51:
31:
165:(VLCC) and offloading 300–400 kbbl (48,000–64,000 m) per day through each of the berths. The ABOT suffered significant damage during the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War; however, it remained in service until 1989, when Brown & Root attempted to refurbish it after the conclusion of that war. Work was stopped when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 and the facility was inflicted with further damage during the ensuing Gulf War. In addition, the platform was operated under the
326:
Al-Zubair pumping station to the FAO storage facility where eight new crude oil storage tanks, each with a capacity of 350 kbbl (56,000 m), were brought online with another eight tanks close to operational; these 16 storage tanks represent 25% of the 64 tanks planned for in the ICOEEP. The crude oil then flows offshore through the new twin 48" pipelines to the new 600 MT subsea valve manifold for distribution to two
67:
43:
59:
701:
The Crude Export
Facility of Southern Iraq currently exports approximately 1.8 MMBOPD from the KAAOT and ABOT offshore terminals. The oil is transported from onshore facilities to the offshore terminals through two 48 inch export pipelines for ABOT and one 42 inch and two 32 inch pipelines for KAAOT.
1323:
UMM QASR, Iraq—(Front right) Rear Adm. Charles M. Gaouette, U.S. Naval Forces
Central Command deputy commander, and (front left) Iraqi Maj. Gen. Ali Hussein Al-Rubaye, head of the Iraqi Navy, arrive aboard the Al Basrah Oil Terminal for a ceremony turning over responsibility of the security for the
330:
systems. Phase 1 completion will increase overall exports by 1.8 MMBOPD when both SPMs and all sixteen storage tanks are operational. In
November, 2012 Leighton Offshore transferred operations of the completed ICOEEP installations. On March 7, 2012, the first tanker was berthed and loaded from one
325:
The "first oil ready for start-up" milestone was celebrated on
February 12, 2012, with Iraq Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki in attendance. The milestone marked the addition of 800 kbbl (130,000 m) barrels per day of export capacity via 130 km (81 mi) of onshore pipelines from the
260:
Despite the work conducted, the dilapidated and fragile nature of the terminal was featured in an NPR story on June 20, 2009, and again on
October 4, 2010. Engineers interviewed said that "they didn't even know just how bad the condition of the pipeline is; they didn't dare run it at full pressure
381:
The Iraq Crude Oil Export
Facility Reconstruction Project (COEFRP) was funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency and includes work to add a third 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipeline running from shore to the ABOT valve station. New pipelines will also be run from the ABOT valve
133:
systems (SPM) were added in 2012, each with a design rating of 800 thousand barrels (130,000 m) (kbbl) of oil per day, and two more SPMs are planned to be operational by 2013 to increase total loading capacity to 6.4–6.6 Mbbl (1,020,000–1,050,000 m) of oil per day.
405:
ABOT and KAAOT are major players in Iraq's eventual economic stability and therefore are considered one of the top terrorist targets in the world due to their strategic importance. The terminals maintain strict security and are guarded by both the Iraqi Navy and
Marines.
702:
The KAAOT terminal has previously suffered damage and so the majority of the oil is exported through the ABOT terminal. The current export facilities and pipelines were built in the 1960s and 1970s and designed for a 20 year life, with the proper maintenance.
176:(KAAOT) was built in 1958 and had fallen into extreme disrepair and would require wholesale reconstruction to restore full capabilities as of 2007. The shallow draft of its location, however, makes a reconstruction effort of questionable economic value.
202:
While under US control, the US units enforcing the 3 km (1.9 mi; 1.6 nmi) warning and 2 km (1.2 mi; 1.1 nmi) exclusion zones around ABOT and KAAOT including
Maritime interdiction operations were conducted primarily by
1296:
UMM QASR, Iraq—A U.S. sailor salutes Iraqi Maj. Gen. Ali
Hussein Al-Rubaye, head of the Iraqi Navy, after handing him a folded U.S. flag during a ceremony held aboard the Al Basrah Oil Terminal, July 26. (Photo by Pvt. Andrew Slovensky)
1011:
257:. ABOT's capacity was more than doubled to offload up to 3 Mbbl (480,000 m) of oil per day. Practical constraints in the upstream refinery and oil fields limit actual delivery below the designed maximum.
261:
for fear it would burst, and they didn't dare shut down the flow to fix it for fear that the weight of the ocean would implode it"; the most recent capacity tests were conducted nearly two decades earlier in 1991.
545:
It is the tiled version of the global 15m
Landsat 7 derived WMS Global Mosaic, visual. This is the visual style, which uses color derived from the red green and blue spectral and brightness from the panchromatic
297:
Installation of two parallel, 48 in (1.2 m) outside diameter pipelines running 10 km (6.2 mi) onshore, through an onshore crossing, and then 40 km (25 mi) offshore to link with new
382:
station to the KAAOT valve station to supply a fifth SPM and the KAAOT loading facilities. In October, 2011, the South Oil Company awarded two contracts worth US$ 518 million and US$ 79.85 million to
752:
949:
1019:
339:
The second phase of the ICOEEP added a central metering and management platform (CMMP), brought three SPMs online, and installed a fourth SPM. The scope of work included:
184:
After the terminal was secured by SOCOM forces, defense of the platform throughout OIF was provided by USMC, USN, and USCG forces in conjunction with the Iraqi military.
373:
in October, 2011 with delivery expected in the fourth quarter of 2013; other Phase 2 facilities include connecting the ABOT platform to the new pipelines via the CMMP.
216:
312:
with nameplate ratings of 900 kbbl (140,000 m) per day along with manifolds and subsea pipelines capable of servicing VLCCs - two operational and one spare
1352:
1167:
778:
118:
Crude oil produced for export from the southern Iraqi oilfields is carried through three 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipelines to the southern tip of the
137:
The KAAOT facility has a shallower depth and its two berths can accommodate Suezmax oil tankers with capacities up to 1 Mbbl (160,000 m) or 200,000
894:
38:
filling at ABOT. The leftmost ship has just started filling; when full, the red portion of the hull will be below the waterline like the ship on the right.
756:
867:
50:
1230:
219:. United States Coast Guard Port Security Units were assigned to assist the Task Force with the security of these facilities for Coalition partners.
960:
409:
On April 30, 2009, the Iraqi Navy assumed control of the Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal and on July 26, 2011, they assumed control of ABOT as well.
228:
641:
242:
192:
1115:
481:
122:
and then undersea to the ABOT platform. One 48 in (1.2 m) and two 32 in (0.81 m) pipelines supply the KAAOT platform.
273:'s export capacity from 1.75 Mbbl (278,000 m) of oil per day (MMBOPD) to 4.5 Mbbl (720,000 m) of oil per day by 2014.
1347:
1200:
452:
611:
390:
A third 75 km (47 mi), 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipeline connecting onshore facilities to the offshore valve stations
1137:
196:
444:
718:
520:
199:, was responsible for the primary defense of the platforms, as well as the training and deployment of Iraqi Marines on board.
269:
The Iraqi Ministry of Oil (MoO) Master Plan 2007 included the Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOEEP) to expand the
1089:
585:
1067:
204:
1174:
898:
85:
offshore, deep sea crude oil marine loading terminal that lies approximately 50 km (31 mi) southeast of the
779:"Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, October 30, 2012"
125:
The ABOT facilities can transfer up to 3 million barrels (480,000 m) (Mbbl) of oil per day when all four of its
789:
684:
418:
103:
1042:"Foster Wheeler-Managed Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project Achieves "First Oil Ready for Start-Up" Milestone"
1041:
208:
833:
814:"Southern Iraq Oil and Gas Situational Assessment, Part 3: Help from the USG and Oil Companies Still Needed"
1342:
166:
112:
30:
990:
423:
327:
309:
299:
234:
212:
366:
290:
1310:
1283:
921:
809:
656:
386:
for delivery in January, 2013 with a scope of work running in parallel with Phase 1 that includes:
293:
with work commencing in November, 2010 for delivery in March, 2012 for a scope of work to include:
250:
130:
854:
1261:
188:
157:
in 1974 with a design lifetime, with proper maintenance, of 20 years. In 2003, the current name
640:
Cheng, Paul Y.; Singhal, Mansi; Bharat, Saurabh; Khoo, Cheng; Haskins, Lucy (January 18, 2008).
492:
986:
1015:
270:
111:), the terminals provide the principal point of export for more than eighty percent of Iraq's
227:
In 2004, the ABOT platform was refurbished and upgraded under contract W9126G-04-D-0002, an
129:
berths operate at maximum capacity and has a maximum draft of 21 m (69 ft). Three
119:
86:
1145:
285:
was awarded the front-end engineering & management contract for Phase 1 of the ICOEEP,
652:
1253:
615:
456:
377:
Iraq Crude Oil Export Facility Reconstruction Project (COEFRP), aka JICA Sealine Project
315:
Fabrication and installation of a 600 metric tons (660 short tons) subsea valve manifold
928:
725:
558:
282:
17:
1336:
154:
532:
321:
Construction of onshore metering and manifold facilities at the FAO storage facility
1093:
369:
for Phase 2's Central Metering and Manifold Platform (CMMP) was awarded to Italy's
141:
and has the capacity to transfer about 240 kbbl (38,000 m) of oil daily.
90:
922:"Foster Wheeler Contract Announcements February 14, 2012 through January 10, 2005"
753:"Leighton Offshore Successfully Completes Iraq Operations and Maintenance Project"
66:
1090:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOOEP) - Phase 1 - Variation Order 02"
346:
A 3.5 km (2.2 mi), 48 in (1.2 m) diameter pipeline near-shore
383:
286:
162:
35:
589:
161:
was adopted. The facility was constructed with four berths capable of handling
717:
Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (2006-04-26).
246:
138:
126:
42:
1231:"Leighton Chooses Lamprell for Iraq Crude Oil Export Facility Reconstruction"
813:
62:
Iraqi sailors and marines guard KAAOT in its entirety with minimal support.
688:
393:
Two offshore valve station platforms, one at ABOT and a second at KAAOT
359:
254:
318:
Dredging to bury the pipelines and to provide adequate depth for VLCCs
1324:
platform to the Iraqi Navy, July 26. (Photo by Pvt. Andrew Slovensky)
1012:"Prime Minister opens first phase of the escalation of energy export"
649:
Global Equity Research, Energy & Power, Integrate Oil Sector View
370:
231:(IDIQ), cost-plus award fee with an estimated not-to-exceed value of
115:
as of 2009, and all of the oil from the southern Başrah refinery.
29:
528:
331:
of the 900,000 bpd SPMs installed during Phase 1 of the ICOEEP.
82:
58:
635:
633:
1201:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion heightens country's security"
352:
Conversion of an existing spare SPM buoy to operational status
1116:"Saipem Wins Contract for Basra Oil Export Expansion Project"
747:
745:
1254:"Iraq Assumes Control of Oil Terminal from Coalition Forces"
335:
Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOEEP), Phase 2
277:
Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project (ICOEEP), Phase 1
1168:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Facility Reconstruction Project"
959:. Leighton Offshore. September 26, 2011. Archived from
169:
for several years thereafter with minimal maintenance.
515:
513:
895:"Iraq bullish on Fao storage, south export expansion"
855:
Aging Oil Terminal Vital To Iraq's Economy : NPR
1173:. Leighton Offshore. November 2011. Archived from
491:(1). Leighton Offshore. March 2012. Archived from
445:"U.S. Sailors, Coast Guard Protect Iraq's Economy"
153:and was designed and commissioned into service by
950:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project Phase 1"
786:Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction
1044:(Press release). BusinessWire. February 12, 2012
804:
802:
712:
710:
476:
474:
1068:"Iraq's SOC lets contract for Sea Line project"
868:"Iraq Raises Oil Reserves Estimates 25 Percent"
755:. Leighton Offshore. 2012-11-08. Archived from
1142:Foster-Wheeler Energy, Ltd. ICOEEP Engineering
588:. LYE Asia Pacific. 2012-01-02. Archived from
343:Central Metering and Manifold Platform (CMMP)
305:A third onshore crossing for future expansion
8:
1092:. BEKK Solutions. 2012-11-28. Archived from
521:"Global Mosaic Pseudocolor, JPL WMS Server"
1061:
1059:
987:"Iraq's SOC lets EPC contract to Leighton"
396:One additional single-point mooring system
349:One additional single-point mooring system
54:An aerial view of KAAOT just after sunrise
834:"[Iraq] Oilfields and Facilities"
685:"Iraq Crude Oil Export Expansion Project"
580:
578:
576:
679:
677:
229:indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity
93:. Along with its sister terminal, the
65:
57:
49:
41:
435:
1118:. iraq-business news. October 19, 2011
719:"Al-Basrah Oil Terminal, Basrah, Iraq"
1353:Ports and harbours of the Arab League
482:"Leighton Delivers First Oil In Iraq"
265:Iraq Ministry of Oil Master Plan 2007
243:United States Army Corps of Engineers
193:Maritime Expeditionary Security Force
163:very large crude carrier type vessels
70:KAAOT from ground level in Feb, 2007.
46:MESD 823 personnel onboard ABOT, 2009
7:
1066:Smith, Christopher E. (2011-10-14).
985:Smith, Christopher E. (2010-10-25).
443:Montgomery, Darryl L. (2009-10-10).
223:Refurbishment Under Coalition Forces
1309:Slovensky, Andrew (July 26, 2011).
1282:Slovensky, Andrew (July 26, 2011).
1018:. February 12, 2012. Archived from
453:United States Department of Defense
289:was then awarded a US$ 733 million
174:Mīnā' Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal
1211:. PennWell Corporation: 2012-05-07
957:Leighton Offshore Current Projects
897:. Iraq Energy News. Archived from
197:Naval Expeditionary Combat Command
25:
893:Al-Maliky, Tammam (May 6, 2011).
355:Replacement of the spare SPM buoy
1252:Simmons, D. Keith (2009-04-30).
1199:Oday al Auoraishi; Gary Vogler.
1144:. BEKK Solutions. Archived from
655:. pp. 28–31. Archived from
614:. Port Directory. Archived from
241:. The contract was between the
1233:. Subsea World News. 2012-02-14
81:, is a strategically critical
1:
1313:. United States Forces - Iraq
1286:. United States Forces - Iraq
874:. National Public Radio (NPR)
866:Sutherland, JJ (2010-10-04).
836:. University of Texas library
449:American Forces Press Service
95:Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal
872:The two-way, NPR's News Blog
586:"The Sealine Project – Iraq"
205:Patrol Forces Southwest Asia
920:FWNAC (February 17, 2012).
251:Parsons Iraqi Joint Venture
1369:
1348:Ports and harbours of Iraq
419:Petroleum industry in Iraq
151:Mīnā' al-Bakr Oil Terminal
149:ABOT was originally named
104:Khor al-Amaya Oil Terminal
77:, commonly referred to as
642:"Global Oil Choke Points"
209:United States Coast Guard
1311:"Al Basrah Oil Terminal"
687:. Unaoil. Archived from
195:, which falls under the
1070:. Oil & Gas Journal
215:and United States Navy
180:Operation Iraqi Freedom
308:Installation of three
167:Oil-for-Food Programme
113:gross domestic product
75:Al Başrah Oil Terminal
71:
63:
55:
47:
39:
18:Al Basrah Oil Terminal
1205:Oil & Gas Journal
1138:"ICOEEP Overview Map"
991:Oil & Gas Journal
795:on February 17, 2013.
69:
61:
53:
45:
33:
1284:"A folded U.S. flag"
1148:on February 22, 2012
788:: 82. Archived from
759:on December 15, 2012
424:Oil reserves in Iraq
328:single point mooring
300:single point mooring
217:Patrol craft coastal
213:Island class cutters
131:single-point mooring
810:Christopher R. Hill
662:on January 31, 2012
535:on January 19, 2012
207:a component of the
1297:110726-A-JX739-139
1262:United States Navy
691:on January 7, 2012
618:on August 28, 2012
358:Installation of a
189:United States Navy
72:
64:
56:
48:
40:
27:Iraqi oil terminal
1258:Navy.mil web site
1016:South Oil Company
592:on March 13, 2013
459:on April 14, 2012
384:Leighton Offshore
287:Leighton Offshore
281:On July 13, 2010
271:South Oil Company
16:(Redirected from
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1327:
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1180:on March 4, 2016
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1022:on April 7, 2012
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966:on March 4, 2016
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901:on July 10, 2012
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561:. Port Directory
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531:. Archived from
517:
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486:
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469:
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455:. Archived from
440:
238:
155:Brown & Root
120:al-Faw Peninsula
99:ميناء خور العمية
87:Al-Faw Peninsula
21:
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653:Lehman Brothers
644:
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621:
619:
612:"Khor Al Amaya"
610:
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583:
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498:on 4 March 2016
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1003:
977:
941:
929:Foster Wheeler
912:
885:
858:
847:
825:
812:(2009-11-10).
798:
770:
741:
706:
673:
629:
603:
572:
559:"Mina Al-Bakr"
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401:Strategic role
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26:
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10:
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1343:Oil terminals
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1096:on 2013-08-11
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367:EPC contract
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1267:February 8,
1237:January 28,
1215:January 28,
1100:January 29,
878:January 26,
840:January 25,
763:January 29,
666:February 8,
622:January 25,
565:January 25,
539:January 25,
463:January 26,
245:(USACE) of
211:comprising
127:supertanker
1337:Categories
819:2012-02-07
735:2012-01-25
430:References
247:Fort Worth
489:The Wave
413:See also
253:(PIJV),
525:OnEarth
502:1 April
255:Houston
239:million
145:History
101:, alt.
89:in the
371:Saipem
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645:(PDF)
546:band.
496:(PDF)
485:(PDF)
109:KAAOT
83:Iraqi
1319:2012
1292:2012
1269:2012
1239:2013
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1102:2013
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567:2012
541:2012
529:NASA
504:2014
465:2012
365:The
310:SPMs
249:and
235:US$
187:The
172:The
159:ABOT
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