27:
2723:
808:
consensus that BZK sanitizers are just as effective as alcohol-based sanitizers despite the CDC guidelines. As a hand sanitizer, use of BZK may be advantageous over ethanol in some situations because it has significantly more residual antibacterial action on the skin after initial application. Benzalkonium chloride has demonstrated persistent antimicrobial activity for up to four hours after contact whereas ethanol-based sanitizer demonstrate skin protection for only 10 minutes post-application.
1106:
1097:, and prevent deactivation under use conditions. Formulation can also help minimise deactivation of benzalkonium solutions in the presence of organic and inorganic contamination.. However, recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of environmental microorganisms to develop reduced susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride by employing strategies such as modifying bacterial membranes: increasing pump activity, and reducing the expression of certain porins.
325:
330:
320:
481:
1013:
While the majority of cases were caused by confusion about the contents of containers, one case cites incorrect pharmacy dilution of benzalkonium chloride as the cause of poisoning of two infants. In 2018 a
Japanese nurse was arrested and admitted to having murdered approximately 20 patients at a hospital in Yokohama by injecting benzalkonium chloride into their intravenous drip bags.
1073:, a popular alcohol-based sanitizer, did not. The study, which was undertaken and reported by a leading US developer, manufacturer and marketer of topical antimicrobial pharmaceuticals based on quaternary ammonium compounds, found that their own benzalkonium chloride-based sanitizer performed better than alcohol-based hand sanitizer after repeated use.
486:
542:
1847:
1825:
1207:
Benzalkonium chloride was deferred from further rulemaking in the 2019 FDA Final Rule on safety and effectiveness of consumer hand sanitizers, "to allow for the ongoing study and submission of additional safety and effectiveness data necessary to make a determination" on whether it met these criteria
1080:
derivatives can be used to extend the biocidal spectrum and enhance the efficacy of benzalkonium based disinfection products. Formulation techniques have been used to great effect in enhancing the virucidal activity of quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants such as
Virucide 100 to typical healthcare
1012:
Poisoning by benzalkonium chloride is recognised in the literature. A 2014 case study detailing the fatal ingestion of up to 8.1 oz (240 ml) of 10% benzalkonium chloride in a 78-year-old male also includes a summary of the currently published case reports of benzalkonium chloride ingestion.
1145:, and Cl. The first step to the biodegradation of BAC is the fission or splitting of the alkyl chain from the quaternary nitrogen as shown in the diagram. This is done by abstracting the hydrogen from the alkyl chain by using a hydroxyl radical leading to a carbon centered radical. This results in
915:
Occupational exposure to benzalkonium chloride has been linked to the development of asthma. In 2011, a large clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of hand sanitizers based on different active ingredients in preventing virus transmission amongst schoolchildren was re-designed to exclude
802:
as active ingredients. The FDA has stated that benzalkonium chloride is eligible as an alternative for use in the formulation of healthcare personnel hand rubs. However, in reference to the FDA rule, the CDC states that it does not have a recommended alternative to ethanol or isopropanol as active
865:
Although historically benzalkonium chloride has been ubiquitous as a preservative in ophthalmic preparations, its ocular toxicity and irritant properties, in conjunction with consumer demand, have led pharmaceutical companies to increase production of preservative-free preparations, or to replace
1008:
Benzalkonium chloride formulations for consumer use are dilute solutions. Concentrated solutions are toxic to humans, causing corrosion/irritation to the skin and mucosa, and death if taken internally in sufficient volumes. 0.1% is the maximum concentration of benzalkonium chloride that does not
807:
published a study on benzalkonium chloride formulations; it was found that laboratory and commercial disinfectants with as little as 0.13% benzalkonium chloride inactivated the SARS-CoV-2 virus within 15 seconds of contact, even in the presence of a soil or hard water. This resulted in a growing
1203:
In
September 2016, the FDA announced a ban on nineteen ingredients in consumer antibacterial soaps citing a lack of evidence for safety and effectiveness. A ban on three additional ingredients, including benzalkonium chloride, was deferred at that time to allow ongoing studies to be completed.
919:
Benzalkonium chloride has been in common use as a pharmaceutical preservative and antimicrobial since the 1940s. While early studies confirmed the corrosive and irritant properties of benzalkonium chloride, investigations into the adverse effects of, and disease states linked to, benzalkonium
1208:
for use in OTC hand sanitizers, but the agency indicated it did not intend to take action to remove benzalkonium chloride-based hand sanitizers from the market. There is acknowledgement that more data are required on its safety, efficacy, and effectiveness, especially with relation to:
1050:, which finely control a wide range of respiratory and metabolic cellular activities, are particularly susceptible to deactivation. Critical intermolecular interactions and tertiary structures in such highly specific biochemical systems can be readily disrupted by cationic surfactants.
484:
1237:
However, recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of environmental microorganisms to develop reduced susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride by employing strategies such as modifying bacterial membranes: increasing pump activity, and reducing the expression of certain porins.
1066:. Its activity depends on the surfactant concentration and also on the bacterial concentration (inoculum) at the moment of the treatment. Activity is not greatly affected by pH, but increases substantially at higher temperatures and prolonged exposure times.
1922:
Li, Weihua; Huang, Zirong; Wu, Yu; Wang, Haiyun; Zhou, Xiaobo; Xia o, Zhiqin; Ding, Xuncheng; Xu, Jinxun (June 26, 2013). "Effectiveness of an optimized benzalkonium chloride gel as vaginal contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial among
Chinese women".
1053:
Benzalkonium chloride solutions are fast-acting biocidal agents with a moderately long duration of action. They are active against bacteria and some viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Bacterial spores are considered to be resistant. Solutions are
655:
Standard concentrates are manufactured as 50% and 80% w/w solutions, and sold under trade names such as BC50, BC80, BAC50, BAC80, etc. The 50% solution is purely aqueous, while more concentrated solutions require incorporation of
2904:
ChacĂłn L, Kuropka B, GonzĂĄlez-Tortuero E, Schreiber F, Rojas-JimĂ©nez K and RodrĂguez-Rojas A (2023) Mechanisms of low susceptibility to the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in a multidrug-resistant environmental isolate of
338:
300:
652:. Dissolution in water is ready, upon agitation. Aqueous solutions should be neutral to slightly alkaline. Solutions foam when shaken. Concentrated solutions have a bitter taste and a faint almond-like odour.
1506:
786:
Benzalkonium chloride is also used in many non-consumer processes and products, including as an active ingredient in surgical disinfection. A comprehensive list of uses includes industrial applications.
2949:
2389:
SAFETY PROFILE: Poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by skin contact. A severe eye irritant. A bactericide and fungicide. Dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl- and NOx.
1842:, Wu, Jeffrey M.; Liu, Jue-Chen & Chantalat, Jeanette et al., "Composition containing anti-acne agent and method of using the same", published 2012-10-10, assigned to
803:
ingredients, and adds that "available evidence indicates benzalkonium chloride has less reliable activity against certain bacteria and viruses than either of the alcohols." In
November 2020 the
1016:
Benzalkonium chloride poisoning of domestic pets has been recognised as a result of direct contact with surfaces cleaned with disinfectants using benzalkonium chloride as an active ingredient.
2862:
424:
3079:
1456:
485:
1046:, which compromises cellular permeability controls and induces leakage of cellular contents. Other biomolecular complexes within the bacterial cell can also undergo dissociation.
2109:
Marple, B; Roland, P; Benninger, M (2004). "Safety review of benzalkonium chloride used as a preservative in intranasal solutions: an overview of conflicting data and opinions".
275:
555:
416:
2948:
Thorup I: Evaluation of health hazards by exposure to
Quaternary ammonium compounds, The Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration,
1702:
487:
1024:
The antimicrobial activity is dependent on the chain length. For example, yeast and fungi are most affected by C12, gram positive by C14, and gram negative by C16.
1823:, Chodosh, Daniel Frank, "Antimicrobial compositions and methods for using the same", published 1998-10-27, assigned to Woodward Laboratories Inc.
869:
Many mass-marketed inhaler and nasal spray formulations contain benzalkonium chloride as a preservative, despite substantial evidence that it can adversely affect
3729:
3576:
1630:"Demonstrating the persistent antibacterial efficacy of a hand sanitizer containing benzalkonium chloride on human skin at 1, 2, and 4 hours after application"
2883:
1200:(FDA). Ingredients are categorized as Category III when "available data are insufficient to classify as safe and effective, and further testing is requiredâ.
1069:
In a 1998 study using the FDA protocol, a non-alcohol sanitizer with benzalkonium chloride as the active ingredient met the FDA performance standards, while
3072:
1890:
1005:
Benzalkonium chloride is a human skin and severe eye irritant. It is a respiratory toxicant, immunotoxicant, gastrointestinal toxicant, and neurotoxicant.
1810:
M Akers, "Consideration in selecting antimicrobial preservative agents for parenteral product development", Pharmaceutical
Technology, May, p. 36 (1984).
3012:
2415:
1408:
1184:. The diagram represents suggested pathways of the biodegradation of BAC for both the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic regions of the surfactant. Since
676:
Benzalkonium chloride possesses surfactant properties, dissolving the lipid phase of the tear film and increasing drug penetration, making it a useful
420:
3018:
Recognition and
Management of Pesticide Poisonings, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Sixth Edition, 2013
3023:
CDC Healthcare
Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008
2773:"Mechanisms of low susceptibility to the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in a multidrug-resistant environmental isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila"
2545:
1322:
Maximilian
Lackner, Josef Peter Guggenbichler "Antimicrobial Surfaces" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2013.
2570:
1678:
702:
Benzalkonium chloride is a mainstay of phase-transfer catalysis, an important technology in the synthesis of organic compounds, including drugs.
509:
2923:
3991:
3065:
1379:
889:. Although some studies have found no correlation between use of benzalkonium chloride in concentrations at or below 0.1% in nasal sprays and
3520:
2846:
2611:
2501:
2476:
2278:
2253:
2093:
1768:
1743:
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2771:
ChacĂłn, Luz; Kuropka, Benno; GonzĂĄlez-Tortuero, Enrique; Schreiber, Frank; Rojas-JimĂ©nez, Keilor; RodrĂguez-Rojas, Alexandro (2023-06-02).
1958:
1905:"ISRCTN - ISRCTN16203579: Effectiveness of BenZalKonium chloride gel as vaginal contraceptive: a multicentric randomised controlled trial"
1340:
644:
Depending on purity, benzalkonium chloride ranges from colourless to a pale yellow (impure). Benzalkonium chloride is readily soluble in
1720:
1507:"Safety and Effectiveness for Health Care Antiseptics; Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use (Final Rule)"
912:
Benzalkonium chloride is an irritant to middle ear tissues at typically used concentrations. Inner ear toxicity has been demonstrated.
3258:
2382:
1987:
Baudouin, C; Labbé, A; Liang, H; Pauly, A; Brignole-Baudouin, F (2010). "Preservatives in eyedrops: the good, the bad and the ugly".
3722:
3569:
2528:
2728:
Dyer, David L.; Gerenratch, Kenneth B.; Wadhams, Peter S. (1998). "Testing a New Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizer to Combat Infection".
2518:
3359:
820:; typical concentrations range from 0.004% to 0.01%. Stronger concentrations can be caustic and cause irreversible damage to the
3003:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC) - Benzalkonium Chloride
3047:
1263:
404:
3017:
3002:
2440:
3032:
3976:
3312:
400:
2672:
Inactivation by Benzalkonium Chloride Reveals the Importance of Quantifying the Inoculum Effect on Chemical Disinfection"
562:
3715:
3562:
1197:
614:
378:
183:
1544:"Alcohol-free hand sanitizer and other quaternary ammonium disinfectants quickly and effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2"
329:
3537:
2863:"Safety and Effectiveness of Consumer Antiseptics; Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use"
841:
Benzalkonium chloride has also been shown to be a spermicide. In Russia and China, benzalkonium chloride is used as a
827:
Avoiding the use of benzalkonium chloride solutions while contact lenses are in place is discussed in the literature.
1784:
Otten, Mary; Szabocsik, John M. (1976). "Measurement of Preservative Binding with SOFLENS (polymacon) Contact Lens".
1369:
wrapper: "Benzalkonium chloride 0.10%". Henkel Corporation, Rocky Hill, CT 06067, USA. © 2018. Retrieved: 2023-06-06.
1121:
Benzalkonium chloride degradation follows consecutive debenzylation, dealkylation, and demethylation steps producing
1543:
710:
Especially for its antimicrobial activity, benzalkonium chloride is an active ingredient in many consumer products:
495:
324:
3818:
3506:
2954:
Verret, DJ; Marple, BF. (Feb 2005). "Effect of topical nasal steroid sprays on nasal mucosa and ciliary function".
636:
of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, in which the alkyl group has various even-numbered alkyl chain lengths.
3971:
2571:"Japanese nurse investigated over 20 killings at end of shifts to avoid 'nuisance' of telling families of deaths"
1253:
129:
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1886:
2998:
International Programme on Chemical Safety, International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC) - Benzalkonium Chloride
1432:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3525:
2419:
2401:
902:
432:
408:
2294:
Gerald, Lynn B; Gerald, Joe K; McClure, Leslie A; Harrington, Kathy; Erwin, Sue; Bailey, William C (2011).
319:
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action is thought to be due to disruption of intermolecular interactions. This can cause dissociation of
118:
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3779:
3383:
3325:
3037:
3008:
International Programme on Chemical Safety, Poisons Information Monograph (PIMs) - Benzalkonium Chloride
1173:
874:
352:
312:
26:
893:, others have recommended that benzalkonium chloride in nasal sprays be avoided. In the United States,
2629:"Antimicrobial activity and physico-chemical properties of some alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides"
1839:
1820:
3966:
3792:
3437:
3388:
3354:
3338:
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2938:
1843:
1196:
Benzalkonium chloride is classed as a Category III antiseptic active ingredient by the United States
629:
428:
1602:
1180:
twice, which removes both methyl groups, followed by debenzylation, removing the benzyl group using
370:
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2012:
1525:"Hand Hygiene Recommendations; Guidance for Healthcare Providers about Hand Hygiene and COVID-19"
384:
1966:
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1164:
group in dimethylbenzylamine can be cleaved to form a benzyl that can be further oxidized to
668:, etc.) to prevent increases in viscosity or gel formation under low temperature conditions.
3901:
2963:
2802:
2784:
2737:
2693:
2683:
2370:
2323:
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2165:
2154:"Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses"
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1996:
1932:
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for clearing of algae, moss, lichens from paths, roof tiles, swimming pools, masonry, etc.
440:
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1936:
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2031:
1797:
1603:"Alcohol-free hand sanitizer just as effective against COVID as alcohol-based versions"
1578:
1157:
1055:
1028:
857:
This chemical is used in beekeeping for the treatment of rotten diseases of the brood.
730:
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2000:
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1177:
1169:
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906:
894:
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have benzalkonium chloride added to increase the products' efficiency or shelf-life.
2983:
2369:(11 ed.). Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. p. 104.
2230:
2138:
2016:
460:
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1298:
56:-dimethylammonium chloride; Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; ADBAC; BC50 BC80
2496:(illustrated, revised ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 125.
2122:
396:
3891:
3876:
3813:
3784:
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3398:
3330:
3287:
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2351:
1679:"EXCLUSIVE: Sanitizer opposed by CDC kills coronavirus "surrogate" in lab tests"
1366:
1036:
1032:
723:
521:
2884:"FDA issues final rule on safety and effectiveness of consumer hand sanitizers"
2789:
2047:
1646:
1629:
1560:
1188:
is a type of BAC, the biodegradation process should happen in the same manner.
3909:
3881:
3871:
3828:
3823:
3751:
3657:
3642:
3637:
3486:
3445:
3403:
3302:
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1133:. The intermediates, major, and minor products can then be broken down into CO
898:
878:
846:
762:
625:
606:
220:
2798:
2749:
2688:
2644:
2582:
2319:
2311:
1959:"ĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐŻ Đ„ĐĐĐ ĐĐ (benzalkonium chloride) ĐŽĐ”ĐčŃŃĐČŃŃŃДД ĐČĐ”ŃĐ”ŃŃĐČĐŸ | 36i6.info"
1655:
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contraception. It is not a wholly reliable method, and can cause irritation.
3924:
3919:
3707:
3672:
3554:
3393:
3349:
3278:
3220:
3200:
3134:
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2201:
Graf, P (2005). "Rhinitis medicamentosa: a review of causes and treatment".
1272:
1150:
1094:
1090:
1082:
882:
817:
779:
756:
677:
362:
239:
BC50 (50%) and BC80 (80%) solutions are colourless to pale yellow solutions.
2975:
2816:
2707:
2471:(5, illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 311.
2337:
2222:
2187:
2130:
2065:
2008:
1944:
1663:
1587:
2757:
2652:
2628:
1628:
Bondurant, Sidney W.; Duley, Collette M.; Harbell, John W. (August 2019).
1027:
The greatest biocidal activity is associated with the C12 dodecyl and C14
845:. Tablets are inserted vaginally, or a gel is applied, resulting in local
3886:
3764:
3652:
3598:
3481:
3105:
2030:
Goldstein MH, Silva FQ, Blender N, Tran T, Vantipalli S (February 2022).
1156:
From here, dimethylbenzylamine can be oxidized to benzoic acid using the
794:, from time to time there have been shortages of hand cleaner containing
734:
719:
715:
657:
622:
508:
501:
494:
467:
3914:
3455:
3138:
2374:
1904:
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Human pharmacokinetic studies, including information on its metabolites
1176:. Dimethylbenzylamine can then be converted into ammonia by performing
1130:
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738:
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645:
633:
618:
247:
130:
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3848:
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3195:
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1215:
Studies on animal absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
1070:
1047:
831:
830:
Due to its antimicrobial activity when applied to skin, some topical
773:
109:
1433:"Bactine Original First Aid Liquid, 4 fl oz Ingredients and Reviews"
532:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
358:
1230:
Assessment of the potential for development of bacterial resistance
156:
3496:
1266: â chemical compound used for industrial and chemical purpose
1218:
Data to help define the effect of formulation on dermal absorption
1104:
1009:
produce primary irritation on intact skin or act as a sensitizer.
916:
sanitizers based on benzalkonium chloride due to safety concerns.
870:
769:
167:
89:
866:
benzalkonium chloride with preservatives which are less harmful.
502:
452:
3695:
2909:. Front. Microbiol. 14:1180128. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180128
2158:
GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
835:
768:
Cleaners for floor and hard surfaces as a disinfectant, such as
742:
456:
147:
3711:
3558:
3061:
2032:"Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions"
680:, but at the risk of causing damage to the surface of the eye.
1086:
2352:"RTECS BO3150000 Ammonium, alkyldimethylbenzyl - , chloride"
2273:(4, illustrated, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 198.
1677:
Reporter, JAMES ROSEN, Sinclair Investigative (2020-04-01).
1542:
Ogilvie, Benjamin; Solis-Leal, Antonio (November 28, 2020).
897:
preparations that are free of benzalkonium chloride include
444:
2300:
Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials
1076:
Newer formulations using benzalkonium blended with various
816:
Benzalkonium chloride is a frequently used preservative in
2077:
2075:
526:
250 °C (482 °F; 523 K) (if solvent based)
479:
1260:â an alternative preservative for contact lens solutions
1759:
Baudouin, C; Creuzot-Garcher, C; Hoang-Xuan, T (2001).
1250: â Anti-static agent, surfactant and antimicrobial
1093:
can also greatly enhance the spectrum, performance and
920:
chloride have only surfaced during the past 30 years.
550:
3053:
Nasal Saline Sprays - The Additives May Be the Problem
2246:
Ballenger's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery
1281: â Organomercury antiseptic and antifungal agent
1109:
Biodegradation pathways of BAC with Fenton process (H
2841:. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 56â58.
2627:
Daoud, N. N.; Dickinson, N. A.; Gilbert, P. (1983).
1887:"Benzalkonium Chloride - Contraception formulations"
1268:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1258:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1224:
Studies on developmental and reproductive toxicology
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2546:"Examining the motives behind mass murder in Japan"
1863:"New Combination Acne Treatment Safe and Effective"
2367:Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
1058:or bactericidal according to their concentration.
2839:Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th Edition
2082:Kennedy, D W; Bolger, W E; Zinreich, S J (2001).
617:. ADBACs have three main categories of use: as a
236:100% is white or yellow powder; gelatinous lumps;
3013:Haz-Map Category Details - Benzalkonium Chloride
2520:Principles Of Clinical Toxicology, Third Edition
2085:Diseases of the Sinuses Diagnosis and Management
1763:(1, illustrated ed.). Thieme. p. 141.
1738:(9 ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 803.
748:Skin antiseptics and wound wash sprays, such as
3033:Spectrum Labs "Clear Bath" Algae Inhibitor MSDS
2924:"The Skin Irritation Potential of Quaternaries"
2523:(3, illustrated, revised ed.). CRC Press.
2269:Malo, J; Chan-Yeung, M; Bernstein, D I (2013).
928:RTECS lists the following acute toxicity data:
909:, and Beconase and Vancenase aerosol inhalers.
483:
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3723:
3570:
3073:
2468:Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation
2365:Lewis R J Sr (2004). Lewis, Richard J (ed.).
8:
2886:. United States Food and Drug Administration
1701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1233:Risks of using it as a contraceptive method.
2248:(revised ed.). PMPH-USA. p. 277.
3730:
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1409:"BactineÂź Pain Relieving Cleansing Spray"
191:
2402:"TOXNET Benzalkonium Chloride Compounds"
1965:(in Russian). 2017-04-15. Archived from
1761:Inflammatory Diseases of the Conjunctiva
1380:"Benzalkonium Chloride | Cosmetics Info"
930:
1601:Hollingshead, Todd (December 1, 2020).
1485:. Synapse Info Resources. p. 286.
1290:
2604:Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
1694:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2606:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17.
1634:American Journal of Infection Control
117:
97:
7:
2956:Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
2111:OtolaryngologyâHead and Neck Surgery
1345:(2 ed.). Elsevier. p. 20.
1062:are generally more susceptible than
1031:alkyl derivatives. The mechanism of
595:alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
285:
3028:Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. MSDS
2244:Snow, J. B.; Wackym, P. A. (2009).
1937:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.012
1786:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
1736:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies
155:
3259:Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
2666:GarcĂa, MR; Cabo, ML (June 2018).
2441:"NIOSH ICSC Benzalkonium Chloride"
2203:Treatments in Respiratory Medicine
1798:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1976.tb01445.x
1717:"Quats applications - Ophthalmics"
1299:"Zephiran (benzalkonium chloride)"
1172:(adding a hydroxyl group) to form
684:Laundry detergents and treatments.
640:Solubility and physical properties
14:
1511:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
877:, nasal mucosal histology, human
3360:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
2968:10.1097/00020840-200502000-00005
2721:
2602:Campbell, A; Chapman, M (2008).
2215:10.2165/00151829-200504010-00003
2088:. B.C. Decker Inc. p. 162.
2001:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001
1893:from the original on 2017-05-15.
1734:Nelson, L; Goldfrank, L (2011).
1723:from the original on 2017-05-17.
1609:. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY: AAAS
714:Pharmaceutical products such as
540:
328:
323:
318:
25:
3451:Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
2783:. Frontiers Media SA: 1180128.
2416:"Haz-Map Benzalkonium Chloride"
1264:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
729:Personal care products such as
536:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
16:Surfactant and antiseptic agent
3502:Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)
2544:Adelstein, Jake (2018-09-01).
2465:Seymour Stanton Block (2001).
1149:as the first intermediate and
776:antibacterial spray and wipes.
1:
3992:Quaternary ammonium compounds
3313:Quaternary ammonium compounds
2742:10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62517-9
1548:Journal of Hospital Infection
805:Journal of Hospital Infection
2569:Ryall, Julian (2018-07-10).
2123:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.005
1342:Clinical Ocular Pharmacology
1198:Food and Drug Administration
615:quaternary ammonium compound
1861:Farley, Susan (June 2006).
1275: â Antimicrobial agent
1129:, a long chain alkane, and
1125:, an alkyl dimethyl amine,
998:
987:
976:
965:
954:
745:, deodorants and cosmetics.
4008:
3507:Octenidine dihydrochloride
2790:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180128
2048:10.1038/s41433-021-01668-x
1647:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.004
1561:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.023
1227:Potential hormonal effects
1081:infection hazards such as
695:
3515:
3446:Propanol (propyl alcohol)
3048:Sciencelab.com, Inc. MSDS
2937:: 307â317. Archived from
2777:Frontiers in Microbiology
2676:Frontiers in Microbiology
1483:Handbook of Preservatives
1256: â chemical compound
1254:Polyaminopropyl biguanide
1089:. The use of appropriate
790:During the course of the
530:
299:
294:
268:
202:
61:
38:
33:
24:
2689:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01259
2312:10.1177/1740774511403513
1365:Ingredient indicated on
1328:10.1002/14356007.q03_q01
698:Phase transfer catalysis
601:) and by the trade name
379:Precautionary statements
3613:Aluminium chlorohydrate
3456:Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
2271:Asthma in the Workplace
1481:Ash, M; Ash, I (2004).
903:triamcinolone acetonide
687:Softeners for textiles.
3819:Dichlorobenzyl alcohol
3760:Acriflavinium chloride
3663:Phenylmercuric nitrate
3472:Potassium permanganate
3379:Mercuric amidochloride
2837:Rowe, Raymond (2009).
1248:Stearalkonium chloride
1186:stearalkonium chloride
1153:as the major product.
1118:
1064:gram-negative bacteria
1060:Gram-positive bacteria
490:
225:Variable
20:Benzalkonium chloride
3839:Myristyl-benzalkonium
3384:Phenylmercuric borate
3326:Benzethonium chloride
2152:Beule, A. G. (2010).
1844:Johnson & Johnson
1174:p-hydroxybenzoic acid
1108:
891:drug-induced rhinitis
875:mucociliary clearance
575:Benzalkonium chloride
489:
3977:Cationic surfactants
3355:Benzoxonium chloride
3269:Diiodohydroxypropane
2922:Rieger, M M (1997).
2907:Aeromonas hydrophila
2517:Gossel, T A (1994).
1413:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
1339:Bartlett, J (2013).
1168:. Benzoic acid uses
755:Throat lozenges and
726:, as a preservative.
692:Phase transfer agent
666:polyethylene glycols
630:phase transfer agent
472:(fire diamond)
3586:Medicated dressings
3477:Sodium hypochlorite
3115:Ethacridine lactate
3038:Nile Chemicals MSDS
1889:. 22 October 2021.
1719:. 22 October 2021.
1513:. 20 December 2017.
1147:dimethylbenzylamine
1078:quaternary ammonium
1020:Biological activity
822:corneal endothelium
722:and nasal drops or
672:Cationic surfactant
609:. It is an organic
607:cationic surfactant
259:Solubility in water
21:
3542:Never to phase III
2494:Medical Toxicology
2492:Dart, R C (2004).
2375:10.1002/0471701343
1989:Prog Retin Eye Res
1119:
885:response to local
563:Infobox references
491:
19:
3949:
3948:
3902:Local anesthetics
3705:
3704:
3552:
3551:
3492:Hydrogen peroxide
3389:Mercuric chloride
3147:Dibrompropamidine
2931:Soc. Cosmet. Chem
2848:978-1-58212-135-2
2668:"Optimization of
2613:978-0-470-69844-0
2503:978-0-781-72845-4
2478:978-0-683-30740-5
2280:978-1-842-14591-3
2255:978-1-550-09337-7
2170:10.3205/cto000071
2095:978-1-550-09045-1
1770:978-3-131-25871-7
1745:978-0-071-60593-9
1492:978-1-890-59566-1
1384:cosmeticsinfo.org
1352:978-1-483-19391-5
1041:cellular membrane
1003:
1002:
937:Route of exposure
792:COVID-19 pandemic
593:), also known as
571:Chemical compound
569:
568:
353:Hazard statements
3999:
3972:Benzyl compounds
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3043:TCI America MSDS
2987:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2792:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2418:. Archived from
2412:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2354:. 28 March 2018.
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1459:. Archived from
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1386:. Archived from
1376:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1269:
1259:
977:14.5 mg/kg
955:13.9 mg/kg
931:
706:Bioactive agents
613:classified as a
553:
547:
544:
543:
511:
504:
497:
482:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
372:
368:
364:
360:
332:
327:
322:
289:
210:Chemical formula
195:
159:
132:
121:
101:
81:
29:
22:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3929:
3896:
3858:
3854:Povidone-iodine
3834:Hexylresorcinol
3799:Cetylpyridinium
3746:
3736:
3706:
3701:
3677:
3668:Povidone-iodine
3628:Cetylpyridinium
3623:Benzododecinium
3605:anti-infectives
3602:
3593:
3583:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3532:Clinical trials
3511:
3460:
3432:
3413:
3409:Mercuric iodide
3364:
3345:Cetylpyridinium
3307:
3273:
3264:Povidone-iodine
3244:
3225:
3186:Hexachlorophene
3179:and derivatives
3171:
3129:
3120:9-Aminoacridine
3100:
3086:
2994:
2953:
2941:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2916:Further reading
2913:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2550:The Japan Times
2543:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1367:Dial brand soap
1364:
1360:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1267:
1257:
1244:
1221:Carcinogenicity
1194:
1162:trimethyl amine
1144:
1140:
1136:
1123:benzyl chloride
1116:
1112:
1103:
1022:
988:400 mg/kg
974:Intraperitoneal
966:240 mg/kg
943:
926:
863:
861:Adverse effects
855:
814:
731:hand sanitizers
708:
700:
694:
674:
642:
632:. ADBACs are a
605:, is a type of
572:
565:
560:
559:
558: ?)
549:
545:
541:
537:
516:
515:
514:
513:
506:
499:
492:
488:
480:
381:
355:
341:
315:
278:
261:
252:0.98 g/cm
242:
215:Variable
212:
198:
178:
162:
142:
124:
104:
84:
71:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Chlorquinaldol
3806:
3801:
3796:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Amylmetacresol
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3741:preparations (
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3428:Silver nitrate
3424:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Chlorquinaldol
3290:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2992:External links
2990:
2989:
2988:
2951:
2946:
2944:on 2014-12-07.
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2897:
2875:
2854:
2847:
2822:
2763:
2736:(2): 239â251.
2713:
2658:
2639:(148): 73â85.
2619:
2612:
2594:
2561:
2536:
2529:
2509:
2502:
2484:
2477:
2457:
2432:
2407:
2393:
2384:978-0471701347
2383:
2357:
2343:
2306:(3): 311â319.
2286:
2279:
2261:
2254:
2236:
2193:
2144:
2101:
2094:
2071:
2042:(2): 361â368.
2022:
1979:
1950:
1931:(6): 756â765.
1914:
1909:www.isrctn.com
1896:
1878:
1867:Pharmacy Times
1853:
1831:
1812:
1803:
1776:
1769:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1708:
1669:
1640:(8): 928â932.
1620:
1593:
1534:
1531:. 17 May 2020.
1516:
1498:
1491:
1473:
1448:
1424:
1400:
1371:
1358:
1351:
1331:
1315:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1193:
1190:
1158:Fenton process
1142:
1138:
1134:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1056:bacteriostatic
1044:lipid bilayers
1021:
1018:
1001:
1000:
999:64 mg/kg
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
941:
938:
935:
925:
922:
881:function, and
862:
859:
854:
851:
813:
810:
784:
783:
777:
766:
760:
759:, as a biocide
753:
746:
727:
707:
704:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
673:
670:
641:
638:
570:
567:
566:
561:
539:
538:
534:standard state
531:
528:
527:
524:
518:
517:
507:
500:
493:
478:
477:
476:
475:
473:
464:
463:
425:P305+P351+P338
417:P303+P361+P353
409:P301+P330+P331
382:
377:
374:
373:
356:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
334:
333:
316:
311:
308:
307:
297:
296:
292:
291:
279:
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
243:
241:
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217:
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188:
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144:
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140:
136:
134:
126:
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114:
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106:
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103:
102:
94:
92:
86:
85:
83:
82:
74:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4004:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Disinfectants
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
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3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Chlorhexidine
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
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3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Chlorhexidine
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3596:
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3435:
3429:
3426:
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3423:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
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3390:
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3385:
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3380:
3377:
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3329:
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3319:
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3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3240:Nitrofurazone
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Chloroxylenol
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Chlorhexidine
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:disinfectants
3090:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:The Telegraph
2572:
2565:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2530:9780781701259
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2447:on 2017-11-16
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2422:on 2014-10-06
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2347:
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2330:
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2309:
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2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:(1): 131â41.
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:(4): 312â34.
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1969:on 2019-08-28
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Contraception
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1857:
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1835:
1832:
1822:
1816:
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1807:
1804:
1799:
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1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1755:
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1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1463:on 2014-10-12
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1390:on 2020-11-01
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1343:
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1316:
1300:
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1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:hydrogenation
1179:
1178:demethylation
1175:
1171:
1170:hydroxylation
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1127:dimethylamine
1124:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
995:
992:
991:
984:
981:
980:
973:
970:
969:
962:
959:
958:
951:
948:
947:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
923:
921:
917:
913:
910:
908:
907:dexamethasone
904:
900:
896:
895:nasal steroid
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
860:
858:
852:
850:
848:
844:
843:contraceptive
839:
837:
836:acne vulgaris
833:
828:
825:
823:
819:
811:
809:
806:
801:
797:
793:
788:
781:
778:
775:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:
711:
705:
703:
699:
691:
686:
683:
682:
681:
679:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
564:
557:
552:
535:
529:
525:
523:
520:
519:
512:
505:
498:
474:
471:
470:
466:
465:
383:
380:
376:
375:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
331:
326:
321:
317:
314:
310:
309:
305:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:Pharmacology
267:
264:Very soluble
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
249:
246:
245:
238:
235:
234:
232:
229:
228:
224:
222:
219:
218:
214:
211:
207:
206:
201:
194:
190:
189:
187:
185:
182:
181:
174:
173:
171:
169:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
151:
149:
146:
145:
138:
137:
135:
133:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
113:
111:
108:
107:
100:
96:
95:
93:
91:
88:
87:
80:
76:
75:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
28:
23:
3941:Flurbiprofen
3844:Oxyquinoline
3780:Benzethonium
3775:Benzalkonium
3774:
3648:Fusidic acid
3618:Benzalkonium
3321:Benzalkonium
3320:
3298:Oxyquinoline
3206:Triclocarban
3191:Policresulen
3167:Polihexanide
2959:
2955:
2939:the original
2934:
2930:
2906:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2878:
2867:. Retrieved
2865:. 2016-09-06
2857:
2838:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2733:
2730:AORN Journal
2729:
2716:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2574:
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:
2539:
2519:
2512:
2493:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:the original
2410:
2396:
2388:
2366:
2360:
2346:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2084:
2039:
2035:
2025:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1962:
1953:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1834:
1815:
1806:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1735:
1729:
1711:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1672:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1613:December 14,
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1482:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1383:
1374:
1361:
1341:
1334:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1293:
1236:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1166:benzoic acid
1155:
1120:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1037:microbicidal
1033:bactericidal
1026:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
996:Subcutaneous
985:Subcutaneous
927:
918:
914:
911:
887:inflammation
868:
864:
856:
840:
829:
826:
815:
804:
789:
785:
709:
701:
675:
654:
643:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
468:
344:
301:
168:RTECS number
119:ChEMBL502109
62:Identifiers
53:
49:
45:
41:
39:Other names
3967:Antiseptics
3892:Tyrothricin
3877:Fusafungine
3864:Antibiotics
3814:Dequalinium
3785:Cetrimonium
3752:Antiseptics
3528:from market
3399:Nitromersol
3331:Cetrimonium
3288:Dequalinium
3281:derivatives
3233:derivatives
3157:Propamidine
3108:derivatives
3089:Antiseptics
2962:(1): 14â8.
2209:(1): 21â9.
1607:EurekAlert!
1554:: 142â145.
1101:Degradation
952:Intravenous
847:spermicidal
832:medications
800:isopropanol
763:Spermicidal
757:mouthwashes
660:modifiers (
522:Flash point
339:Signal word
230:Appearance
203:Properties
3962:Algaecides
3956:Categories
3910:Benzocaine
3882:Gramicidin
3872:Bacitracin
3829:Hexetidine
3824:Hexamidine
3658:Nitrofural
3643:Framycetin
3638:Clioquinol
3487:Monalazone
3404:Thiomersal
3303:Clioquinol
3231:Nitrofuran
3216:Biphenylol
3162:Hexamidine
3135:Biguanides
2869:2016-10-05
2588:2018-08-26
2555:2020-08-04
2451:2017-09-08
2426:2014-11-11
2036:Eye (Lond)
1973:2019-08-28
1872:2021-03-10
1840:JP 5047476
1821:US 5827870
1792:(8): 277.
1688:2021-03-16
1467:2013-05-20
1457:"Bradosol"
1442:2020-03-04
1418:2020-03-04
1394:2021-03-10
1286:References
1279:Thiomersal
1192:Regulation
1095:detergency
1091:excipients
924:Toxicology
899:budesonide
879:neutrophil
853:Beekeeping
780:Algaecides
626:surfactant
313:Pictograms
221:Molar mass
193:F5UM2KM3W7
99:CHEBI:3020
69:CAS Number
3982:Chlorides
3925:Lidocaine
3920:Dyclonine
3692:dressings
3673:Triclosan
3601:dressings
3538:Phase III
3526:Withdrawn
3421:compounds
3394:Merbromin
3370:Mercurial
3350:Cetrimide
3279:Quinoline
3221:Fenticlor
3201:Triclosan
3125:Euflavine
2799:1664-302X
2750:0001-2092
2645:0026-2633
2633:Microbios
2583:0307-1235
2320:1740-7745
2164:: Doc07.
1963:36i6.info
1656:1527-3296
1570:0195-6701
1273:Triclosan
1151:dodecanal
1083:hepatitis
883:leukocyte
818:eye drops
735:wet wipes
678:excipient
421:P304+P340
413:P302+P352
405:P301+P312
304:labelling
175:BO3150000
139:264-151-6
131:EC Number
79:8001-54-5
3887:Neomycin
3793:chloride
3765:Ambazone
3698:bandages
3690:paraffin
3653:Iodoform
3599:Ointment
3482:Halazone
3438:Alcohols
3372:products
3339:chloride
3252:products
3139:amidines
3106:Acridine
2984:33686959
2976:15654209
2890:23 March
2817:37333642
2808:10272739
2708:29997577
2682:: 1259.
2338:21730079
2231:25175067
2223:15725047
2188:22073111
2139:24967410
2131:14726922
2066:34262161
2017:24575844
2009:20302969
1945:23089047
1891:Archived
1721:Archived
1697:cite web
1664:30777389
1588:33259880
1437:SkinSAFE
1308:28 April
1304:. Sanofi
1242:See also
1029:myristyl
940:Dose (LD
934:Organism
873:motion,
812:Medicine
739:shampoos
662:alcohols
658:rheology
628:, and a
623:cationic
603:Zephiran
469:NFPA 704
295:Hazards
290:)
276:ATC code
48:-benzyl-
3915:Cocaine
3789:bromide
3335:bromide
2758:9706236
2699:6028699
2670:E. coli
2653:6413825
2329:3145214
2179:3199822
2057:8277985
1579:7700010
1131:ammonia
1048:Enzymes
871:ciliary
796:ethanol
765:creams.
750:Bactine
650:acetone
646:ethanol
634:mixture
619:biocide
556:what is
554: (
284: (
282:D08AJ01
248:Density
44:-Alkyl-
3849:Phenol
3739:Throat
3521:WHO-EM
3419:Silver
3250:Iodine
3196:Phenol
3177:Phenol
2982:
2974:
2845:
2815:
2805:
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