246:/week for males and 28 for women) for more than five years, and significant alcohol use occurring within three years of the initial onset of cognitive deficits. Oslin proposed the new and refined diagnostic criteria for alcohol-related dementia because he hoped that the redefined classification system would bring more awareness and clarity to the relationship between alcohol use and dementia.
421:
memory, learning and other mental functions. Korsakoff's syndrome and
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome are particular forms of alcohol related brain injury which may be related to alcohol related dementia. Many experts use the terms alcohol (or alcoholic) dementia to describe a specific form of ARD, characterized by impaired executive function (planning, thinking, and judgment).
79:
Alcohol-related dementia presents as a global deterioration in intellectual function with memory not being specifically affected, but it may occur with other forms of dementia, resulting in a wide range of symptoms. Certain individuals with alcohol-related dementia present with damage to the frontal
380:
The onset of alcohol dementia can occur as early as age 30, although it is far more common that the dementia will reveal itself anywhere from age 50 to 70. The onset and the severity of this type of dementia is directly correlated to the amount of alcohol that a person consumes over their lifetime.
368:
Following abstinence, many deficits often resolve rapidly (in as little as a week). Further gradual recovery of cognitive abilities may take place over several years. Executive function, working memory, perceptual impairment, and motor impairments often persist after short-term abstinence. Recovery
237:
There are problems with DSM diagnostic criteria. First, they are vague and subjective. Furthermore, the criteria for diagnosis of dementia were inspired by the clinical presentation of
Alzheimer's disease and are poorly adapted to the diagnosis of other dementias. This has led to efforts to develop
387:
A French study, looking at other studies of thousands of subjects, found that moderate alcohol consumption (up to four glasses of wine per week) was associated with lower levels of dementia, and vice versa. There is insufficient evidence to assume that alcohol is protective against dementia at any
420:
Alcohol-related dementia is a broad term currently preferred among medical professionals. If a person has alcohol-related 'dementia' they will struggle with day-to-day tasks. This is because of the damage to their brain, caused by regularly drinking too much alcohol over many years. This affects
155:
Diagnosing alcohol-related dementia can be difficult due to the wide range of symptoms and a lack of specific brain pathology. The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) is a guide to aid doctors in diagnosing a range of psychiatric disorders, and may be helpful in
136:
The signs and symptoms of alcohol-related dementia are essentially the same as the symptoms present in other types of dementia, making alcohol-related dementia difficult to diagnose. There are very few qualitative differences between alcohol dementia and
241:
Oslin (Int J Geriatr
Psychiatry 1998) proposed alternative clinical diagnostic criteria which were validated. The criteria include a clinical diagnosis of dementia at least 60 days after last exposure to alcohol, significant alcohol use (i.e. minimum 35
164:
The existence of alcohol-related dementia is widely acknowledged but not often used as a diagnosis, due to a lack of widely accepted, non-subjective diagnostic criteria; more research is needed. Criteria for alcohol-induced persistent dementia in the
92:
Individuals affected by alcohol-related dementia may develop memory problems, language impairment, and an inability to perform complex motor tasks such as getting dressed. Heavy alcohol consumption also damages the nerves in arms and legs, i.e.
274:
Significant alcohol use as defined by a minimum average of 35 standard drinks per week for men (28 for women) for greater than a period of five years. The period of significant alcohol use must occur within three years of the initial onset of
84:
cause the destruction of certain areas of the brain, where changes in memory, primarily a loss of short-term memory, are the main symptom. Most presentations of alcohol dementia are somewhere along the spectrum between a global dementia and
112:(disconnection from reality), depression, anxiety, and personality changes. Patients with alcoholic dementia often develop apathy, related to frontal lobe damage, that may mimic depression. People with an
128:, or it can damage it indirectly by causing malnutrition, primarily a loss of thiamine (vitamin B1). Alcohol use disorder is common in older persons, and alcohol-related dementia is under-diagnosed.
223:
B. The cognitive deficits in criteria A1 and A2 each cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represent a significant decline from a previous level of functioning.
875:
145:
loss, difficulty performing familiar tasks, poor or impaired judgment and problems with language. However the biggest indicator is friends or family members reporting changes in personality.
80:
lobes of their brain causing disinhibition, loss of planning and executive functions, and a disregard for the consequences of their behavior. Other types of alcohol-related dementia such as
166:
1119:
1011:
233:
D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that deficits are etiologically related to the persisting effects of substance use.
116:
are more likely to become depressed than people without alcohol use disorder, and it may be difficult to differentiate between depression and alcohol dementia.
1799:
1669:
228:
C. The deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and persist beyond the usual duration of substance intoxication or withdrawal.
868:
548:
360:
Multiple withdrawals and binge drinking may significantly exacerbate cognitive deficits. Older individuals are at greater risk of cognitive changes.
1112:
388:
level of intake; some studies found the opposite effect, and the quality of evidence from current epidemiological studies is poor overall (since
1942:
369:
of cognitive skills appears correlated to recent intake levels and duration of abstinence, rather than to lifetime cumulative alcohol intake.
1466:
613:
502:
124:
Epidemiological studies show an association between long-term alcohol intoxication and dementia. Alcohol can damage the brain directly as a
2011:
1105:
2001:
1973:
1820:
1269:
789:
Oslin, D. (1998). ALCOHOL RELATED DEMENTIA: PROPOSED CLINICAL CRITERIA. International
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(4), 203-212.
149:
1522:
1575:
1441:
1532:
1424:
1019:
152:, is the minimum screen for dementia. The test requires 15–20 minutes to administer and is available in mental health centers.
105:. These patients frequently have problems with sensation in their extremities and may demonstrate unsteadiness on their feet.
1926:
1581:
1175:
384:
Sex appears to be a risk factor for cognitive impairment, with females being more susceptible despite lower alcohol intake.
1753:
1602:
1435:
1400:
1041:
332:
D. Clinical features that are neither supportive nor cast doubt on the diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia included:
1966:
1830:
1759:
1747:
1405:
1159:
283:
Alcohol related hepatic, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or renal disease i.e. other end-organ damage.
1527:
1240:
1194:
1145:
1131:
393:
1836:
1630:
338:
The presence of periventricular or deep white matter lesions on neuroimaging in the absence of focal infarct(s).
320:
Neuroimaging evidence for cortical or subcortical infarction, subdural hematoma, or other focal brain pathology.
1395:
1293:
1277:
1230:
1203:
642:
Moriyama Y.; Mimura M.; Kato M.; Kashima H. (2006). "Primary alcoholic dementia and alcohol-related dementia".
583:
536:
1815:
1447:
1301:
81:
1901:
1862:
1693:
1591:
1471:
1411:
1390:
1349:
1338:
1282:
1185:
1150:
138:
951:
Rehm, Jürgen; Hasan, Omer S. M.; Black, Sandra E.; Shield, Kevin D.; Schwarzinger, Michaël (2019-01-05).
1596:
1570:
1380:
1319:
584:"John Libbey Eurotext - Psychologie & NeuroPsychiatrie du vieillissement - Alcool et vieillissement"
317:
the presence of focal neurologic signs or symptoms (except ataxia or peripheral sensory polyneuropathy).
94:
268:
A. The criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable alcohol-related dementia include the following:
259:
At the current time there are no acceptable criteria to definitively define alcohol-related dementia.
141:
and it is therefore difficult to distinguish between the two. Some of these warning signs may include
1852:
1625:
1365:
1207:
113:
295:
After 60 days of abstinence, any neuroimaging evidence of ventricular or sulcal dilatation improves.
1885:
1770:
1714:
1704:
1547:
1458:
1312:
1307:
1199:
1170:
389:
280:
B. The diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia is supported by the presence of any of the following:
183:
impairment (impaired ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information)
1699:
1641:
1430:
659:
617:
506:
324:
86:
748:"Alcohol-related dementia: a 21st-century silent epidemic? - The British Journal of Psychiatry"
372:
Older individuals are less likely to recover completely following cessation of alcohol intake.
2006:
1742:
1330:
1128:
992:
974:
933:
915:
849:
831:
769:
716:
479:
461:
102:
41:
892:
Wiegmann, Caspar; Mick, Inge; Brandl, Eva J; Heinz, Andreas; Gutwinski, Stefan (2020-01-09).
214:(d) Disturbance in executive functioning (i.e. planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting)
1932:
1416:
982:
964:
923:
905:
839:
821:
759:
651:
469:
451:
303:
C. The following clinical features cast doubt on the diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia:
1097:
1737:
1559:
1190:
1164:
1807:
1497:
1253:
987:
952:
928:
893:
844:
809:
474:
439:
409:
311:
307:
243:
64:
1995:
1154:
705:"Using DSM-IV Primary Care Version: A Guide to Psychiatric Diagnosis in Primary Care"
663:
655:
271:
A clinical diagnosis of dementia at least 60 days after the last exposure to alcohol.
1653:
68:
17:
108:
Alcohol-related dementia can produce a variety of psychiatric problems including
1893:
1844:
704:
1980:
1537:
1491:
969:
764:
747:
678:
397:
292:
Beyond 60 days of abstinence, the cognitive impairment stabilizes or improves.
204:(impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function)
125:
98:
1092:
978:
919:
835:
465:
1874:
174:
109:
996:
937:
853:
773:
483:
720:
211:(failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function)
1947:
1788:
1783:
1682:
1664:
1511:
1370:
60:
910:
1913:
1614:
1065:
208:
201:
194:
438:
Ridley, Nicole J; Draper, Brian; Withall, Adrienne (25 January 2013).
298:
Neuroimaging evidence of cerebellar atrophy, especially in the vermis.
289:
or peripheral sensory polyneuropathy (not attributed to other causes).
1726:
826:
456:
286:
180:
142:
808:
Ridley, Nicole J; Draper, Brian; Withall, Adrienne (2013-01-25).
352:
ARD is treated with abstinence from further alcohol consumption.
101:
that controls coordination thereby leading to the development of
1101:
894:"Alcohol and Dementia – What is the Link? A Systematic Review"
1093:
Alzheimer's
Society factsheet — What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
582:
Derouesné, Christian; Pierucci-Lagha, Amira (December 2003).
392:
assessing health effects of alcohol intake cannot adequately
412:
had alcohol-related dementia at time of his death in 2005.
148:
A simple test for intellectual function, like the
Folstein
953:"Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review"
186:
One (or more) of the following cognitive disturbances:
810:"Alcohol-related dementia: an update of the evidence"
440:"Alcohol-related dementia: an update of the evidence"
167:
588:
1958:
1912:
1873:
1782:
1725:
1681:
1652:
1613:
1558:
1510:
1484:
1457:
1379:
1348:
1329:
1292:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1218:
1138:
40:
35:
1042:"Alcohol-related 'dementia' | Alzheimer's Society"
497:
495:
493:
1665:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
616:. health-cares.net. 18 July 2005. Archived from
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
408:The Australian entertainer and "King of Comedy"
306:The presence of language impairment, especially
703:David Pingitore-Randy A. Sansone (1998-10-15).
63:caused by long-term, excessive consumption of
1113:
341:The presence of the Apolipoprotein c4 allele.
8:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
1670:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1265:
1258:
1120:
1106:
1098:
637:
635:
335:Neuroimaging evidence of cortical atrophy.
32:
1018:. NineMSN.com. p. 31. Archived from
986:
968:
927:
909:
843:
825:
763:
473:
455:
785:
783:
741:
739:
737:
71:damage and impaired cognitive function.
1800:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
430:
250:Oslin's proposed classification of ARD:
1943:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
898:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1467:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
746:Warner, James; Gupta, Susham (2008).
7:
89:, and may include symptoms of both.
1974:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
1603:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
957:Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
814:Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
614:"What's Alcohol-Related Dementia?"
444:Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
25:
1523:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
752:The British Journal of Psychiatry
263:Probable alcohol-related dementia
255:Definite alcohol-related dementia
1576:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
881:from the original on 2022-01-14.
869:"Alcohol Related Dementia (ARD)"
656:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00168.x
169:(DSM-IV) include the following:
1533:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
1425:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
173:A. The development of multiple
1927:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
1582:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
1176:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
553:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
1:
1754:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
177:deficits manifested by both:
150:mini–mental state examination
1967:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
1494:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
1436:Positional alcohol nystagmus
1401:Alcohol-related brain damage
1010:Mangos, John (7 June 2005).
549:"Alcohol - Special Subjects"
2012:Substance-related disorders
1831:Benzodiazepine use disorder
1760:Opioid-induced constipation
1748:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
1442:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1406:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
1195:Substance-related disorders
1160:Substance-induced psychosis
1132:substance-related disorders
2028:
1528:Caffeine-induced psychosis
1459:Respiratory tract diseases
1444:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
1241:Combined drug intoxication
1066:"Alcohol related dementia"
503:"Alcohol-related dementia"
238:better diagnostic models.
2002:Health effects of alcohol
1837:Benzodiazepine dependence
1821:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
1631:Prenatal cocaine exposure
1294:Gastrointestinal diseases
970:10.1186/s13195-018-0453-0
765:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051425
709:American Family Physician
1396:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
1360:Alcohol-related dementia
1278:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
1231:Polysubstance dependence
1204:Psychological dependence
537:Alcohol Induced Dementia
53:Alcohol-related dementia
36:Alcohol-related dementia
1816:Benzodiazepine overdose
1448:Wernicke encephalopathy
1302:Alcoholic liver disease
1270:Cardiovascular diseases
82:Wernicke encephalopathy
1902:Amphetamine dependence
1863:Barbiturate dependence
1694:Green Tobacco Sickness
1592:Amotivational syndrome
1472:Alcoholic lung disease
1412:Alcoholic hallucinosis
1391:Alcoholic hallucinosis
1339:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
1283:Alcohol flush reaction
1151:Substance intoxication
197:(language disturbance)
1597:Cannabis use disorder
1320:Auto-brewery syndrome
1046:www.alzheimers.org.uk
390:observational studies
327:Ischemia Scale score.
156:diagnosing dementia.
95:peripheral neuropathy
87:Korsakoff's psychosis
1853:Barbiturate overdose
1626:Cocaine intoxication
1366:Alcohol intoxication
1208:Substance dependence
114:alcohol use disorder
1886:Stimulant psychosis
1771:Opioid use disorder
1715:Nicotine dependence
1705:Nicotine withdrawal
1548:Caffeine dependence
1308:Alcoholic hepatitis
1200:Physical dependence
1171:Neonatal withdrawal
1070:www.dementia.org.au
911:10.2147/NDT.S198772
160:Diagnostic criteria
139:Alzheimer's disease
1700:Nicotine poisoning
1642:Cocaine dependence
1571:Cannabis arteritis
1431:Korsakoff syndrome
1331:Endocrine diseases
75:Signs and symptoms
18:Alcoholic dementia
1989:
1988:
1743:Opioid withdrawal
1506:
1505:
1480:
1479:
103:cerebellar ataxia
97:, as well as the
50:
49:
30:Medical condition
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2019:
1933:Toluene toxicity
1417:Delirium tremens
1313:Zieve's syndrome
1266:
1259:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1012:"The King and I"
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
972:
948:
942:
941:
931:
913:
889:
883:
882:
880:
873:
867:Hockley, Julie.
864:
858:
857:
847:
829:
827:10.1186/alzrt157
805:
790:
787:
778:
777:
767:
743:
732:
731:
729:
727:
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
677:Fiodor, Kosova.
674:
668:
667:
644:Psychogeriatrics
639:
630:
629:
627:
625:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
579:
564:
563:
561:
559:
545:
539:
534:
519:
518:
516:
514:
505:. Archived from
499:
488:
487:
477:
459:
457:10.1186/alzrt157
435:
33:
21:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1954:
1915:
1908:
1869:
1787:
1778:
1738:Opioid overdose
1721:
1677:
1648:
1609:
1554:
1502:
1476:
1453:
1382:
1375:
1352:system diseases
1351:
1344:
1325:
1288:
1248:
1220:
1214:
1191:Substance abuse
1134:
1126:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1022:on 19 June 2005
1009:
1008:
1004:
950:
949:
945:
891:
890:
886:
878:
871:
866:
865:
861:
807:
806:
793:
788:
781:
745:
744:
735:
725:
723:
702:
701:
697:
687:
685:
679:"Dementia test"
676:
675:
671:
641:
640:
633:
623:
621:
620:on 8 March 2019
612:
611:
607:
597:
595:
581:
580:
567:
557:
555:
547:
546:
542:
535:
522:
512:
510:
509:on 8 March 2019
501:
500:
491:
437:
436:
432:
427:
418:
406:
378:
366:
358:
350:
244:standard drinks
162:
134:
122:
120:Pathophysiology
77:
67:, resulting in
59:) is a form of
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:Inhalant abuse
1945:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1808:benzodiazepine
1804:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Binge drinking
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1162:
1157:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:External links
1085:
1082:
1081:
1057:
1033:
1002:
943:
884:
859:
791:
779:
758:(5): 351–353.
733:
715:(6): 1347–52.
695:
669:
650:(3): 114–118.
631:
605:
565:
540:
520:
489:
429:
428:
426:
423:
417:
414:
410:Graham Kennedy
405:
402:
377:
374:
365:
362:
357:
354:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
336:
330:
329:
328:
321:
318:
315:
301:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
284:
278:
277:
276:
272:
265:
264:
257:
256:
235:
234:
230:
229:
225:
224:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
205:
198:
188:
187:
184:
161:
158:
133:
130:
121:
118:
76:
73:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:substance use
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Drug overdose
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
944:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
877:
870:
863:
860:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
792:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
734:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
696:
684:
683:Dementia Test
680:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
619:
615:
609:
606:
593:
589:
585:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
566:
554:
550:
544:
541:
538:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
521:
508:
504:
498:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
431:
424:
422:
415:
413:
411:
404:Notable cases
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
385:
382:
375:
373:
370:
363:
361:
355:
353:
347:
340:
337:
334:
333:
331:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
305:
304:
302:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
279:
273:
270:
269:
267:
266:
262:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
247:
245:
239:
232:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
191:
190:
189:
185:
182:
179:
178:
176:
172:
171:
170:
168:
159:
157:
153:
151:
146:
144:
140:
131:
129:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
90:
88:
83:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1965:
1892:
1843:
1806:
1654:Hallucinogen
1381:Neurological
1359:
1129:Psychoactive
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1016:The Bulletin
1015:
1005:
960:
956:
946:
901:
897:
887:
862:
817:
813:
755:
751:
724:. Retrieved
712:
708:
698:
686:. Retrieved
682:
672:
647:
643:
622:. Retrieved
618:the original
608:
596:. Retrieved
594:(4): 237–249
591:
587:
556:. Retrieved
552:
543:
511:. Retrieved
507:the original
447:
443:
433:
419:
407:
386:
383:
379:
376:Epidemiology
371:
367:
359:
351:
258:
249:
248:
240:
236:
163:
154:
147:
135:
123:
107:
91:
78:
69:neurological
56:
52:
51:
1894:amphetamine
1845:barbiturate
416:Terminology
398:confounding
1996:Categories
1875:Stimulants
1538:Caffeinism
1492:Alcoholism
1165:Withdrawal
1075:2022-10-04
1051:2022-10-04
1026:4 February
726:21 October
598:21 October
558:21 October
513:21 October
425:References
400:factors).
126:neurotoxin
99:cerebellum
1981:Chocolate
1383:disorders
979:1758-9193
920:1176-6328
904:: 87–99.
836:1758-9193
664:144119653
466:1758-9193
356:Prognosis
348:Treatment
325:Hachinski
323:Elevated
275:dementia.
175:cognitive
132:Diagnosis
110:psychosis
46:Neurology
42:Specialty
2007:Dementia
1914:Volatile
1789:hypnotic
1784:Sedative
1683:Nicotine
1560:Cannabis
1512:Caffeine
1371:Hangover
1219:Combined
997:30611304
963:(1): 1.
938:32021202
876:Archived
854:23347747
820:(1): 3.
774:18978310
484:23347747
450:(1): 3.
364:Recovery
308:dysnomia
61:dementia
1959:Related
1916:solvent
1727:Opioids
1615:Cocaine
1408:(AWS):
1350:Nervous
1304:(ALD):
1254:Alcohol
1139:General
988:6320619
929:6957093
845:3580328
721:9803199
624:5 March
475:3580328
394:control
209:Agnosia
202:Apraxia
195:Aphasia
65:alcohol
1970:: SUD
1929:(SSDS)
1672:(HPPD)
1427:(FASD)
1178:(PAWS)
995:
985:
977:
936:
926:
918:
852:
842:
834:
772:
719:
688:7 June
662:
482:
472:
464:
312:anomia
287:Ataxia
181:Memory
143:memory
1833:(BUD)
1773:(OUD)
1762:(OIC)
1756:(OIE)
1750:(OIH)
1696:(GTS)
1633:(PCE)
1599:(CUD)
1578:(CHS)
1438:(PAN)
1419:(DTs)
1362:(ARD)
1341:(AKA)
1322:(ABS)
1285:(AFR)
1243:(CDI)
879:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
660:S2CID
1939:SUD
1923:SID
1898:SUD
1882:SID
1859:SUD
1849:SID
1827:SUD
1812:SID
1796:SID
1767:SUD
1734:SID
1711:SUD
1690:SID
1661:SID
1638:SUD
1622:SID
1588:SUD
1567:SID
1544:SUD
1519:SID
1450:(WE)
1237:SID
1227:SUD
1028:2008
993:PMID
975:ISSN
934:PMID
916:ISSN
850:PMID
832:ISSN
770:PMID
728:2015
717:PMID
690:2019
626:2008
600:2015
560:2015
515:2015
480:PMID
462:ISSN
396:for
207:(c)
200:(b)
193:(a)
1485:SUD
1262:SID
1186:SUD
1146:SID
983:PMC
965:doi
924:PMC
906:doi
840:PMC
822:doi
760:doi
756:193
652:doi
470:PMC
452:doi
310:or
57:ARD
1998::
1206:/
1202:/
1193:/
1167::
1153:/
1068:.
1044:.
1014:.
991:.
981:.
973:.
961:11
959:.
955:.
932:.
922:.
914:.
902:16
900:.
896:.
874:.
848:.
838:.
830:.
816:.
812:.
794:^
782:^
768:.
754:.
750:.
736:^
713:58
711:.
707:.
681:.
658:.
646:.
634:^
590:.
586:.
568:^
551:.
523:^
492:^
478:.
468:.
460:.
446:.
442:.
1896::
1847::
1810::
1786:/
1121:e
1114:t
1107:v
1078:.
1054:.
1030:.
999:.
967::
940:.
908::
856:.
824::
818:5
776:.
762::
730:.
692:.
666:.
654::
648:6
628:.
602:.
592:1
562:.
517:.
486:.
454::
448:5
314:.
55:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.