405:. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8) are thought to be essential in the initiation and perpetuation of liver injury and cytotoxic hepatomegaly by inducing apoptosis and severe hepatotoxicity. One possible mechanism for the increased activity of TNF-α is the increased intestinal permeability due to liver disease. This facilitates the absorption of the gut-produced endotoxin into the portal circulation. The Kupffer cells of the liver then phagocytose endotoxin, stimulating the release of TNF-α. TNF-α then triggers apoptotic pathways through the activation of caspases, resulting in cell death.
650:
same as those for other types of liver disease, except for a 6-month sobriety prerequisite along with psychiatric evaluation and rehabilitation assistance. Specific requirements vary among the transplant centers. Relapse to alcohol use after transplant listing results in delisting. Re-listing is possible in many institutions, but only after 3–6 months of sobriety. There are limited data on transplant survival in patients transplanted for acute alcoholic hepatitis, but it is believed to be similar to that in nonacute ALD, non-ALD, and alcoholic hepatitis with
516:
levels are found to be elevated. These usually reflect alcoholic hepatic steatosis. Microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis with inflammation are seen in liver biopsy specimens. These histologic features of ALD are indistinguishable from those of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Steatosis usually resolves after discontinuation of alcohol use. Continuation of alcohol use will result in a higher risk of progression of liver disease and cirrhosis. In patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis, clinical manifestations include fever, jaundice,
236:
680:
accuracy in 30-day (MELD > 11) and 90-day (MELD > 21) mortality. Liver cirrhosis develops in 6–14% of those who consume more than 60–80 g of alcohol daily for men and more than 20 g daily for women. Even in those who drink more than 120 g daily, only 13.5% will experience a serious alcohol-related liver injury. Nevertheless, alcohol-related mortality was the third leading cause of death in 2003 in the United States. Worldwide mortality is estimated to be 150,000 per year.
39:
185: US fl oz or 44 mL hard liquor, 5 US fl oz or 150 mL wine, 12 US fl oz or 350 mL beer; drinking a six-pack of 5% ABV beer daily would be 84 g and just over the upper limit) for 20 years or more in men, or 20 g/day for women significantly increases the risk of hepatitis and fibrosis by 6% to 41%.
679:
has been used to predict short-term mortality (i.e., MDF ≥ 32 associated with spontaneous survival of 50–65% without corticosteroid therapy, and MDF < 32 associated with spontaneous survival of 90%). The Model for End-Stage Liver
Disease (MELD) score has also been found to have similar predictive
392:
Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by the inflammation of hepatocytes. Between 10% and 35% of heavy drinkers develop alcoholic hepatitis (NIAAA, 1993). While development of hepatitis is not directly related to the dose of alcohol, some people seem more prone to this reaction than others. This is
649:
Although in rare cases liver cirrhosis is reversible, the disease process remains mostly irreversible. Liver transplantation remains the only definitive therapy. Today, survival after liver transplantation is similar for people with ALD and non-ALD. The requirements for transplant listing are the
515:
In the early stages, patients with ALD exhibit subtle and often no abnormal physical findings. It is usually not until development of advanced liver disease that stigmata of chronic liver disease become apparent. Early ALD is usually discovered during routine health examinations when liver enzyme
588:
infiltration in the area around the veins. Mallory bodies, which are also present in other liver diseases, are condensations of cytokeratin components in the hepatocyte cytoplasm and do not contribute to liver injury. Up to 70% of patients with moderate to severe alcoholic hepatitis already have
191:
Sex: Women are twice as susceptible to alcohol-related liver disease, and may develop alcoholic liver disease with shorter durations and doses of chronic consumption. The lesser amount of alcohol dehydrogenase secreted in the gut, higher proportion of body fat in women, and changes in alcohol
204:
Genetic factors: Genetic factors predispose both to alcoholism and to alcoholic liver disease. Both monozygotic twins are more likely to be alcoholics and to develop liver cirrhosis than both dizygotic twins. Polymorphisms in the enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol, such as ADH,
1918:
1903:
809:
1372:
Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Iaquinto G, Gluud C (November 2005). "Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C liver diseases—a systematic cochrane hepato-biliary group review with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials".
520:, and possible hepatic decompensation with hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, and ascites accumulation. Tender hepatomegaly may be present, but abdominal pain is unusual. Occasionally, the patient may be asymptomatic.
674:
occurs at 10–20% per year, and 70% will eventually develop cirrhosis. Despite cessation of alcohol use, only 10% will have normalization of histology and serum liver enzyme levels. As previously noted, the
209:, CYP4502E1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cytokine polymorphism may partly explain this genetic component. However, no specific polymorphisms have currently been firmly linked to alcoholic liver disease.
597:
Not drinking further alcohol is the most important part of treatment. People with chronic HCV infection should abstain from any alcohol intake, due to the risk for rapid acceleration of liver disease.
136:) will develop in any individual who consumes a large quantity of alcoholic beverages over a long period of time, this process is transient and reversible. More than 90% of all heavy drinkers develop
568:
level is reduced in alcoholic patients due to decreased intestinal absorption, increased bone marrow requirement for folate in the presence of alcohol, and increased urinary loss. The magnitude of
3712:
711:
503:. The late stages of cirrhosis may look similar medically, regardless of cause. This phenomenon is termed the "final common pathway" for the disease. Fatty change and alcoholic hepatitis with
459:(yellowing), liver enlargement, and pain and tenderness from the structural changes in damaged liver architecture. Without total abstinence from alcohol use, cirrhosis will eventually lead to
195:
Ethnicity: Higher rates of alcohol-related liver disease, unrelated to differences in amounts of alcohol consumed, are seen in
African-American and Hispanic males compared to Caucasian males.
1790:
Dunn, W; Jamil, LH; Brown, LS; Wiesner, RH; Kim, WR; Menon, KV; Malinchoc, M; Kamath, PS; Shah, V (February 2005). "MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis".
1451:
Cederbaum AI, Department of
Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Box 1603, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States (March 2010).
243:
The mechanism of ALD is not completely understood. 80% of alcohol passes through the liver to be detoxified. Chronic consumption of alcohol results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory
1337:
Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, Frank H, Benda L, Lochs H, et al. (1989). "Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver".
1996:
2890:
3394:
370:
while a decreased NAD level results in decreased fatty acid oxidation. Subsequently, the higher levels of fatty acids signal the liver cells to compound it to
286:
of liver cells. Why this occurs in only a few individuals is still unclear. Additionally, the liver has tremendous capacity to regenerate and even when 75% of
507:
can be reversible. The later stages of fibrosis and cirrhosis tend to be irreversible, but can usually be contained with abstinence for long periods of time.
2989:
2676:
1741:
Neuberger, J; Schulz, KH; Day, C; Fleig, W; Berlakovich, GA; Berenguer, M; Pageaux, GP; Lucey, M; Horsmans, Y; Burroughs, A; Hockerstedt, K (January 2002).
2546:
676:
651:
3028:
1052:
750:
1989:
2883:
2819:
3256:
2343:
1091:
536:(ALT) ratio is greater than 2:1. AST and ALT levels are almost always less than 500. The elevated AST to ALT ratio is due to deficiency of
1060:
1982:
4188:
3469:
2876:
2850:
2697:
2146:
218:
Diet: Malnutrition, particularly vitamin A and E deficiencies, can worsen alcohol-induced liver damage by preventing regeneration of
4141:
3988:
2399:
3886:
2452:
2318:
4027:
3639:
3622:
3127:
3122:
2999:
2409:
2301:
3152:
3881:
3837:
3731:
3553:
2803:
2458:
2052:
776:
4092:
1120:
4178:
3938:
2630:
1056:
3847:
3366:
2974:
2479:
2312:
2277:
606:
3061:
2843:
2707:
2636:
2624:
2282:
2036:
1835:"Utility of the Mayo End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score in assessing prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis"
427:(cellular hardening) and damaged membranes preventing detoxification of chemicals in the body, ending in scarring and
2957:
320:
steatosis) throughout the liver and can begin to occur after a few days of heavy drinking. Alcohol is metabolized by
1453:"Hepatoprotective effects of S -adenosyl-L-methionine against alcohol- and cytochrome P450 2E1-induced liver injury"
4183:
3427:
3356:
2404:
2117:
2071:
2022:
2008:
609:. Corticosteroids are sometimes used; however, this is recommended only when severe liver inflammation is present.
553:
540:, which is required in the ALT enzyme synthetic pathway. Furthermore, alcohol metabolite–induced injury of hepatic
529:
1417:
312:. This can be seen as fatty globules under the microscope. Alcoholism causes development of large fatty globules (
3700:
3656:
3609:
3415:
3033:
2713:
2507:
3726:
1694:"Management of the Cirrhotic Patient Before Liver Transplantation: The Role of the Referring Gastroenterologist"
188:
Pattern of drinking: Drinking outside of meal times increases up to 3 times the risk of alcoholic liver disease.
4046:
3361:
3319:
3132:
3007:
2994:
2935:
2272:
2236:
2170:
2154:
2107:
2080:
1933:
533:
2964:
222:. This is particularly a concern as alcoholics are usually malnourished because of a poor diet, anorexia, and
3971:
3489:
3281:
2940:
2692:
2324:
549:
4051:
3775:
3758:
3168:
3142:
3018:
2969:
2930:
2908:
2900:
2778:
2739:
2570:
2468:
2348:
2288:
2267:
2226:
2215:
2159:
2062:
2027:
945:
484:
333:
223:
1003:
3983:
3891:
3852:
3780:
2473:
2447:
2257:
2196:
616:
440:
325:
321:
235:
3902:
3083:
431:(cell death). Between 10% and 20% of heavy drinkers will develop cirrhosis of the liver (NIAAA, 1993).
615:
has been investigated as a possible treatment, with ambiguous results. One review claimed benefit for
483:(heavy abdominal swelling due to buildup of fluids in the tissues) and other complications, including
4022:
3966:
3787:
3683:
3266:
3261:
3095:
3013:
2979:
2729:
2502:
2242:
2084:
557:
488:
367:
950:
4116:
3926:
3819:
3802:
3763:
3736:
3688:
3531:
3508:
3501:
3450:
3422:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3251:
2762:
2647:
2591:
2581:
2424:
2335:
2189:
2184:
2076:
2047:
1922:
667:
537:
464:
387:
299:
141:
133:
106:
4128:
3993:
3976:
3961:
3948:
3931:
3797:
3324:
3296:
3056:
2952:
2917:
2576:
2518:
2307:
1815:
1527:
1416:
Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Bjelakovic M, Nagorni A, Gluud C (2011). Bjelakovic G (ed.).
1398:
1176:
971:
742:
264:
3432:
3230:
1147:"Alcoholic liver disease: proposed recommendations for the American College of Gastroenterology"
4106:
4087:
3460:
2619:
2207:
2005:
1962:
1866:
1807:
1772:
1723:
1705:
1674:
1625:
1576:
1519:
1484:
1433:
1390:
1354:
1319:
1270:
1214:
1168:
1087:
1044:
1025:
963:
918:
867:
784:
734:
317:
61:
4153:
4073:
4068:
4058:
3920:
3792:
3720:
3538:
3445:
3440:
3370:
3329:
3137:
3102:
2809:
2293:
1856:
1846:
1799:
1762:
1754:
1713:
1664:
1656:
1615:
1607:
1566:
1558:
1511:
1474:
1464:
1425:
1382:
1346:
1309:
1301:
1260:
1250:
1206:
1158:
1015:
955:
908:
898:
857:
847:
726:
635:
573:
260:
201:: A concomitant hepatitis C infection significantly accelerates the process of liver injury.
167:
Quantity of alcohol taken: Consumption of 60–80 g per day (14 g is considered one
66:
1974:
4111:
4041:
3907:
3842:
3807:
3678:
3543:
3479:
3381:
3300:
3291:
3241:
3181:
3066:
3043:
2614:
2436:
2067:
2041:
936:
Mandayam S, Jamal MM, Morgan TR (August 2004). "Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease".
671:
492:
145:
128:
in
Western countries, and is the leading cause of death from excessive drinking. Although
2868:
4148:
4063:
3617:
3590:
3455:
3390:
3386:
3276:
3246:
2684:
2374:
2130:
1767:
1742:
1718:
1693:
1669:
1644:
1620:
1595:
1571:
1546:
1479:
1452:
1314:
1289:
1265:
1238:
913:
886:
862:
835:
666:
as well as cofactors, such as concomitant chronic viral hepatitis. Among patients with
631:
577:
569:
468:
341:
168:
98:
54:
1927:
1758:
4172:
4081:
4034:
3827:
3770:
3753:
3665:
3410:
3237:
3112:
3078:
3023:
2031:
1861:
1834:
1502:
Tilg, H; Day, CP (January 2007). "Management strategies in alcoholic liver disease".
1386:
1350:
1163:
1146:
460:
448:
256:
252:
212:
125:
1819:
1531:
1402:
975:
746:
3956:
3868:
3741:
3644:
3595:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3484:
3309:
3225:
3117:
3107:
3073:
2530:
1660:
1611:
1562:
1429:
1305:
1180:
545:
544:
results in AST isoenzyme release. Other laboratory findings include red blood cell
541:
517:
476:
432:
420:
375:
329:
275:
268:
38:
491:. Cirrhosis can also result from other causes than hazardous alcohol use, such as
1938:
1084:
Uppers, downers, all arounders: physical and mental effects of psychoactive drugs
4136:
3898:
3876:
3707:
3627:
3271:
3172:
2925:
2770:
2721:
1957:
472:
337:
313:
287:
198:
152:
137:
102:
3912:
3585:
3563:
3208:
3147:
2857:
2414:
2368:
1255:
1210:
627:
623:
585:
504:
444:
309:
219:
46:
1709:
1469:
903:
788:
3862:
3832:
3695:
3673:
3526:
3377:
3351:
3213:
3203:
3090:
3051:
2984:
2751:
1912:
663:
612:
561:
414:
305:
279:
248:
129:
118:
110:
1870:
1811:
1776:
1727:
1678:
1629:
1594:
Fede, G; Germani, G; Gluud, C; Gurusamy, KS; Burroughs, AK (15 June 2011).
1580:
1523:
1515:
1488:
1437:
1394:
1323:
1274:
1218:
1029:
967:
922:
871:
738:
1851:
1358:
1172:
959:
852:
576:
depletion) reflects severity of liver injury. Histologic features include
3496:
3474:
3186:
2824:
2665:
2660:
2559:
2541:
2388:
2247:
581:
456:
436:
428:
424:
402:
398:
394:
371:
283:
271:
244:
114:
3548:
3314:
3218:
3190:
2790:
2491:
1020:
605:
A 2006 Cochrane review did not find evidence sufficient for the use of
589:
cirrhosis identifiable on biopsy examination at the time of diagnosis.
500:
480:
452:
447:
P-450 2E1 and the formation of acetaldehyde-protein adducts damage the
1895:
1803:
730:
4014:
3632:
3518:
2603:
1907:
1545:
Whitfield, K; Rambaldi, A; Wetterslev, J; Gluud, C (7 October 2009).
777:"The Top Cause of Alcohol-Related Deaths Can Go Undetected for Years"
565:
1004:"Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholic liver disease"
641:
Evidence does not support supplemental nutrition in liver disease.
363:
3464:
3194:
496:
350:
234:
192:
absorption due to the menstrual cycle may explain this phenomenon.
94:
50:
475:
due to the increased flow resistance through the damaged liver),
443:. The production of oxidants derived from NADPH oxi- dase and/or
885:
Iida-Ueno, A; Enomoto, M; Tamori, A; Kawada, N (21 April 2017).
359:
206:
2872:
1978:
836:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis"
435:
may be responsible for alcohol-induced fibrosis by stimulating
622:
The effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor medications such as
1043:
Longstreth, George F.; Zieve, David, eds. (18 October 2009).
419:
Cirrhosis is a late stage of serious liver disease marked by
378:. These triglycerides accumulate, resulting in fatty liver.
1192:
1190:
463:. Late complications of cirrhosis or liver failure include
1504:
Nature
Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1290:"Anabolic-androgenic steroids for alcoholic liver disease"
630:
are unclear and possibly harmful. Evidence is unclear for
155:, a strict adherence to abstinence is highly recommended.
1197:
Niemelä, O (February 2007). "Biomarkers in alcoholism".
662:
The prognosis for people with ALD depends on the liver
710:
O'Shea RS, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ (January 2010).
887:"Hepatitis B virus infection and alcohol consumption"
479:(due to impaired production of coagulation factors),
1885:
712:"Alcoholic liver disease: AASLD Practice Guidelines"
401:
and the inflammation appears to predispose to liver
4127:
4013:
4006:
3947:
3861:
3818:
3664:
3655:
3608:
3562:
3517:
3403:
3290:
3180:
3167:
3042:
2916:
2907:
2835:
2789:
2750:
2659:
2602:
2558:
2529:
2490:
2435:
2387:
2361:
2334:
2256:
2225:
2206:
2169:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2095:
2015:
1948:
1889:
60:
28:
23:
1643:Koretz, RL; Avenell, A; Lipman, TO (16 May 2012).
2542:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
1237:Suk, KT; Kim, MY; Baik, SK (28 September 2014).
1086:(5th ed.). Ashland, Or: CNS Publications.
1049:MedLinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You
1596:"Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease"
1145:McCullough, AJ; O'Connor, JF (November 1998).
528:In people with alcoholic hepatitis, the serum
290:are dead, it continues to function as normal.
2884:
1990:
1743:"Transplantation for alcoholic liver disease"
8:
2990:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1418:"Antioxidant supplements for liver diseases"
1232:
1230:
1228:
1002:Menon KV, Gores GJ, Shah VH (October 2001).
810:"ARDI Alcohol-Attributable Deaths, US | CDC"
239:Pathogenesis of alcohol induced liver injury
2547:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1649:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1600:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1551:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1294:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1121:"What are the early signs of liver damage?"
366:ratio. A higher NADH concentration induces
4010:
3661:
3177:
3029:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2913:
2891:
2877:
2869:
2142:
2135:
1997:
1983:
1975:
1886:
1106:
37:
20:
1860:
1850:
1766:
1717:
1668:
1619:
1570:
1478:
1468:
1313:
1288:Rambaldi, A; Gluud, C (18 October 2006).
1264:
1254:
1162:
1082:Inaba, Darryl; Cohen, William B. (2004).
1019:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
949:
912:
902:
861:
851:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
140:whilst about 25% develop the more severe
1547:"Pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis"
1151:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
352:
308:, is the accumulation of fatty acids in
2677:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
1645:"Nutritional support for liver disease"
689:
2820:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
1119:Loyd, Dr. Stephen (15 February 2020).
3257:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2344:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
1833:Sheth, M; Riggs, M; Patel, T (2002).
53:showing fatty change, cell necrosis,
7:
1239:"Alcoholic liver disease: treatment"
1063:from the original on 22 January 2010
163:Risk factors known as of 2010 are:
2851:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
2480:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
552:> 100) and elevations of serum
93:), is a term that encompasses the
14:
4142:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3989:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2400:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
1698:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1243:World Journal of Gastroenterology
891:World Journal of Gastroenterology
580:, giant mitochondria, hepatocyte
340:, which is finally oxidized into
3887:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2453:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
1387:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00262.x
1164:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00587.x
3128:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3123:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3000:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2410:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
2302:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1053:US National Library of Medicine
775:Smith, Dana G. (4 March 2024).
3882:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3732:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3554:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2804:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
2459:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
2053:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
1661:10.1002/14651858.CD008344.pub2
1612:10.1002/14651858.CD002800.pub3
1563:10.1002/14651858.CD007339.pub2
1430:10.1002/14651858.CD007749.pub2
1306:10.1002/14651858.CD003045.pub2
332:, then further metabolized by
1:
3939:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2631:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
1759:10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00278-1
1057:National Institutes of Health
87:alcohol-related liver disease
32:Alcohol-related liver disease
3848:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3367:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2975:Esophageal motility disorder
2844:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
2371:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
2313:Positional alcohol nystagmus
2278:Alcohol-related brain damage
1351:10.1016/0168-8278(89)90083-4
607:androgenic anabolic steroids
2708:Benzodiazepine use disorder
2637:Opioid-induced constipation
2625:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
2319:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
2283:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
2072:Substance-related disorders
2037:Substance-induced psychosis
2009:substance-related disorders
840:World Journal of Hepatology
101:overconsumption, including
4207:
3833:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3357:Functional colonic disease
3153:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2405:Caffeine-induced psychosis
2336:Respiratory tract diseases
2321:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
2118:Combined drug intoxication
1692:Stravitz, R. Todd (2006).
1422:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
554:gamma-glutamyl transferase
530:aspartate aminotransferase
412:
385:
358:). This process generates
297:
151:For patients with chronic
4189:Health effects of alcohol
3034:Acute esophageal necrosis
2714:Benzodiazepine dependence
2698:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
2508:Prenatal cocaine exposure
2171:Gastrointestinal diseases
1256:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12934
1211:10.1016/j.cca.2006.08.035
1045:"Alcoholic Liver Disease"
362:, and increases the NADH/
124:It is the major cause of
45:
36:
3133:Gastric dumping syndrome
3008:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2995:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2273:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
2237:Alcohol-related dementia
2155:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
2108:Polysubstance dependence
2081:Psychological dependence
1470:10.3748/wjg.v16.i11.1366
904:10.3748/wjg.v23.i15.2651
834:Basra, Sarpreet (2011).
534:alanine aminotransferase
3749:Alcoholic liver disease
3282:Bile acid malabsorption
3226:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2693:Benzodiazepine overdose
2325:Wernicke encephalopathy
2179:Alcoholic liver disease
2147:Cardiovascular diseases
550:mean corpuscular volume
75:Alcoholic liver disease
24:Alcoholic liver disease
3759:Hepatic encephalopathy
3143:Buried bumper syndrome
3074:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2958:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2901:human digestive system
2779:Amphetamine dependence
2740:Barbiturate dependence
2571:Green Tobacco Sickness
2469:Amotivational syndrome
2349:Alcoholic lung disease
2289:Alcoholic hallucinosis
2268:Alcoholic hallucinosis
2216:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
2160:Alcohol flush reaction
2028:Substance intoxication
1516:10.1038/ncpgasthep0683
1107:Inaba & Cohen 2004
495:and heavy exposure to
485:hepatic encephalopathy
441:hepatic stellate cells
334:aldehyde dehydrogenase
274:. These factors cause
240:
3984:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3853:Porcelain gallbladder
2965:Zenker's diverticulum
2474:Cannabis use disorder
2197:Auto-brewery syndrome
1852:10.1186/1471-230X-2-2
1747:Journal of Hepatology
1457:World J Gastroenterol
960:10.1055/s-2004-832936
853:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108
617:S-adenosyl methionine
477:coagulation disorders
322:alcohol dehydrogenase
238:
199:Hepatitis C infection
4179:Anatomical pathology
3788:Hepatorenal syndrome
3727:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3684:Autoimmune hepatitis
3509:Intestinal adhesions
3267:Short bowel syndrome
3096:Functional dyspepsia
3014:Esophageal stricture
2980:Nutcracker esophagus
2730:Barbiturate overdose
2503:Cocaine intoxication
2243:Alcohol intoxication
2085:Substance dependence
1839:BMC Gastroenterology
1375:Am. J. Gastroenterol
1199:Clinica Chimica Acta
638:may result in harm.
558:alkaline phosphatase
489:hepatorenal syndrome
368:fatty acid synthesis
3927:Choledocholithiasis
3798:Metabolic disorders
3764:Acute liver failure
3737:Portal hypertension
3689:Alcoholic hepatitis
3532:Radiation proctitis
3451:Mesenteric ischemia
3423:Gastroenterocolitis
3252:Blind loop syndrome
3062:Ménétrier's disease
2970:Barrett's esophagus
2763:Stimulant psychosis
2648:Opioid use disorder
2592:Nicotine dependence
2582:Nicotine withdrawal
2425:Caffeine dependence
2185:Alcoholic hepatitis
2077:Physical dependence
2048:Neonatal withdrawal
668:alcoholic hepatitis
619:in disease models.
538:pyridoxal phosphate
524:Laboratory findings
465:portal hypertension
388:Alcoholic hepatitis
382:Alcoholic hepatitis
300:Fatty liver disease
142:alcoholic hepatitis
134:fatty liver disease
107:alcoholic hepatitis
4102:Undefined location
4093:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3994:Pancreatic fistula
3977:Pancreatic abscess
3932:Biliary dyskinesia
3903:Mirizzi's syndrome
3404:Large and/or small
3084:Dieulafoy's lesion
2953:Boerhaave syndrome
2577:Nicotine poisoning
2519:Cocaine dependence
2448:Cannabis arteritis
2308:Korsakoff syndrome
2208:Endocrine diseases
1949:External resources
1021:10.4065/76.10.1021
781:The New York Times
756:on 21 October 2014
265:lipid peroxidation
241:
215:(hemochromatosis).
97:manifestations of
4184:Diseases of liver
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4002:
4001:
3604:
3603:
3461:Bowel obstruction
3163:
3162:
2866:
2865:
2620:Opioid withdrawal
2383:
2382:
2357:
2356:
1972:
1971:
1804:10.1002/hep.20503
1463:(11): 1366–1376.
1093:978-0-926544-27-7
897:(15): 2651–2659.
731:10.1002/hep.23258
670:, progression to
393:called alcoholic
304:Fatty change, or
72:
71:
18:Medical condition
4196:
4154:Pneumoperitoneum
4011:
3921:Common bile duct
3803:Wilson's disease
3793:Peliosis hepatis
3662:
3539:Proctalgia fugax
3446:Abdominal angina
3371:Ogilvie syndrome
3320:Pseudomembranous
3178:
3138:Gastric volvulus
3103:Pyloric stenosis
2914:
2899:Diseases of the
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2810:Toluene toxicity
2294:Delirium tremens
2190:Zieve's syndrome
2143:
2136:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1249:(36): 12934–44.
1234:
1223:
1222:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1166:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1051:. Bethesda, MD:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
999:
980:
979:
953:
938:Semin. Liver Dis
933:
927:
926:
916:
906:
882:
876:
875:
865:
855:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
755:
749:. Archived from
716:
707:
636:Propylthiouracil
574:white blood cell
357:
261:oxidative stress
184:
183:
179:
176:
171:in the US, e.g.
67:Gastroenterology
41:
21:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4123:
4112:Internal hernia
3998:
3943:
3908:Biliary fistula
3866:
3857:
3843:Adenomyomatosis
3838:Cholesterolosis
3814:
3808:Hemochromatosis
3679:Viral hepatitis
3651:
3600:
3558:
3544:Rectal prolapse
3513:
3480:Fecal impaction
3470:Intussusception
3433:Crohn's disease
3399:
3382:Toxic megacolon
3294:
3292:Large intestine
3286:
3231:Curling's ulcer
3184:
3182:Small intestine
3171:
3159:
3067:Gastroenteritis
3038:
2903:
2897:
2867:
2862:
2831:
2792:
2785:
2746:
2664:
2655:
2615:Opioid overdose
2598:
2554:
2525:
2486:
2431:
2379:
2353:
2330:
2259:
2252:
2229:system diseases
2228:
2221:
2202:
2165:
2125:
2097:
2091:
2068:Substance abuse
2011:
2003:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1944:
1943:
1898:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1655:(5): CD008344.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1606:(6): CD002800.
1593:
1592:
1588:
1557:(4): CD007339.
1544:
1543:
1539:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1424:(3): CD007749.
1415:
1414:
1410:
1381:(11): 2583–91.
1371:
1370:
1366:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1300:(4): CD003045.
1287:
1286:
1282:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1157:(11): 2022–36.
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:journeypure.com
1118:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1008:Mayo Clin. Proc
1001:
1000:
983:
951:10.1.1.594.1256
935:
934:
930:
884:
883:
879:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
808:
807:
803:
793:
791:
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
714:
709:
708:
691:
686:
672:liver cirrhosis
660:
647:
645:Transplantation
603:
595:
526:
513:
493:viral hepatitis
417:
411:
390:
384:
354:
349:
347:
302:
296:
282:and eventually
233:
231:Pathophysiology
181:
177:
174:
172:
161:
146:liver cirrhosis
19:
12:
11:
5:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:Hemoperitoneum
4146:
4145:
4144:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3873:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3618:Blood in stool
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3591:Anal dysplasia
3588:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3458:
3456:Angiodysplasia
3453:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:Diverticulosis
3387:Diverticulitis
3384:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:Milroy disease
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Tropical sprue
3244:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3200:
3198:
3175:
3169:Lower GI tract
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2909:Upper GI tract
2905:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2825:Inhalant abuse
2822:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2685:benzodiazepine
2681:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2375:Binge drinking
2372:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2074:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2034:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1915:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:Classification
1883:
1882:External links
1880:
1877:
1876:
1825:
1782:
1733:
1704:(5): 346–354.
1684:
1635:
1586:
1537:
1494:
1443:
1408:
1364:
1345:(1): 105–113.
1329:
1280:
1224:
1205:(1–2): 39–49.
1186:
1137:
1111:
1099:
1092:
1074:
1035:
1014:(10): 1021–9.
981:
928:
877:
846:(5): 108–113.
826:
801:
767:
688:
687:
685:
682:
659:
656:
654:less than 32.
646:
643:
632:pentoxifylline
602:
599:
594:
591:
578:Mallory bodies
570:leukocytopenia
525:
522:
512:
509:
469:blood pressure
439:deposition by
413:Main article:
410:
407:
386:Main article:
383:
380:
345:
342:carbon dioxide
298:Main article:
295:
292:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:encephalopathy
216:
210:
202:
196:
193:
189:
186:
169:standard drink
160:
157:
109:, and chronic
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
55:Mallory bodies
43:
42:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:Diaphragmatic
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Cholecystitis
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:Liver abscess
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:Liver failure
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:Enterocolitis
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:Malabsorption
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Gastroparesis
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Cushing ulcer
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Megaesophagus
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:substance use
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Drug overdose
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1109:, p. 185
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
947:
944:(3): 217–32.
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
878:
873:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
827:
815:
811:
805:
802:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:(1): 307–28.
724:
720:
713:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
690:
683:
681:
678:
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
644:
642:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
608:
600:
598:
592:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
519:
510:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:liver failure
458:
454:
450:
449:cell membrane
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
389:
381:
379:
377:
376:triglycerides
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
348:) and water (
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:interleukin 8
254:
253:interleukin 6
250:
246:
237:
230:
225:
221:
217:
214:
213:Iron overload
211:
208:
203:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
170:
166:
165:
164:
158:
156:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:liver disease
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
31:
27:
22:
16:
4101:
4080:
3957:Pancreatitis
3919:
3869:biliary tree
3748:
3742:Nutmeg liver
3719:
3645:Hematochezia
3596:Pruritus ani
3581:Anal abscess
3576:Anal fistula
3572:Anal fissure
3485:Constipation
3439:
3310:Appendicitis
3118:Gastroptosis
3108:Achlorhydria
2947:
2936:Eosinophilic
2842:
2769:
2720:
2683:
2531:Hallucinogen
2258:Neurological
2178:
2006:Psychoactive
1956:
1932:
1917:
1902:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1798:(2): 353–8.
1795:
1791:
1785:
1753:(1): 130–7.
1750:
1746:
1736:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1510:(1): 24–34.
1507:
1503:
1497:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1421:
1411:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1246:
1242:
1202:
1198:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1102:
1083:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1011:
1007:
941:
937:
931:
894:
890:
880:
843:
839:
829:
817:. Retrieved
814:nccd.cdc.gov
813:
804:
792:. Retrieved
780:
770:
758:. Retrieved
751:the original
722:
718:
661:
648:
640:
621:
611:
604:
596:
546:macrocytosis
542:mitochondria
527:
518:hepatomegaly
514:
433:Acetaldehyde
423:(swelling),
421:inflammation
418:
391:
336:(ALDH) into
330:acetaldehyde
303:
294:Fatty change
276:inflammation
269:acetaldehyde
242:
162:
159:Risk factors
150:
123:
90:
86:
85:also called
82:
78:
74:
73:
15:
4137:Peritonitis
3899:Cholestasis
3877:Cholangitis
3820:Gallbladder
3708:Fatty liver
3628:Hematemesis
3610:GI bleeding
3416:Necrotizing
3345:Lymphocytic
3340:Collagenous
3335:Microscopic
3272:Steatorrhea
3173:Enteropathy
3019:Inlet patch
2941:Herpetiform
2926:Esophagitis
2771:amphetamine
2722:barbiturate
1958:MedlinePlus
601:Medications
499:other than
473:portal vein
338:acetic acid
310:liver cells
288:hepatocytes
220:hepatocytes
153:hepatitis B
138:fatty liver
113:with liver
103:fatty liver
29:Other names
4173:Categories
4129:Peritoneal
4107:Incisional
4028:Congenital
3972:Hereditary
3949:Pancreatic
3913:Haemobilia
3586:Hemorrhoid
3564:Anal canal
3502:Infectious
3490:Functional
3325:Ulcerative
3209:Duodenitis
3148:Gastrinoma
2752:Stimulants
2415:Caffeinism
2369:Alcoholism
2042:Withdrawal
1792:Hepatology
1067:27 January
760:18 October
719:Hepatology
684:References
628:etanercept
624:infliximab
586:neutrophil
505:abstinence
445:cytochrome
144:, and 15%
47:Microscopy
4117:Richter's
4074:Spigelian
4069:Obturator
4059:Umbilical
3892:Ascending
3863:Bile duct
3696:Cirrhosis
3674:Hepatitis
3657:Accessory
3527:Proctitis
3378:Megacolon
3352:Dysentery
3262:Whipple's
3214:Jejunitis
3204:Enteritis
3091:Dyspepsia
3052:Gastritis
2985:Achalasia
2918:Esophagus
2858:Chocolate
2260:disorders
1710:1554-7914
1339:J Hepatol
946:CiteSeerX
789:0362-4331
664:histology
658:Prognosis
613:Silymarin
593:Treatment
562:bilirubin
532:(AST) to
511:Diagnosis
415:Cirrhosis
409:Cirrhosis
318:vesicular
306:steatosis
280:apoptosis
249:TNF-alpha
245:cytokines
130:steatosis
119:cirrhosis
111:hepatitis
62:Specialty
4047:Indirect
4042:Inguinal
3776:Pyogenic
3721:Vascular
3497:Diarrhea
3475:Volvulus
3441:Vascular
3380: /
3369: /
3330:Ischemic
3297:Appendix
3187:Duodenum
3057:Atrophic
2931:Candidal
2791:Volatile
2666:hypnotic
2661:Sedative
2560:Nicotine
2437:Cannabis
2389:Caffeine
2248:Hangover
2096:Combined
1871:11835693
1845:(1): 2.
1820:27208162
1812:15660383
1777:11804676
1728:28289338
1679:22592729
1630:21678335
1581:19821406
1532:22443776
1524:17203086
1489:20238404
1438:21412909
1403:11757767
1395:16279916
1324:17054157
1275:25278689
1219:17045579
1061:Archived
1030:11605686
976:46350552
968:15349801
923:28487602
872:21731902
747:41729364
739:20034030
582:necrosis
564:levels.
487:and the
457:jaundice
455:include
453:Symptoms
437:collagen
429:necrosis
425:fibrosis
403:fibrosis
399:necrosis
374:to form
372:glycerol
284:fibrosis
272:toxicity
115:fibrosis
4088:Petit's
4064:Femoral
3967:Chronic
3781:Amoebic
3549:Anismus
3315:Colitis
3242:Coeliac
3219:Ileitis
3191:Jejunum
3044:Stomach
2948:Rupture
2836:Related
2793:solvent
2604:Opioids
2492:Cocaine
2285:(AWS):
2227:Nervous
2181:(ALD):
2131:Alcohol
2016:General
1939:D008108
1768:1837536
1719:5338188
1670:6823271
1621:7098215
1572:6769169
1480:2842529
1359:2671116
1315:8690167
1266:4177474
1181:1439776
1173:9820369
1130:11 June
914:5403744
863:3124876
819:6 March
794:6 March
556:(GGT),
501:alcohol
481:ascites
471:in the
328:) into
180:⁄
99:alcohol
4082:Lumbar
4052:Direct
4035:Hiatus
4015:Hernia
3867:Other
3633:Melena
3519:Rectum
3002:(GERD)
2847:: SUD
2806:(SSDS)
2549:(HPPD)
2304:(FASD)
2055:(PAWS)
1963:000281
1869:
1859:
1818:
1810:
1775:
1765:
1726:
1716:
1708:
1677:
1667:
1628:
1618:
1579:
1569:
1530:
1522:
1487:
1477:
1436:
1401:
1393:
1357:
1322:
1312:
1273:
1263:
1217:
1179:
1171:
1090:
1055:&
1028:
974:
966:
948:
921:
911:
870:
860:
787:
745:
737:
584:, and
566:Folate
560:, and
497:toxins
467:(high
395:steato
267:, and
4007:Other
3962:Acute
3713:MASLD
3666:Liver
3640:Lower
3623:Upper
3465:Ileus
3301:Colon
3195:Ileum
3010:(LPR)
2710:(BUD)
2650:(OUD)
2639:(OIC)
2633:(OIE)
2627:(OIH)
2573:(GTS)
2510:(PCE)
2476:(CUD)
2455:(CHS)
2315:(PAN)
2296:(DTs)
2239:(ARD)
2218:(AKA)
2199:(ABS)
2162:(AFR)
2120:(CDI)
1928:571.1
1862:65516
1816:S2CID
1528:S2CID
1399:S2CID
1177:S2CID
972:S2CID
754:(PDF)
743:S2CID
715:(PDF)
314:macro
95:liver
51:liver
3395:SCAD
2816:SUD
2800:SID
2775:SUD
2759:SID
2736:SUD
2726:SID
2704:SUD
2689:SID
2673:SID
2644:SUD
2611:SID
2588:SUD
2567:SID
2538:SID
2515:SUD
2499:SID
2465:SUD
2444:SID
2421:SUD
2396:SID
2327:(WE)
2114:SID
2104:SUD
1934:MeSH
1923:9-CM
1867:PMID
1808:PMID
1773:PMID
1724:PMID
1706:ISSN
1675:PMID
1626:PMID
1604:2011
1577:PMID
1555:2009
1520:PMID
1485:PMID
1434:PMID
1391:PMID
1355:PMID
1320:PMID
1298:2009
1271:PMID
1215:PMID
1169:PMID
1132:2020
1088:ISBN
1069:2010
1026:PMID
964:PMID
919:PMID
868:PMID
821:2024
796:2024
785:ISSN
762:2011
735:PMID
626:and
364:NAD+
360:NADH
255:and
207:ALDH
91:ARLD
3701:PBC
3428:IBD
3362:IBS
2362:SUD
2139:SID
2063:SUD
2023:SID
1919:ICD
1913:K70
1904:ICD
1857:PMC
1847:doi
1800:doi
1763:PMC
1755:doi
1714:PMC
1665:PMC
1657:doi
1616:PMC
1608:doi
1567:PMC
1559:doi
1512:doi
1475:PMC
1465:doi
1426:doi
1383:doi
1379:100
1347:doi
1310:PMC
1302:doi
1261:PMC
1251:doi
1207:doi
1203:377
1159:doi
1016:doi
956:doi
909:PMC
899:doi
858:PMC
848:doi
727:doi
677:MDF
652:MDF
344:(CO
326:ADH
259:),
117:or
79:ALD
49:of
4175::
3865:/
3463::
3444::
3240::
2083:/
2079:/
2070:/
2044::
2030:/
1961::
1937::
1926::
1911::
1908:10
1865:.
1855:.
1841:.
1837:.
1814:.
1806:.
1796:41
1794:.
1771:.
1761:.
1751:36
1749:.
1745:.
1722:.
1712:.
1700:.
1696:.
1673:.
1663:.
1651:.
1647:.
1624:.
1614:.
1602:.
1598:.
1575:.
1565:.
1553:.
1549:.
1526:.
1518:.
1506:.
1483:.
1473:.
1461:16
1459:.
1455:.
1432:.
1420:.
1397:.
1389:.
1377:.
1353:.
1341:.
1318:.
1308:.
1296:.
1292:.
1269:.
1259:.
1247:20
1245:.
1241:.
1227:^
1213:.
1201:.
1189:^
1175:.
1167:.
1155:93
1153:.
1149:.
1123:.
1059:.
1047:.
1024:.
1012:76
1010:.
1006:.
984:^
970:.
962:.
954:.
942:24
940:.
917:.
907:.
895:23
893:.
889:.
866:.
856:.
842:.
838:.
812:.
783:.
779:.
741:.
733:.
723:51
721:.
717:.
692:^
634:.
451:.
278:,
263:,
251:,
148:.
121:.
105:,
3901:/
3574:/
3393:/
3389:/
3303:)
3299:/
3295:(
3197:)
3193:/
3189:/
3185:(
2892:e
2885:t
2878:v
2773::
2724::
2687::
2663:/
1998:e
1991:t
1984:v
1921:-
1906:-
1896:D
1873:.
1849::
1843:2
1822:.
1802::
1779:.
1757::
1730:.
1702:2
1681:.
1659::
1653:5
1632:.
1610::
1583:.
1561::
1534:.
1514::
1508:4
1491:.
1467::
1440:.
1428::
1405:.
1385::
1361:.
1349::
1343:9
1326:.
1304::
1277:.
1253::
1221:.
1209::
1183:.
1161::
1134:.
1096:.
1071:.
1032:.
1018::
978:.
958::
925:.
901::
874:.
850::
844:3
823:.
798:.
764:.
729::
572:(
548:(
397:-
355:O
353:2
351:H
346:2
324:(
316:-
247:(
226:.
182:2
178:1
175:+
173:1
132:(
89:(
83:,
81:)
77:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
