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measurements of minimum temperatures and can be used down to −70 °C (−94 °F). The physical limitation of the ability of a thermometer to measure low temperature is the freezing point of the liquid used. Ethanol freezes at −114.9 °C (−174.82 °F). If an alcohol thermometer utilizes
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a combination of ethanol, toluene, and pentane, its lower temperature range may be extended to measure temperatures down to as low as −200 °C (−328 °F). However, the measurement temperature range c. −200 °C to 78 °C, is highly dependent upon the type of alcohol used.
52:. However, the thermometric fluid of an alcohol thermometer is less toxic and evaporates quickly making it a safer alternative to mercury thermometers. The ethanol version is the most widely used due to the low cost and relatively low hazard posed by the liquid in case of breakage.
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of the liquid used. In the case of the ethanol-filled thermometer, the upper limit for measurement is 78 °C (172.4 °F), which makes it useful for measuring daytime, nighttime and body temperatures, although not for anything much hotter than these.
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or interface between the liquid and gas/vapor is within the capillary. With increasing temperature, the volume of liquid expands and the meniscus moves up the capillary. The position of the meniscus shows the temperature against an inscribed scale.
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The alcohol thermometer was the earliest efficient, modern-style instrument of temperature measurement. As is the case with many early, important inventions, several people are credited with the invention. These include
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of the same glass and the end is sealed with an expansion bulb. The space above the liquid is a mixture of nitrogen and the vapor of the liquid. For the working temperature range, the
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Encyclopædia
Britannica "Science & Technology: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit"
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with inventing the alcohol thermometer in 1709. Fahrenheit was a skilled
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and his alcohol thermometer was the world's first reliable thermometer.
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Ethanol-filled thermometer are used in preference to mercury for
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The range of usefulness of the thermometer is set by the
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is contained in a glass bulb which is connected to a
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Encyclopedia of World
Biography "Gabriel Fahrenheit"
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181:Specification for Meteorological Thermometers
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289:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
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16:Alternative to the mercury thermometer
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150:"Thermometer Filling Liquids"
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157:Charnwood Instrumentation
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278:Categories
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179:692:1990
61:capillary
219:cite web
81:kerosene
65:meniscus
115:History
77:toluene
73:ethanol
245:page 4
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209:4 June
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