363:
too would be ready to burn our synagogues just as your father did." Habsa told him, "No! I am not going to burn it down because I am prepared to follow quickly this path of martyrdom in the footsteps of my brothers in Christ. But we have confidence in the justice of Jesus Christ our Lord and our God, that he will swiftly bring an end to your rule and make it disappear from amongst mankind: he will bring low your pride and your life, and he will uproot your synagogues from our lands, and build there holy churches. Christianity will increase and rule here, through the grace of our Lord and through the prayers of our parents and brothers and sisters who have died for the sake of Christ our Lord. Whereas you and all who belong to your people will become a byword that will cause future generations to wonder, because of all that you, a godless and merciless man, have wrought upon the holy churches and upon those who worship Christ God."
378:'s Second letter preserves yet another memorably gruesome episode. After seeing her Christian kinsmen burned alive, Ruhm, a great noblewoman of Najran, brings her daughter before the Himyarite king and instructs him: "Cut off our heads, so that we may go join our brothers and my daughter's father." The executioners comply, slaughtering her daughter and granddaughter before Ruhm's eyes and forcing her to drink her blood. The king then asks, "How does your daughter's blood taste to you?" The martyr replies, "Like a pure spotless offering: that is what it tasted like in my mouth and in my soul."
566:
552:
495:
ordered
Christians of Najran to vacate the city and emigrate out of the Arabian peninsula, based on Muhammad's orders. However, the historicity of this is disputed, and there is historical evidence that Christians continued to live in the area for at least 200 more years. It may be that the orders of
520:
The
Christian community of Najran still had considerable political weight in the late ninth century. According to a Yemeni Arab source, the first Zaydite Imam of Yemen, al-Hadi Ila l-Haqq Yahya ibn al-Hussain (897–911) concluded an accord with the Christians and the Jews of the oasis on 897, at the
452:
to explain Islam further to
Christians of Najran. In response, the Christians sent a delegation of 60 people (including 45 scholars) to visit Muhammad in Medina. Among them were Abdul Masih of Bani Kinda, their chief, and Abdul Harith, bishop of Bani Harith. Muhammad permitted Christians to pray in
460:
The
Christians delegation tried to convert Muhammad to Christianity and the two sides entered into a debate. Muhammad concluded that some Christian teachings were incompatible with Islam and that Islam was the true religion. Though both sides failed to convince the other, they nevertheless worked
362:
Habsa told him, "I am the daughter of Hayyan, of the family of Hayyan, the teacher by whose hand our lord sowed
Christianity in this land. My father is Hayyan who once burned your synagogues". Masruq the Crucifier (Dhu Nuwas), said to her, "So, you have the same ideas as your father? I suppose you
419:
The
Martyrdom of the Christians of Najran is celebrated in the Roman Calendar on the 24 October; in the Jacobite Menologies on 31 December; in the Arabic Feasts of the Melkites on 2 October; in the Armenian Synaxarium on the 20 October, and in the Ethiopian Senkesar on November 22.
456:
When the delegation arrived, Muhammad allowed them to pray in his mosque. Some
Muslims were reportedly uncomfortable with Muhammad allowing the Christians to pray in a mosque. The Christians are said to have prayed facing the East. Muhammad also provided them with a place to stay.
302:. When they refused, he had them thrown into burning ditches alive. Estimates of the death toll from this event range up to 20,000 in some sources. Some sources say that Dus Dhu Tha'laban from the Saba tribe was the only man able to escape the massacre of Najran, who fled to
480:). The tax on them was not to exceed the means of a Christian. Muhammad also stated "The Muslims must not abandon the Christians, neglect them, and leave them without help and assistance since I have made this pact with them on behalf of Allah."
407:
The stories of the Najran deaths spread quickly to other
Christian realms, where they were recounted in terms of heroic martyrdom for the cause of Christ. Their martyrdom led to Najran becoming a major pilgrimage centre that, for a time, rivaled
256::4-8, where however the Christians are described as Believers martyred for their faith. These circumstances have a geopolitical dimension as well, in that there are indications that these Jewish communities had connections with the Iranian
240:. The events comprised episodes involving a massacre of Ethiopians in a Yemen garrison, the destruction of churches, punitive expeditions in several regions and attempts to constrain communities to undergo
63:
to console the community during their hardships. Dhu Nuwas was eventually defeated after foreign intervention from
Abyssinia. In the 7th century, Christians of Najran interacted with the Islamic prophet
540:
Eventually the Old Najran which was
Christian disappeared, and is now represented by Al-Ukhdood, a desolate village, while another the Najran which is Islamic, has now appeared in its vicinity.
159:
people of that zone, had only come under the authority of the Himyarite Kingdom in the early fifth century, more or less around the time that a local merchant, one Hayyān by name, had visited
726:
Norbert Nebes, 'The Martyrs of Najrān and End of the Ḥimyar: On the Political History of South Arabia in the Early Sixth Century,' the Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx (eds.),
271:
After coming to the throne through a coup d'état, Dhu Nuwas launched a campaign which swept away an Aksumite garrison in Zafar, where a church was put to the torch, and then invaded the
512:; but the greater part settled in the vicinity of Al-Kufa in predominantly Christian Southern Iraq, where the colony of Al-Najraniyyah long maintained the memory of their expatriation.
336:, Najrani Christian refugees (including one by the name of Umayyah) arrived in Aksum and requested aid from its king. In either case, the Abyssinians sent an army of 7000 men led by
400:
the fire abounding in fuel, when they were seated over it, and were themselves witnesses of what they did with the believers. They took revenge on them because they believed in God
440:
Around 631, Muhammad began sending letters to various communities, inviting them to convert to Islam. Such a letter was also sent to the Christians of Najran; it was delivered by
639:
Christopher Haas, 'Geopolitics and Georgian Identity in Late Antiquity: The Dangerous World of Vakhtang Gorgasali,' in Tamar Nutsubidze, Cornelia B. Horn, Basil Lourié(eds.),
358:
In one exchange, reminiscent of the Acts of Marta and her father Pusai, a freeborn woman of Najran named Habsa bint Hayyan taunts Dhu Nuwas with the memory of her father:
795:, p. 120"Najran, in Yemen, was the scene, in 523, of a massacre of Ethiopians and other Christians by Jews and Arabs. A leader among the victims was the chief of the
1310:
1167:
The Saints go marching in: a one volume hagiography of Africans, or descendants of Africans, who have been canonized by the church, including three of the early popes
468:, stipulating that there would be no interference in the practice of Christianity, nor would any cross be destroyed. While the Christians were required to pay a tax (
208:
Commercial reasons probably induced Christians to explore the possibilities in the area at an early period but the first attested Christian mission dates to that of
1340:
68:, who allowed them to worship in his mosque. There is evidence that the community continued to thrive until the 9th century; the community no longer exists today.
97:
412:
to the north. The leader of the Arabs of Najran who was executed during the period of persecution, Al-Harith, was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church as
112:'s court. The apparent conversion of local Himyarite rulers to Judaism, or some form of a Judaic monotheism, as early as the late fourth century under the
483:
The treaty was significant politically and economically. By leaving local leaders intact, Muhammad cultivated new allies and facilitated tax collection.
279:. He sent one of his generals, a Jewish prince, north to Najran in order to impose an economic blockade on the oasis by cutting off the trade route to
1320:
1295:
1039:
Grabar, Oleg; Brown, Peter Robert Lamont; Bowersock, Glen Warren (1999). Grabar, Oleg; Brown, Peter Robert Lamont; Bowersock, Glen Warren (eds.).
960:
Craig Considine (2016). "Religious Pluralism and Civic Rights in a "Muslim Nation": An Analysis of Prophet Muhammad's Covenants with Christians".
314:
Dhu Nuwas' reign, and his persecution of Christians, was brought to an end after he was defeated by an Ethiopian army. The emperor of Byzantium,
1350:
1325:
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Umar were not carried out or might have applied only to Christians living in Najran itself, not to those settled round about. Some migrated to
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1305:
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244:. The most infamous episode concerns the martyrdom of the Christian denizens in the great oasis of Najrān, culminating in the execution of
236:, who had converted to Judaism and subjected the local Christian community to persecution, reportedly in retribution for the burning of a
1330:
31:, where it recorded as having been created in the 5th century AD or perhaps a century earlier. According to the Arab Muslim historian
1186:
464:
The Treaty of Najran guaranteed to the Christians security for "their lives, their religion and their property". It gave Christians
528:
390 (999–1000). The oasis was still one third Christian and one third Jewish, according to the testimony of the Persian traveller,
1315:
645:
BRILL pp.29-44, p.36.:'inscriptions with divine epithets having clear affinities to Judaism indicate that the Himyarite king,
1335:
201:, as a Christian tribe which used to perform the pilgrimage to the Christian Ka'aba of Najran. When Najran was occupied by
1345:
132:. The Christians had suffered a brief stint of persecution with the advent of the new dynasty under the Himyarite ruler
816:
351:
describes how female martyrs rushed in to join "our parents and brothers and sisters who have died for the sake of
167:, during a later journey. On his return to his native town, he began to proselytise on behalf of the new religion.
943:
899:
Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait
372:
The persecution of Christians in Najran has left a legacy in both Christian literature as well as in the Qur'an.
232:
In the first quarter of the sixth century, a variety of records refer to a tragic episode in which a local king,
205:, the Ka'aba Najran was burned together with the bones of its martyrs and some 2,000 live Christians within it.
820:
59:
666:
85:
332:
1300:
1062:
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook; Brock, Sebastian P. (1998). Harvey, Susan Ashbrook; Brock, Sebastian P. (eds.).
375:
348:
280:
241:
209:
117:
193:"cube" for their shape). The Ka'aba Najran at Jabal Taslal drew worshippers for some 40 years during
571:
557:
492:
465:
441:
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where a partially Christianized population dwelt, and where he took over key centres as far as the
428:
Starting in the 7th century, Islam spread in Arabia. The Christians of Najran would interact with
347:
In his 524 AD letter describing the Najran persecutions in detail, the West Syrian debater Bishop
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876:
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319:
265:
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133:
92:, in western Arabia, maintained some form of rabbinical organisation, possibly connected to
178:, and preached, each seated on a camel as in a pulpit. The Church of Najran was called the
1290:
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670:
610:
257:
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in eastern Arabia. The Christians of Najran were massacred in 524 by the Himyarite king,
53:. These events caused widespread reactions among Christians in the Roman Near East, and
729:
The Qur'ān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur'ānic Milieu,
529:
303:
217:
160:
742:
389:
85:4–8, where the persecutions are condemned and the steadfast believers are praised:
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When Dhu Nuwas invaded, he called upon its people to abandon Christianity and embrace
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The bishops of Najran, who were probably Miaphysites, came to the great market of
1220:
1198:
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821:"Pluralism and the Najran Christians: How Prophet Muhammad Went Beyond Tolerance"
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501:
198:
101:
1243:
The legend of Mar Qardagh: narrative and Christian heroism in late antique Iraq
140:
rose to power, and it seems that several synagogues had been built not only in
714:
The Chronicle of Seert: Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq,
547:
449:
413:
394:
653:(c.400-445), embraced, if not Judaism, then a Judaistic monotheist religion.'
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of Axum, defeated Dhu Nuwas's forces and restored Christian rule in Najran.
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109:
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The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800,
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out a mutually acceptable relationship, and entered a treaty of peace.
299:
292:
272:
253:
164:
698:
Joëlle Beaucamp, Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet, Christian Julien Robin,
136:. The Jewish faith had strong roots within the Himyarite kingdom when
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327:
288:
221:
180:
36:
20:
700:
La persécution des chrétiens de Nagrân et la chronologie himyarite
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470:
409:
386:
352:
341:
77:
476:
46:
In the early 6th century, the Christians were persecuted by the
524:
A second Yemeni source alludes to the Christians of Najran in
291:
inscription commissioned by one of the kings army commanders,
1147:
History of the Arabs: from the earliest time to the present
116:
dynasty, is indirect evidence that suggests that effective
19:
The existence of a Christian community in the city of
453:
his mosque, which they did turning towards the east.
448:. When the Christians did not convert, Muhammad sent
1007:
642:
Georgian Christian Thought and Its Cultural Context,
521:
time of the foundation of the Zaydite principality.
39:
was the first place where Christianity took root in
1043:Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world
1040:
27:is attested by several historical sources of the
147:Najran was an oasis, with a large population of
1106:Pilgrimage and holy space in late antique Egypt
918:Democracy in Iraq: History, Politics, Discourse
391:
360:
306:to seek help and promptly reported everything.
649:(c.375.400) along with his son and successor,
326:, to invade Najran, kill Dhu-Nuwas, and annex
1263:Himyar-Spätantike im Jemen/Late Antique Yemen
8:
955:
953:
185:
128:The Christians of Najran followed a form of
1200:Yarmuk Ad 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria
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931:
765:
381:The martyrs of Najran are mentioned in the
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977:
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892:
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792:
669:(2012). Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.).
491:There are reports that the second Caliph
220:, who was reported to have converted the
184:. (Several shrines in Arabia were called
96:, and were not wholly cut off from their
856:
854:
852:
811:
809:
606:
604:
602:
600:
1311:History of Christianity in Saudi Arabia
1127:A history of Christian-Muslim relations
983:
836:
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661:
659:
596:
16:Historical community in southern Arabia
1341:Christians from the Rashidun Caliphate
995:
780:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
619:Cambridge University Press, 2003 p.46.
474:) they would not have to pay a tithe (
672:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity
508:plain) and around the extant city of
7:
1175:Khan, Sir Muhammad Zafrulla (1980).
1085:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J
840:
743:"Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Surah al-Burooj"
897:Stanley J. Valayil C. John (2018).
717:Oxford University Press 2013 p.251.
403:the All-mighty, the All-laudable...
186:
108:itself enjoying the hospitality of
104:. One source speaks of rabbis from
1245:. University of California Press.
1068:. University of California Press.
1008:Grabar, Brown & Bowersock 1999
393:...slain were the men of the pit (
14:
702:, ARAM 11:1, 1999 PP.15-83, p.15.
197:. The Arabian sources single out
1321:Ancient peoples of the Near East
1296:History of the Arabian Peninsula
564:
550:
248:, an incident alluded to in the
1083:Dobson, Richard Barrie (2000).
1065:Holy women of the Syrian Orient
689:Routledge (2004) 2013 p.40 n.4.
340:, the Christian viceroy of the
260:, while the Christians, though
151:and a significant community of
1178:Muhammad, seal of the prophets
1:
1351:6th-century Christian martyrs
1326:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
1165:Holtzclaw, R. Fulton (1980).
1356:Muhammad and other religions
1306:Christianity in Saudi Arabia
1241:Walker, Joel Thomas (2006).
1145:Hitti, Philip Khuri (1970).
1047:. Harvard University Press.
500:, likely in the district of
163:and underwent conversion at
23:in present-day southwestern
1103:Frankfurter, David (1998).
881:The Oxford History of Islam
863:Muslim View Of Christianity
295:, celebrates the massacre.
216:active during the reign of
57:composed and sent them his
1372:
1331:Oriental Orthodoxy in Asia
940:Merchant Capital and Islam
732:BRILL 2010 pp.27-60, p.45.
318:, requested his ally, the
120:was active in the region.
80:, from indications in the
1222:Us versus Them and Beyond
1219:Sakeenah, Maryam (2010).
944:University of Texas Press
84:it would appear that the
60:Letter to the Himyarites
1197:Nicolle, David (1994).
1129:. New Amsterdam Books.
766:Harvey & Brock 1998
667:Robin, Christian Julien
273:Tihāma coastal lowlands
1316:Christianity and Islam
1149:. St. Martin's Press.
1125:Goddard, Hugh (2000).
685:J. Spencer Trimingham,
611:Jonathan Porter Berkey
436:Delegation to Muhammad
405:
365:
333:Book of the Himyarites
144:, but in Najran also.
118:Jewish proselytization
1336:Christianity in Yemen
1203:. Osprey Publishing.
376:Simeon of Beth Arsham
349:Simeon of Beth Arsham
285:Yusuf As'ar Dhu Nuwas
242:conversion to Judaism
210:Theophilos the Indian
76:Before the advent of
1346:Treaties of Muhammad
1087:. Editions du Cerf.
516:Najran accord of 897
94:late antique Judaism
72:Pre-Christian Najran
1261:Yule, Paul (2007).
1225:. The Other Press.
799:, St. Aretas (see:
647:Malkīkarib Yuha'min
572:Saudi Arabia portal
558:Christianity portal
493:Umar ibn al-Khattab
487:Umar bin Al-Khattab
466:freedom of religion
442:Khaled ibn al-Walid
432:and later Muslims.
368:Literary references
330:. According to the
266:Byzantine interests
916:Benjamin Isakhan.
687:Islam in Ethiopia,
675:. Oxford Academic.
228:Reign of Dhu Nuwas
195:Pre-Islamic Arabia
98:brethren elsewhere
1272:978-3-929290-35-6
1252:978-0-520-24578-5
1232:978-983-9541-71-7
1210:978-1-85532-414-5
1156:978-0-312-37520-1
1136:978-1-56663-340-6
1116:978-90-04-11127-1
1094:978-0-227-67931-9
1075:978-0-520-21366-1
1054:978-0-674-51173-6
938:Mahmood Ibrahim.
446:Ali ibn Abi Talib
310:Fall of Dhu Nuwas
264:, were linked to
90:Himyarite Kingdom
29:Arabian Peninsula
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883:. p. 307.
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218:Constantius II
161:Constantinople
155:. Unlike most
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48:Himyarite king
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102:Middle East
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747:quran.com
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238:synagogue
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176:Sūq ʿUkāẓ
153:Arab Jews
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