Hand sanitizer - Knowledge (XXG)

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sanitizers can become contaminated if the alcohol content is not properly controlled or the sanitizer is grossly contaminated with microorganisms during manufacture. In June 2009, alcohol-free Clarcon Antimicrobial Hand Sanitizer was pulled from the US market by the FDA, which found the product contained gross contamination of extremely high levels of various bacteria, including those which can "cause opportunistic infections of the skin and underlying tissues and could result in medical or surgical attention as well as permanent damage". Gross contamination of any hand sanitizer by bacteria during manufacture will result in the failure of the effectiveness of that sanitizer and possible infection of the treatment site with the contaminating organisms.

590:. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDC recommends "persistent" antiseptics for hand sanitizers. Persistent activity is defined as the prolonged or extended antimicrobial activity that prevents or inhibits the proliferation or survival of microorganisms after application of the product. This activity may be demonstrated by sampling a site several minutes or hours after application and demonstrating bacterial antimicrobial effectiveness when compared with a baseline level. This property also has been referred to as "residual activity." Both substantive and nonsubstantive active ingredients can show a persistent effect if they substantially lower the number of bacteria during the wash period. 49: 203: 571: 431:

polyester isolation gown, and then touching a metal door while her hands were still wet; static electricity produced an audible spark and ignited the hand gel. Hand sanitizer should be stored in temperatures below 105 °F and should not be left in a car during hot weather due to risk of flammability. Fire departments suggest refills for the alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be stored with cleaning supplies away from heat sources or open flames.

960: 148:-propanol, with alcohol concentrations ranging from 60% to 95% being the most effective. These sanitizers are flammable and work against a wide variety of microorganisms, but not spores. To prevent skin dryness, compounds such as glycerol may be added, and some formulations include fragrances, though these are discouraged due to the risk of allergic reactions. Non-alcohol-based versions are less effective and should be used with caution. 133:(CDC) when soap and water are not available. In healthcare settings, these sanitizers are often preferred over hand washing with soap and water because they are more effective at reducing bacteria and are better tolerated by the skin. However, hand washing should still be performed if contamination is visible or after using the toilet. Non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers, which may contain 1043:– up to 81% in one product. Methanol can be absorbed through the skin, is toxic in modest amounts, and in substantial exposure can result in "nausea, vomiting, headache, blurred vision, permanent blindness, seizures, coma, permanent damage to the nervous system or death". Products suspected of manufacture by Eskbiochem SA with excessive methanol have been reported as far away as 668:. Quats are added at levels up to 200 parts per million to increase antimicrobial effectiveness. Although allergy to alcohol-only rubs is rare, fragrances, preservatives and quats can cause contact allergies. These other ingredients do not evaporate like alcohol and accumulate leaving a "sticky" residue until they are removed with soap and water. 4281: 195: 1200:"Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America" 635:

and 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD). The 2,4-dichlorophenol itself is known to be biodegradable as well as photodegradable. For DCDD, one of the non-toxic compounds of the dioxin family, a conversion rate of 1% has been reported and estimated half-lives suggest that it is photolabile as well.

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Hands must be disinfected before any surgical procedure by hand washing with mild soap and then hand-rubbing with a sanitizer. Surgical disinfection requires a larger dose of the hand-rub and a longer rubbing time than is ordinarily used. It is usually done in two applications according to specific

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Denaturants are an ingredient added to hand sanitizers, such as Purell, that is used to stop the liquid gel from being digested. This chemical adds a taste to the gel that makes it less enticing to consume. It is especially helpful in keeping younger children away because of the different smells and

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To minimize the risk of fire, alcohol rub users are instructed to rub their hands until dry, which indicates that the flammable alcohol has evaporated. Igniting alcohol hand rub while using it is rare, but the need for this is underlined by one case of a health care worker using hand rub, removing a

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depending on the concentration of alcohol in the sanitizer (95% alcohol was seen to be most effective in eliminating most viruses). In addition, if hands are contaminated with fluids or other visible contaminates, hand washing is preferred as well as after using the toilet and if discomfort develops

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Some commercially available hand sanitizers (and online recipes for homemade rubs) have alcohol concentrations that are too low. This makes them less effective at killing germs. Poorer people in developed countries and people in developing countries may find it harder to get a hand sanitizer with an

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On 30 April 2015, the FDA announced that they were requesting more scientific data based on the safety of hand sanitizer. Emerging science suggests that for at least some health care antiseptic active ingredients, systemic exposure (full body exposure as shown by detection of antiseptic ingredients

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alcohol in the gel. Some hand sanitizer gels may not produce this effect due to a high concentration of water or moisturizing agents. There have been some rare instances where alcohol has been implicated in starting fires in the operating room, including a case where alcohol used as an antiseptic

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Alcohol-based hand rubs are extensively used in the hospital environment as an alternative to antiseptic soaps. Hand-rubs in the hospital environment have two applications: hygienic hand rubbing and surgical hand disinfection. Alcohol based hand rubs provide a better skin tolerance as compared to

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and cannot physically remove harmful chemicals. Improper use, such as wiping off sanitizer before it dries, can also reduce its effectiveness, and some sanitizers with low alcohol concentrations are less effective. Additionally, frequent use of hand sanitizer may disrupt the skin's microbiome and

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CDC recommends washing hands with soap and water whenever possible because hand washing reduces the amounts of all types of germs and chemicals on hands. But if soap and water are not available, using a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol can help... sanitizers do not eliminate all types of

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Alcohol-free hand sanitizers may be effective immediately while on the skin, but the solutions themselves can become contaminated because alcohol is an in-solution preservative and without it, the alcohol-free solution itself is susceptible to contamination. However, even alcohol-containing hand

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The hand sanitizer dosing systems for hospitals are designed to deliver a measured amount of the product for staff. They are dosing pumps screwed onto a bottle or are specially designed dispensers with refill bottles. Dispensers for surgical hand disinfection are usually equipped with elbow

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The most common brands of alcohol hand rubs include Aniosgel, Avant, Sterillium, Desderman and Allsept S. All hospital hand rubs must conform to certain regulations like EN 12054 for hygienic treatment and surgical disinfection by hand-rubbing. Products with a claim of "99.99% reduction" or

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The alcohol in hand sanitizer strips the skin of the outer layer of oil, which may have negative effects on barrier function of the skin. A study also shows that disinfecting hands with an antimicrobial detergent results in a greater barrier disruption of skin compared to alcohol solutions,

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The FDA requires strict labeling which informs consumers on proper use of this OTC drug and dangers to avoid, including warning adults not to ingest, not to use in the eyes, to keep out of the reach of children, and to allow use by children only under adult supervision. According to the

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Additionally, some commercial products are dangerous, either due to poor oversight and process control, or fraudulent motive. In June 2020, the FDA issued an advisory against use of hand sanitizer products manufacture by Eskbiochem SA de CV in Mexico due to excessive levels of

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Hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol or contains a "persistent antiseptic" should be used. Hand Sanitizer of Uniquely Natural contains 70% alcohol responsible for rapid germ-killing action. Alcohol rubs kill many different kinds of bacteria, including

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in the blood or urine) is higher than previously thought, and existing data raise potential concerns about the effects of repeated daily human exposure to some antiseptic active ingredients. This would include hand antiseptic products containing alcohol and

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For health care, optimal disinfection requires attention to all exposed surfaces such as around the fingernails, between the fingers, on the back of the thumb, and around the wrist. Hand alcohol should be thoroughly rubbed into the hands and on the lower

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For many reasons, alcohol hand sanitizers are increasingly being used as disinfectants over hand washing with soap and water. Their ease of availability, no need for water or plumbing, and their proven effectiveness in reducing microbial load are just a

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In a 2020 Cochrane review comparing rinse-free hand washing to conventional soap and water techniques and the subsequent impact on school absenteeism found a small but beneficial effect on rinse-free hand washing on illness related absenteeism.

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The use of alcohol as an antiseptic dates back to at least 1363, with evidence supporting its use emerging in the late 1800s. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers became commonly used in Europe by the 1980s and have since been included on the

601:. Tolerance to alcohol sanitizers may develop in fecal bacteria. Where alcohol sanitizers utilize 62%, or higher, alcohol by weight, only 0.1 to 0.13% of benzalkonium chloride by weight provides equivalent antimicrobial effectiveness. 515:

recommends using hand sanitizer with children to promote good hygiene, under supervision, and furthermore recommends parents pack hand sanitizer for their children when traveling, to avoid their contracting disease from dirty hands.

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For health care settings, like hospitals and clinics, optimum alcohol concentration to kill bacteria is 70% to 95%. Products with alcohol concentrations as low as 40% are available in American stores, according to researchers at

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Sanchez-Prado L, Llompart M, Lores M, García-Jares C, Bayona JM, Cela R (November 2006). "Monitoring the photochemical degradation of triclosan in wastewater by UV light and sunlight using solid-phase microextraction".

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hand sanitizers. However, there are cautions against making them, such as a wrong measurement or ingredient may resulting in an insufficient amount of alcohol to kill the coronavirus, thus rendering the mixture

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has published the following formulations to guide to the production of large quantities of hand sanitizer from chemicals available in developing countries, where commercial hand sanitizer may not be available:

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may attempt to consume hand sanitizer in desperation when traditional alcoholic beverages are unavailable, or personal access to them is restricted by force or law. There have been reported incidents of people

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The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children)

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Researchers have not thoroughly studied the implications of hand sanitizer use for the body and the microbiome. Studies of healthcare workers have correlated high rates of hand eczema with hand sanitizer use.

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In 2002, the CDC released an updated hand hygiene guideline and, for the first time, endorsed the use of alcohol-based hand rubs for the majority of clinical interactions, provided that hands are not visibly

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Alcohol-based hand sanitizers may not be effective if the hands are greasy or visibly soiled. In hospitals, the hands of healthcare workers are often contaminated with pathogens, but rarely soiled or greasy.

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Capdevielle M, Van Egmond R, Whelan M, Versteeg D, Hofmann-Kamensky M, Inauen J, et al. (January 2008). "Consideration of exposure and species sensitivity of triclosan in the freshwater environment".

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in prisons and hospitals to become intoxicated. As a result, access to sanitizing liquids and gels is controlled and restricted in some facilities. For example, over a period of several weeks during the

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Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N (July 2000). "Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel".

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with soap and water is generally preferred, hand sanitizer is a convenient alternative in settings where soap and water are unavailable. However, it is less effective against certain pathogens like

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Medical research papers sometimes use "n-log" to mean a reduction of n on a (base 10) logarithmic scale graphing the number of bacteria, thus "5-log" means a reduction by a factor of 10, or 99.999%

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alcohol effectively kills all coronaviruses. The virucidal activity of alcohol against enveloped viruses (such as influenza virus or human immunodeficiency virus) is good, except for rabies virus.

3422:"Increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams caused by mutations conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant widely used in hospitals" 3769:

Wisk JD, Cooper KR (1990). "Comparison of the toxicity of several polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)".

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hand-rubbing techniques, EN1499 (hygienic handwash), and German standard DIN EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection) to ensure that antiseptic is applied everywhere on the surface of the hand.

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The formation-decay kinetics of DCDD are also reported by Sanchez-Prado et al. (2006) who claim "transformation of triclosan to toxic dioxins has never been shown and is highly unlikely."

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Larson EL, Cohen B, Baxter KA (November 2012). "Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands".

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than most other forms of hand washing. Isopropyl alcohol will kill 99.99% or more of all non-spore forming bacteria in less than 30 seconds, both in the laboratory and on human skin.

4326: 1631: 537:, seven people in that U.S. state who were alcoholic were severely injured by drinking sanitizer: three died, three were in critical condition, and one was left permanently blind. 983:. Dozens of liquor and perfume manufacturers switched their manufacturing facilities from their normal product to hand sanitizer. In order to keep up with the demand, local 287:

cells. In environments with high lipids or protein waste (such as food processing), the use of alcohol hand rubs alone may not be sufficient to ensure proper hand hygiene.

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In too low quantities (0.3 ml) or concentrations (below 60%), the alcohol in hand sanitizers may not have the 10–15 seconds exposure time required to denature proteins and

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In 2021, a dozen children were hospitalized in the state of Maharashtra, India, after they were mistakenly orally administered hand sanitizer instead of a polio vaccine.

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reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.

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Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (December 2005). "Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection".

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started using their alcohol to make hand sanitizer. Distilleries producing hand sanitizer originally existed in a legal grey area in the United States, until the

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Hand sanitizers were first introduced in 1966 in medical settings such as hospitals and healthcare facilities. The product was popularized in the early 1990s.

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Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers. Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (

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produced a guide for manufacturing hand sanitizer, which received renewed interest in 2020 because of shortages of hand sanitizer in the wake of the

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Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (February 2005). "Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation".

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from the residue of alcohol sanitizer use. Furthermore, CDC states hand sanitizers are not effective in removing chemicals such as pesticides.

4261:. American Hospital Association, Co-Hosted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) and AHA. 22 July 2003. Archived from 4194: 612:

Triclosan leads to various problems with natural biological systems, and triclosan, when combined with chlorine e.g. from tap water, produces

241:, and better tolerated than soap and water. Hand washing should still be carried out if contamination can be seen or following the use of the 1313:

germs... Hand sanitizers may not be as effective when hands are visibly dirty or greasy... Hand sanitizers might not remove harmful chemicals

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in waste water treatment plants. Numerous studies show that only very small traces are detectable in the effluent water that reaches rivers.

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Alcohol rub sanitizers kill most bacteria, and fungi, and stop some viruses. Alcohol rub sanitizers containing at least 70% alcohol (mainly

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pooled under the surgical drapes in an operating room and caused a fire when a cautery instrument was used. Alcohol gel was not implicated.

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in humans. However, 90–98% of triclosan in waste water biodegrades by both photolytic or natural biological processes or is removed due to

1639: 2029: 1721: 1617: 1153: 3013: 1586: 394: 4258: 1383: 4316: 692:"hand alcohol" or "alcohol hand antiseptic agents" exist in liquid, foam, and easy-flowing gel formulations. Products with 60% to 95% 3649: 1445:"Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients" 998:, people resorted to using 60% to 99% concentrations of isopropyl or ethyl alcohol for hand sanitization, typically mixing them with 3976: 2167: 1844: 1715: 1611: 1580: 1521: 613: 492: 333: 237:

with soap and water in most situations in the healthcare setting. Among healthcare workers, it is generally more effective for hand

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are effective antiseptics. Lower or higher concentrations are less effective; most products contain between 60% and 80% alcohol.

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Kampf G, Ostermeyer C (April 2003). "Inter-laboratory reproducibility of the hand disinfection reference procedure of EN 1500".

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Hibbard JS (May–June 2005). "Analyses comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agents: a review".

1862: 534: 292: 3052: 2407: 2725: 4005: 507:, there were nearly 12,000 cases of hand sanitizer ingestion in 2006. If ingested, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause 3674:

Heidler J, Halden RU (January 2007). "Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment".

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antiseptic soap. Hand rubs also prove to have more effective microbiological properties as compared to antiseptic soaps.

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and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula. The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding

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The formulation of alcohol-based hand sanitizers typically includes a combination of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, or

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The same ingredients used in over-the-counter hand-rubs are also used in hospital hand-rubs: alcohols such as

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effective alcohol concentration. Fraudulent labelling of alcohol concentrations has been a problem in Guyana.

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Pietsch H (August 2001). "Hand antiseptics: rubs versus scrubs, alcoholic solutions versus alcoholic gels".

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Aranami K, Readman JW (January 2007). "Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater".

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Menegueti MG, Laus AM, Ciol MA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Basile-Filho A, Gir E, et al. (2019-06-24).

665: 583: 496: 302:) kill 99.9% of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% in one minute. 134: 114: 392:

with soap and water are preferred over hand sanitizer, these include: eliminating bacterial spores of

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The current evidence that the effectiveness of school hand hygiene interventions is of poor quality.

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Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D (April 2002). "Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels".

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to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur. The lower tendency to induce

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Bonnabry P, Voss A (2017). "Hand Hygiene Agents". In Pittet D, Boyce JM, Allegranzi B (eds.).

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AKimitsu N, Hamamoto H, Inoue R, Shoji M, Akamine A, Takemori K, et al. (December 1999).

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in the environment, one of the top seven organic contaminants in waste water according to the

570: 529: 4262: 1570: 1128: 499:(OTC) because they are intended for topical anti-microbial use to prevent disease in humans. 17: 3930: 3865: 3821: 3786: 3735: 3691: 3608: 3531: 3441: 3433: 3369: 3288: 3280: 3243:"Three people died and one is permanently blind after drinking hand sanitizer in New Mexico" 3180: 3172: 3159:

Gormley NJ, Bronstein AC, Rasimas JJ, Pao M, Wratney AT, Sun J, et al. (January 2012).

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Pidot SJ, Gao W, Buultjens AH, Monk IR, Guerillot R, Carter GP, et al. (August 2018).

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Some hand sanitizer products use agents other than alcohol to kill microorganisms, such as

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Hirose R, Nakaya T, Naito Y, Daidoji T, Bandou R, Inoue K, et al. (September 2019).

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are ineffective in hospital environment, since the reduction must be more than "99.99%".

4169:"British Columbians warned over hand sanitizers containing potentially toxic ingredient" 3861: 3817: 3782: 3731: 3687: 3604: 3208: 3135: 1674: 1356: 1329: 1105:. United States Federal Food and Drug Administration. March 2009. pp. 12613–12617. 3934: 3469: 3293: 3268: 3185: 3160: 2989: 2962: 2860: 2835: 2811: 2786: 2333: 2308: 2099: 2072: 1955: 1930: 1906: 1881: 1820: 1795: 1469: 1444: 1263: 1236: 1027: 460: 3869: 3825: 3695: 3267:

Yip L, Bixler D, Brooks DE, Clarke KR, Datta SD, Dudley S, et al. (August 2020).

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Willmott M, Nicholson A, Busse H, MacArthur GJ, Brookes S, Campbell R (January 2016).

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McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB (August 1998). "Triclosan targets lipid synthesis".

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Laboratory studies have shown lingering benzalkonium chloride may be associated with

463:, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin 373: 299: 101: 3950: 3755: 3318:"Indian children hospitalized after ingesting hand sanitizer instead of polio drops" 2947: 2883:

Löffler H, Kampf G (October 2008). "Hand disinfection: how irritant are alcohols?".

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Alcohol gel can catch fire, producing a translucent blue flame. This is due to the

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Jing JL, Pei Yi T, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T (May 2020).

1100:"Tentative Final Monograph for Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products; Proposed Rule" 1019: 995: 984: 968: 964: 389: 337: 254: 234: 141:, are less effective and generally not recommended, though they are not flammable. 105: 31: 1294:"Show Me the Science – When & How to Use Hand Sanitizer in Community Settings" 3536: 3515: 3176: 4087:"71° Store shelves wiped clean? Here's how you can make homemade hand sanitizer" 3921:

de Groot AC (July 1987). "Contact allergy to cosmetics: causative ingredients".

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declared that distilleries could produce their sanitizer without authorization.

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In the beginnings of the pandemic, because of hand sanitizer shortages due to

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Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Lockwood C, Stern C, McAneney H, Barker TH (April 2020).

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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)

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controlled mechanism or infrared sensors to avoid any contact with the pump.

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Use of alcohol-based hand gels dries skin less, leaving more moisture in the

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on the hands. It can also come in the form of a cream, spray, or wipe. While

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Rotter ML (1999). "Handwashing and hand disinfection". In Mayhall CG (ed.).

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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019

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Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team

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Block SS (1977-12-01). "Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation".

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In August 2020, the FDA expanded the list of dangerous hand sanitizers.

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Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C (August 2002).

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Hand sanitizer, hand antiseptic, hand disinfectant, hand rub, handrub

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for a duration of at least 30 seconds and then allowed to air dry.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.

372:. Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 3019:. International Sanitary Supply Association, Inc. Archived from 1382:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 December 2013. 318: 207: 2008:"Handwashing in Communities: Clean Hands Save Lives | CDC" 1863:"Purcill Hand Sanitizer being recalled for low alcohol content" 1845:"COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers can kill virus — Pharmacist" 1129:

Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations

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Emami A, Javanmardi F, Keshavarzi A, Pirbonyeh N (July 2020).

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bacteria. They also kill many kinds of viruses, including the

1330:"Hand Sanitizer: Stopping the Spread of Infection at a Cost" 233:

Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is more convenient compared to

129:

or isopropyl alcohol), are recommended by the United States

125:-based hand sanitizers, which contain at least 60% alcohol ( 2421:

Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (December 2005).

1572:

Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures

1154:"hand sanitizer - definition of hand sanitizer in English" 4195:"FDA updates on hand sanitizers consumers should not use" 2517:"Using alcohol for hand antisepsis: dispelling old myths" 520:

colors of hand sanitizers that tend to attract children.

495:(FDA) controls antimicrobial handsoaps and sanitizers as 3092:"International Travel with Infants and Young Children". 1752:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 447:

Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause

3014:"GENERAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL CLEANING PRODUCT REGULATION" 2670:. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 1710:(5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 269. 1575:(13th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 16. 1328:

Bhatt S, Patel A, Kesselman MM, Demory ML (June 2024).

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World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

2726:"Q&A for Consumers | Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19" 1404:

Bolon MK (September 2016). "Hand Hygiene: An Update".

4269: 3648:. Santa Clara Basin Watershed Management Initiative. 3470:"Antibacterial Household Products: Cause for Concern" 3037:

Foulke JE (May 1994). "Decoding the Cosmetic Label".

1123: 1121: 1119: 53:

A typical pump bottle dispenser of hand sanitizer gel

467:

and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.

3892:"Consumers Warned Not to Use Clarcon Skin Products" 2162:(2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1603:

Introduction to Cosmetic Formulation and Technology

63: 58: 3969:Hand Hygiene: a Handbook for Medical Professionals 3720:Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2181: 2179: 317:, than hand washing with antiseptic/antimicrobial 2554: 2552: 4114:"No, you shouldn't make your own hand sanitizer" 3962: 3960: 2732:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023-05-12. 30:"Hand rub" redirects here. For the gesture, see 2645:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2130:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2048:"Stay Safe: Effective Hand Sanitizer Solutions" 711:), hand sanitizers also contain the following: 3472:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2967:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 505:American Association of Poison Control Centers 4327:World Health Organization essential medicines 4093:. Fox Television Stations, LLC. 14 March 2020 3971:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 51 et seq. 3565:. National Toxicology Project. Archived from 2307:Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). 1794:Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). 1494: 1492: 747:agents to reduce skin dryness and irritation, 444:suggesting an increased loss of skin lipids. 8: 1230: 1228: 688:Consumer alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and 276:90% alcohol rubs are more effective against 39: 3273:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2561:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2521:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2160:Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control 1979:"Origin of ordinary things: Hand sanitizer" 1935:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1406:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1323: 1321: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 459:and/or other emollients to the formula. In 2664:Seal K, Cimon K, Argáez C (9 March 2017). 963:A notice about hand sanitizer coronavirus 872: 790: 604:Triclosan has been shown to accumulate in 388:There are certain situations during which 131:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 47: 3535: 3445: 3292: 3184: 2988: 2978: 2859: 2810: 2700:"Alcohol-Based Hand-Rubs and Fire Safety" 2532: 2393: 2332: 2098: 2088: 1954: 1905: 1819: 1775: 1747: 1511: 1468: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1355: 1345: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1262: 1252: 92:) is a liquid, gel, or foam used to kill 3053:"Paging Dr. Gupta, Hand sanitizer risks" 989:Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 4276: 2730:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 1724:from the original on 18 September 2017. 1620:from the original on 18 September 2017. 1589:from the original on 18 September 2017. 1534:. WHO technical report series; no. 994. 1091: 1071: 750:a small amount of sterile or distilled 3643:"Environmental Emergence of Triclosan" 3560:"Hand NTP Research Concept: Triclosan" 2785:MacGibeny MA, Wassef C (August 2021). 2410:from the original on 27 November 2009. 2002: 2000: 1789: 1787: 1606:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 173. 1569:Long BW, Rollins JH, Smith BJ (2015). 38: 3426:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3211:. BBC News online. 24 September 2009. 2604:American Journal of Infection Control 2126:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 2071:Trampuz A, Widmer AF (January 2004). 1770:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1742:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1506:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 511:in small children. However, the U.S. 226:An automated hand sanitizer dispenser 7: 3316:Pratap RM, Guy J (2 February 2021). 2762:"Craftex 5 Litre Hand Sanitiser Gel" 2349:from the original on 2 February 2007 1386:from the original on 18 August 2017. 3476:from the original on 16 August 2001 3209:"Prisoner 'drunk on swine flu gel'" 3112:"PURELL Hand Sanitizer Ingredients" 3059:from the original on 25 April 2009. 2791:Archives of Dermatological Research 2682:"When & How to Wash Your Hands" 1198:Boyce JM, Pittet D (October 2002). 1112:from the original on 10 March 2010. 737:that may be present in ingredients, 3935:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02640.x 3516:"Increasing tolerance of hospital 2920:The British Journal of Dermatology 2637:Gold NA, Mirza TM, Avva U (2018). 2427:The British Journal of Dermatology 25: 3902:from the original on 14 June 2009 3870:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.025 3826:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010 3696:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.066 3396:"Do hand sanitizers really work?" 3362:The Journal of Hospital Infection 2885:The Journal of Hospital Infection 2274:The Journal of Hospital Infection 2014:. October 3, 2022. Archived from 1207:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 493:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 210:with hand alcohol in a square in 4279: 3655:from the original on 3 June 2008 2932:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x 2486:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00504.x 2439:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x 2200:10.1097/00129804-200505000-00008 1898:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308875 1886:Archives of Disease in Childhood 1683:10.1097/00010694-197712000-00013 1014:with options of adding drops of 3094:Travelers' Health – Yellow Book 2766:AES Industrial Supplies Limited 1135:from the original on 2022-10-27 721:quaternary ammonium derivatives 715:additional antiseptics such as 535:COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico 293:East Tennessee State University 3524:Science Translational Medicine 3222:Don't Drink the Hand Sanitizer 1947:10.1002/14651858.CD012566.pub2 1704:Miller CH, Palenik CJ (2016). 627:A series of studies show that 340:, and some viruses (including 1: 4175:. Richmond News. 27 June 2020 3231:NY Times Retrieved March 2017 2897:10.1016/S0195-6701(08)60010-9 2286:10.1016/S0195-6701(01)90010-6 2243:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08426-X 1600:Baki G, Alexander KS (2015). 1033:ineffective or even poisonous 879:Volume required (10-L prep.) 797:Volume required (10-L prep.) 18:Alcohol-based hand sanitizers 4231:Food and Drug Administration 4201:Food and Drug Administration 4147:Food and Drug Administration 4030:Levenson M (19 March 2020). 3896:Food and Drug Administration 3791:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90067-4 3537:10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6115 3177:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822f09c0 2313:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1800:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1026:for scents, and thus making 2188:Journal of Infusion Nursing 1213:(RR-16): 1–45, quiz CE1–4. 1131:(Report). WHO. April 2010. 662:quaternary ammonium cations 610:National Toxicology Program 574:Alcohol free hand sanitizer 513:Centers for Disease Control 481:irritant contact dermatitis 469:Allergic contact dermatitis 404:, and certain viruses like 27:Alternative to hand washing 4353: 3400:University of Toronto News 2803:10.1007/s00403-020-02086-x 2616:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.10.016 1843:Okafor W (31 March 2020). 1780:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. 660:, sometimes combined with 557:Surgical hand disinfection 491:In the United States, the 198:Hand alcohol in a hospital 29: 4317:Personal hygiene products 3495:Davis N (1 August 2018). 3241:Karimi F (27 June 2020). 2980:10.1186/s13756-019-0553-z 1764:World Health Organization 1736:World Health Organization 1500:World Health Organization 1418:10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.007 1380:"Clean Hands Save Lives!" 1060:List of cleaning products 977:World Health Organization 780:World Health Organization 46: 4004:Kaur H (16 March 2020). 2748:Ohio Administrative Code 2386:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362 1461:10.1128/mSphere.00474-19 699:In addition to alcohol ( 395:Clostridioides difficile 3994:, Forbes, 18 March 2020 3740:10.1897/ieam_2007-022.1 2077:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1985:. Rwanda. 17 March 2020 3438:10.1128/AAC.43.12.3042 3374:10.1053/jhin.2002.1357 3285:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e1 3165:Critical Care Medicine 2515:Boyce JM (July 2000). 2325:10.3201/eid1203.050955 2309:"Hand sanitizer alert" 1812:10.3201/eid1203.050955 1796:"Hand sanitizer alert" 1636:www.businessinsider.sg 1254:10.3390/ijerph17093326 972: 631:of triclosan produced 575: 497:over-the-counter drugs 227: 219: 218:, on 28 November 2020. 199: 3520:to handwash alcohols" 3055:. CNN. 21 June 2007. 3039:FDA Consumer Magazine 2034:San Jose Mercury News 962: 666:benzalkonium chloride 584:benzalkonium chloride 573: 225: 205: 197: 135:benzalkonium chloride 115:Clostridium difficile 3518:Enterococcus faecium 3026:on 31 December 2009. 2840:Dermatologic Therapy 2461:on 25 February 2021. 1347:10.7759/cureus.61846 1164:on 18 September 2017 398:, parasites such as 251:antibiotic resistant 3862:2006Chmsp..65.1338S 3818:2007Chmsp..66.1052A 3783:1990Chmsp..20..361W 3732:2008IEAM....4...15C 3688:2007Chmsp..66..362H 3605:1998Natur.394..531M 3227:14 May 2017 at the 2667:Summary of Evidence 2639:"Alcohol Sanitizer" 2280:(Supl A): S33–S36. 2237:(9316): 1489–1490. 1675:1977SoilS.124..378B 1158:Oxford Dictionaries 43: 4061:The TTB Newsletter 4036:The New York Times 3923:Contact Dermatitis 3073:. NBC News Channel 3012:Wagner DS (2000). 2891:(Suppl 1): 44–48. 2474:Contact Dermatitis 2132:. 11 February 2020 1867:News Source Guyana 1006:or liquid contain 973: 940:added to 10000 mL 859:added to 10000 mL 731:hydrogen peroxides 633:2,4-dichlorophenol 576: 228: 220: 200: 119:cause dermatitis. 4173:richmond-news.com 3599:(6693): 531–532. 3530:(452): eaar6115. 3432:(12): 3042–3043. 3279:(32): 1070–1073. 2852:10.1111/dth.13627 2744:"1301:7-7-3405.5" 2688:. 4 October 2018. 2018:on July 29, 2017. 981:COVID-19 pandemic 955:COVID-19 pandemic 947: 946: 922:Hydrogen peroxide 895:Isopropyl alcohol 883:Active ingredient 866: 865: 841:Hydrogen peroxide 801:Active ingredient 694:alcohol by volume 509:alcohol poisoning 82:hand disinfectant 71: 70: 16:(Redirected from 4344: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4266: 4265:on 8 March 2008. 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4205:. 10 August 2020 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4067:on 20 March 2020 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3898:. 15 June 2009. 3888: 3882: 3881: 3856:(8): 1338–1347. 3844: 3838: 3837: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3777:(3–4): 361–377. 3766: 3760: 3759: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3296: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3188: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3018: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2992: 2982: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2926:(6): 1142–1146. 2915: 2909: 2908: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2457:. 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Archived from 1150: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1125: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1104: 1096: 1079: 1076: 1045:British Columbia 971:on 17 March 2020 873: 791: 774:WHO formulations 735:bacterial spores 664:(quats) such as 629:photodegradation 530:drinking the gel 477:hypersensitivity 376:, similar to 35 51: 44: 42: 21: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4312:Medical hygiene 4292: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4235:. 5 August 2020 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3349:on 2 July 2015. 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3229:Wayback Machine 3220: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2706:on 3 April 2007 2698: 2697: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1941:(4): CD012566. 1928: 1927: 1923: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1869:. 9 April 2020. 1861: 1860: 1856: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1718: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1524: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1403: 1402: 1391: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1305: 1303: 1292: 1291: 1280: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1138: 1136: 1127: 1126: 1117: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1056: 957: 952: 936:Distilled water 871: 855:Distilled water 789: 776: 733:that eliminate 686: 646: 580:povidone-iodine 568: 559: 546: 489: 461:clinical trials 437: 420: 415: 401:Cryptosporidium 386: 192: 180: 167: 162: 78:hand antiseptic 76:(also known as 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4350: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4268: 4267: 4253: 4252:External links 4250: 4247: 4246: 4216: 4186: 4160: 4149:. 19 June 2020 4130: 4104: 4078: 4048: 4022: 3996: 3984: 3977: 3956: 3913: 3883: 3839: 3796: 3761: 3709: 3682:(2): 362–369. 3666: 3634: 3583: 3572:on 10 May 2009 3551: 3506: 3487: 3461: 3412: 3387: 3368:(4): 304–306. 3352: 3334: 3308: 3259: 3233: 3214: 3200: 3171:(1): 290–294. 3151: 3127: 3103: 3084: 3062: 3044: 3029: 3004: 2953: 2910: 2875: 2826: 2797:(6): 501–503. 2777: 2753: 2735: 2717: 2691: 2673: 2656: 2629: 2610:(9): 806–809. 2594: 2573:10.1086/501785 2567:(7): 442–448. 2548: 2534:10.1086/501784 2527:(7): 438–441. 2507: 2464: 2413: 2360: 2319:(3): 527–529. 2299: 2264: 2221: 2194:(3): 194–207. 2175: 2168: 2143: 2117: 2083:(1): 109–116. 2063: 2039: 2021: 1996: 1970: 1921: 1872: 1854: 1849:InsideMainland 1835: 1806:(3): 527–529. 1783: 1755: 1727: 1716: 1696: 1653: 1623: 1612: 1592: 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