294:
31:
280:
236:
mosaic crosses, silver and gold for the latter. Taking into consideration a
Byzantine edict issued in 427 prohibiting the placement of crosses to locations where they can be stepped upon, it is probable that the crosses were positioned on the walls. The rest of the decoration consisted of carved
182:
with support of
Ethiopians who had settled in Yemen and withheld tribute to Kaleb. When Kaleb sent another expedition against Abraha this force defected, killing their commander, and joining Abraha. Another expedition sent against them met the same fate, leaving Yemen under Abraha's rule.
244:
The influence of the church as a place of pilgrimage may have been the reason behind the actions of Mecca's pagans who attempted to befoul the church. Between 552 and 555, Abraha organised a punitive expedition in response to this incident. In 685, the pretender to the throne of the
173:
sought to avenge the deaths of his brothers in faith by launching a punitive expedition (520) into the Yemeni kingdom. Dhu Nuwas was deposed and killed, prompting Kaleb to appoint a
Christian Himyarite,
552:
237:
precious woods and ivory, combined with gold panels inset with precious stones and crosses. Chroniclers make no reference to figurative representations, a style commonly encountered in the
191:
Abraha sought to promote
Christianity in the predominantly Jewish kingdom while also attempting to antagonise the Kaaba in Mecca, a major religious centre for the adherents of
213:
and
Ethiopia at the time, along with the frequent use of mosaicists by the Byzantines to achieve diplomatic objectives corroborates that the Byzantines complied. Historian
228:. Leading to the church was a marble staircase, while the door was made of bronze or copper. The church combined three separate architectural elements known as bayt,
141:. He also built a similar one in Najran for Bani Al-Harith, the House of Allat in Taif for the tribe of Thaqeef, the House of Yareem and the House of Ghamdan in
623:
400:
307:
46:
510:
432:
613:
523:
598:
252:, removed three columns along with a number of mosaics from the church, with intention of using them in the redecoration of the
122:
134:
195:. Abraha, therefore, ordered the construction of the Al-Qalis Church (also known as Al-Qulays and Al-Qullays, from the Greek
192:
583:
154:
588:
224:
The church was constructed from green, yellow, white and black stone which was brought from an older castle located at
628:
608:
603:
232:
and qubbah. Iwan and qubbah, consisted of mosaic ornamentation of floral motives and gold star for the former, and
51:
618:
593:
249:
113:. The church's lavish decorations made it an important place of pilgrimage, placing it in competition with
253:
529:
312:
257:
178:(Esimiphaios), as his viceroy. However, around 525 this viceroy was deposed by the Aksumite general
299:
285:
497:
469:
461:
444:
210:
548:
519:
246:
162:
81:
453:
202:
170:
577:
473:
457:
175:
166:
105:
Christian church constructed sometime between 527 and the late 560s in the city of
218:
30:
275:
233:
102:
488:
King, G. R. D. (1980). "Some
Christian Wall-Mosaics in Pre-Islamic Arabia".
293:
265:
214:
197:
158:
217:
records that an envoy was dispatched to Abraha during the reign of emperor
138:
437:: Churches and Mosques in al-Ruha Between the Sixth and Twelfth Centuries"
238:
501:
465:
279:
221:, placing the construction of the church between 527 and the late 560s.
261:
260:. The church is said to have survived at least until the reign of the
206:
179:
130:
126:
225:
142:
118:
114:
110:
106:
66:
401:"Buried Christian Empire in Yemen Casts New Light on Early Islam"
229:
153:
In the aftermath of the massacre of the
Christian community of
256:. This incident marks the first recorded use of mosaics in
383:
381:
554:
The
Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People
201:) in Sanaa. Letters were sent to both Aksum and the
87:
77:
72:
62:
57:
45:
40:
23:
268:(714–775) at which point it was looted once more.
512:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
560:(2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press
490:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
8:
209:. The absence of mosaic making tradition in
360:
308:Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East
241:Syrian and Palestinian mosaic traditions.
29:
20:
518:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
336:
413:
329:
7:
387:
372:
348:
205:, requesting marble, craftsmen and
624:Oriental Orthodox church buildings
14:
458:10.1163/ej.9789004175891.i-386.5
292:
278:
433:"The Byzantine Heritage in the
123:National Museum of Saudi Arabia
44:
16:Church building in Sanaa, Yemen
35:Remains of the church in 1942.
1:
614:Eastern Christianity in Asia
645:
509:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991).
431:Guidetti, Mattia (2009).
28:
599:Ancient history of Yemen
250:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
165:, the Miaphysite King
254:Great Mosque of Mecca
584:6th-century churches
313:Year of the Elephant
258:Islamic architecture
589:6th century in Asia
300:Christianity portal
286:Architecture portal
121:. According to the
629:Pre-Islamic Arabia
549:Ullendorff, Edward
211:pre-Islamic Arabia
609:Churches in Yemen
604:Byzantine mosaics
525:978-0-7486-0106-6
390:, pp. 37–40.
375:, pp. 37–39.
247:Umayyad Caliphate
163:Himyarite Kingdom
95:
94:
52:Oriental Orthodox
636:
619:History of Sanaa
594:Kingdom of Aksum
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528:. Archived from
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193:Arab polytheism
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99:Al-Qalis Church
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24:Al-Qalis Church
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337:Munro-Hay 1991
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109:in modern-day
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535:on 1 May 2003
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414:Guidetti 2009
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363:, p. 56.
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176:Sumyafa Ashwa
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157:by the ruler
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564:20 September
562:. Retrieved
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537:. Retrieved
530:the original
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493:
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479:20 September
477:. Retrieved
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435:Dār al-Islām
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416:, p. 9.
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332:
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196:
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187:Construction
152:
98:
96:
73:Architecture
18:
219:Justinian I
91:6th century
47:Affiliation
578:Categories
539:1 February
319:References
234:polychrome
149:Background
135:Al-Qullays
103:Miaphysite
496:: 37–43.
474:191479491
388:King 1980
373:King 1980
349:King 1980
324:Citations
266:Al-Mansur
215:Procopius
159:Dhu Nuwas
88:Completed
551:(1960).
502:41222963
466:27811133
452:: 1–36.
445:Muqarnas
272:See also
239:aniconic
198:ekklēsía
63:Location
58:Location
41:Religion
424:Sources
264:caliph
262:Abbasid
207:mosaics
161:of the
522:
500:
472:
464:
180:Abraha
155:Najran
139:Sana'a
133:built
131:Abraha
127:Riyadh
101:was a
82:Church
558:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
498:JSTOR
470:S2CID
462:JSTOR
440:(PDF)
226:Marib
171:Aksum
167:Kaleb
143:Yemen
119:Mecca
115:Kaaba
111:Yemen
107:Sanaa
67:Sanaa
566:2021
541:2013
520:ISBN
481:2021
230:iwan
97:The
78:Type
454:doi
169:of
137:in
125:in
117:in
580::
494:10
492:.
468:.
460:.
450:26
448:.
442:.
380:^
145:.
129:,
568:.
543:.
504:.
483:.
456::
403:.
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