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long, and attached to an anchor or pile to provide the required holding power. The anchor chains are pre-tensioned to ensure that the buoy is held in position above the PLEM. As the load from the tanker is applied, the heavy chains on the far side straighten and lift off the seabed to apply the balancing load. Under full design load there is still some 27 metres (89 ft) of chain lying on the bottom. The flexible hose riser may be in one of three basic configurations, all designed to accommodate tidal depth variation and lateral displacement due to mooring loads. In all cases the hose curvature changes to accommodate lateral and vertical movement of the buoy, and the hoses are supported at near neutral buoyancy by floats along the length. These are:
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The buoy body may be supported on static legs attached to the seabed, with a rotating part above water level connected to the (off)loading tanker. The two sections are linked by a roller bearing, referred to as the "main bearing". Alternatively the buoy body may be held in place by multiple radiating
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In shallow water SPMs are used to load and unload crude oil and refined products from inshore and offshore oilfields or refineries, usually through some form of storage system. These buoys are usually suitable for use by all types of oil tanker. In deep water oil fields, SPMs are usually used to load
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A commonly used configuration is the catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM), which can be capable of handling very large crude carriers. This configuration uses six or eight heavy anchor chains placed radially around the buoy, of a tonnage to suit the designed load, each about 350 metres (1,150 ft)
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The product swivel is the connection between the geostatic and the rotating parts of the buoy. The swivel enables an offloading tanker to rotate with respect to the mooring buoy. Product swivels range in size depending on the capacity of attached piping and risers. Product swivels can provide one or
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Hawser systems use either one or two ropes depending on the largest tonnage of vessel which would be moored to the buoy. The ropes would either be single-leg or grommet leg type ropes. These are usually connected to an OCIMF chafe chain on the export tanker side (either type A or B depending on the
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The hawser arrangement usually consist of nylon rope, which is shackled to an integrated mooring uni-joint on the buoy deck. At the tanker end of the hawser, a chafe chain is connected to prevent damage from the tanker fairlead. A load pin can be applied to the mooring uni-joint on the buoy deck to
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Moorings fix the buoy to the sea bed. Buoy design must account for the behaviour of the buoy given applicable wind, wave and current conditions and tanker tonnages. This determines the optimum mooring arrangement and size of the various mooring leg components. Anchoring points are greatly dependent
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crude oil direct from the production platforms, where there are economic reasons not to run a pipeline to the shore. These moorings usually supply to dedicated tankers which can moor without assistance. Several types of single point mooring are in use.
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Buoy-side shackle and bridle assembly for connection to the padeye on the buoy; Mooring hawser shackle; Mooring hawser; Chafe chain assembly; Support buoy; Pick-up / messenger lines; Marker buoy for retrieval from the water.
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several independent paths for fluids, gases, electrical signals or power. Swivels are equipped with a multiple seal arrangement to minimise the possibility of leakage of product into the environment.
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Steep-S, in which the hose first rises roughly vertically to a submerged float, before making a sharp bend downwards followed by a slow curve through horizontal to a vertical attachment to the buoy.
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loading or offloading gas or liquid products. SPMs are the link between geostatic subsea manifold connections and weathervaning tankers. They are capable of handling any tonnage ship, even
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Floating hose string(s) connect the buoy to the offloading tanker. The hose string can be equipped with a breakaway coupling to prevent rupture of hoses/hawser and subsequent oil spills.
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Lazy-S, in which the riser hose leaves the PLEM at a steep angle, then flattens out before gradually curving upwards to meet the buoy approximately vertically, in a flattened S-curve.
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The risers are flexible hoses that connect the subsea piping to the buoy. Configuration of these risers can vary depending on water depth, sea conditions, buoy motions, etc.
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Exposed location single buoy mooring (ELSBM). This configuration stores the mooring line and cargo hose on drums when not in use. Suitable for use in rough conditions
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There are four groups of parts in the total mooring system: the body of the buoy, mooring and anchoring elements, product transfer system and other components.
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Chinese lantern, in which two to four mirror symmetrical hoses connect the PLEM with the buoy, with the convexity of the curve facing radially outwards.
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maximum tonnage of the tanker and the mooring loads). This chafe chain would then be held in the chain stopper on board the export tanker.
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anchor chains. The moored tanker can freely weather vane around the buoy and find a stable position due to this arrangement.
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Under OCIMF recommendations, the hawser arrangement would normally be purchased as a full assembly from a manufacturer.
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Jacket type, which has a jacket piled to the seabed with a turntable on top which carries the mooring gear and pipework
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IALA Guideline 1066 - The Design of FLoating Aid to
Navigation Moorings - May 2009 - Revised June 2010
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An electrical subsystem to enable valve operation and to power navigation aids or other equipment.
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The heart of each buoy is the product transfer system. From a geostatic location, e.g. a
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Single anchor leg mooring (SALM), which can be used in both shallow and deep water. see
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A basic hawser system would consist of the following (working from the buoy outwards):
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Navigational aids for maritime visibility, and fog horn to keep moving vessel alert.
288:(PLEM) located on the seabed, this system transfers products to the offtake tanker.
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International
Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities
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486:(second ed.). Alverstoke, GOSPORT, Hampshire: Submex Ltd. p. 41.
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International
Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) official site
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anchored offshore, that serves as a mooring point and interconnect for
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Offshore mooring buoy with connections for loading or unloading tankers
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Articulated loading platform (ALP). Also suited for rough conditions.
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A tanker is moored to a buoy by means of a hawser arrangement.
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Spring pile type, which has steel pipe risers in the structure
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Lifting and handling equipment to aid materials handling,
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Flexible subsea hoses, generally referred to as “risers”
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Anchors or piles - To connect the mooring to the seabed
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407:Vertical anchor leg mooring, which is seldom used.
342:A boat landing, providing access to the buoy deck,
291:The basic product transfer system components are:
245:Chain stoppers - To connect the chains to the buoy
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396:Less commonly used configurations include:
239:Sinker or anchor chain joint to buoy (SPM)
482:Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 1.10".
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
410:Two types of single point mooring tower:
256:Oil Companies International Marine Forum
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338:Other possible components of SPMs are:
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
484:The Professional Divers's Handbook
137:Single-point mooring facility off
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304:Product swivel, valves and piping
367:Single anchor leg mooring (SALM)
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34:needs additional citations for
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345:Fendering to protect the buoy,
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372:Catenary anchor leg mooring
222:Mooring and anchoring parts
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301:Marine Breakaway Coupling
227:on local soil condition.
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280:Product transfer system
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262:measure hawser loads.
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58:"Single buoy mooring"
544:Petroleum technology
392:Other configurations
317:Floating hose string
176:single-point mooring
43:improve this article
554:Port infrastructure
168:Single buoy mooring
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402:Thistle SALM
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41:Please help
36:verification
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538:Categories
452:References
69:newspapers
213:Buoy body
139:Puthuvype
129:, Ireland
435:See also
188:tankers
83:scholar
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309:Risers
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205:Parts
147:India
143:Kochi
90:JSTOR
76:books
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184:buoy
62:news
180:SPM
178:or
172:SrM
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