:^
1332:^
1297:^
1255:^
1132:r.
986:r.
966:.
902:r.
892:.
733:r.
686:r.
670:r.
650:r.
571:r.
517:AH
507:r.
480:.
464:r.
418:r.
351:,
301:,
295:,
270:,
266::
4238::
2984:e
2977:t
2970:v
2943:)
2939:(
2805:)
2801:(
2572:e
2565:t
2558:v
2466:.
2454::
2411:.
2392:.
2365:.
2341:.
2320:.
2301:.
2276:.
2255:.
2232:.
1291:.
1249:.
1226:.
1176:(
1129:(
1085:(
983:(
899:(
771:(
730:(
721:.
683:(
667:(
647:(
568:(
535:(
504:(
461:(
415:(
315:'
309:'
289:(
262:(
23:.
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