769:(Described by Miller in 1931), the oldest purported alcid from the Eocene of California, is actually a petrel (as reviewed by Chandler in 1990) and is reassigned to the tubenoses (Procellariiformes). A 2003 paper, "The Earliest North American Record of Auk (Aves: Alcidae) From the Late Eocene of Central Georgia", reports a Late Eocene, wing-propelled, diving auk from the Priabonain stage of the Late Eocene. These sediments have been dated through Chandronian NALMA {North American Land Mammal Age}, at an estimate of 34.5 to 35.5 million years on the Eocene time scale for fossil-bearing sediments of the Clinchfield Formation, Gordon, Wilkinson County, Georgia. Furthermore, the sediments containing this unabraded portion of a left humerus (43.7 mm long) are tropical or subtropical as evidenced by a wealth of warm-water shark teeth, palaeophied snake vertebrae, and turtles.
163:
709:
138:
1927:
2683:
763:. The current paucity of auks in the Atlantic (six species), compared to the Pacific (19–20 species) is considered to be because of extinctions to the Atlantic auks; the fossil record shows many more species were in the Atlantic during the Pliocene. Auks also tend to be restricted to continental-shelf waters and breed on few oceanic islands.
519:(which are dive-powered by their strong feet). In areas where the two groups feed on the same prey, the auks tend to feed further offshore. Strong-swimming murres hunt faster, schooling fish, whereas auklets take slower-moving krill. Time depth recorders on auks have shown that they can dive as deep as 100 m (330 ft) in the case of
1607:
592:
1809:
758:
Today, as in the past, the auks are restricted to cooler northern waters. Their ability to spread further south is restricted as their prey hunting method, pursuit diving, becomes less efficient in warmer waters. The speed at which small fish (which along with krill are the auk's principal prey) can
719:
The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. The extant auks (subfamily
Alcinae) are broken up into two main groups - the usually high-billed puffins (tribe Fraterculini) and auklets (tribe Aethiini), as opposed to the more slender-billed murres and true
494:
Although not to the extent of penguins, auks have largely sacrificed flight, and also mobility on land, in exchange for swimming ability; their wings are a compromise between the best possible design for diving and the bare minimum needed for flying. This varies by subfamily, with the
1715:
747:
murrelets should be split into a distinct tribe, as they appear more closely related to the Alcini; in any case, assumption of a closer relationship between the former and the true guillemots was only weakly supported by earlier studies.
759:
swim doubles as the temperature increases from 5 to 15 °C (41 to 59 °F), with no corresponding increase in speed for the bird. The southernmost auks, in
California and Mexico, can survive there because of cold
690:
are found. Early movement between the
Pacific and the Atlantic probably happened to the south (since no northern opening to the Atlantic existed), with later movements across the Arctic Ocean. The flightless subfamily
751:
Of the genera, only a few species are placed in each. This is probably a product of the rather small geographic range of the family (the most limited of any seabird family), and the periods of
472:, having black-and-white colours, upright posture, and some of their habits. Nevertheless, they are not closely related to penguins, but rather are believed to be an example of moderate
364:
Several species have different
English names in Europe and North America. The two species known as "murres" in North America are called "guillemots" in Europe, and the species called
686:, but the greater diversity of fossils and tribes in the Pacific leads most scientists to conclude they first evolved there, and in the Miocene Pacific, the first fossils of extant
626:(Mya). Alternatively, auks may have split off far earlier from the rest of the Lari and undergone strong morphological, but slow genetic evolution, which would require a very high
720:
auks (tribe Alcini), and the murrelets and guillemots (tribes
Brachyramphini and Cepphini). The tribal arrangement was originally based on analyses of morphology and
2889:
2928:
3020:
2499:
Smith, N. A. (2015). "Evolution of body mass in the Pan-Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): the effects of combining neontological and paleontological data".
654:, 15 Mya) is the earliest known from good specimens. Two very fragmentary fossils are often assigned to the Alcidae, although this may not be correct:
2256:
2092:
3010:
2863:
606:, but genetic analyses have demonstrated that these peculiarities are the product of strong natural selection, instead; as opposed to, for example,
2625:
Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G.; Barrowclough, G.F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds".
2902:
3015:
2627:
2231:
586:
614:
to a diving seabird lifestyle. Thus today, the auks are no longer separated in their own suborder (Alcae), but are considered part of the
2464:
539:
birds, spending the majority of their adult lives on the open sea and going ashore only for breeding, although some species, such as the
491:, at 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 45 cm (18 in). Due to their short wings, auks have to flap their wings very quickly to fly.
618:
suborder, which otherwise contains gulls and similar birds. Judging from genetic data, their closest living relatives appear to be the
503:) and murrelets being the most efficient under the water, whereas the puffins and auklets are better adapted for flying and walking.
2615:
2967:
2306:
266:
2907:
602:
Traditionally, the auks were believed to be one of the earliest distinct charadriiform lineages due to their characteristic
345:. The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. Auks are found throughout the
356:, all auks can fly, and are excellent swimmers and divers (appearing to "fly" in water), but their walking appears clumsy.
2915:
2785:
1612:
2216:
2842:
2701:
2145:
2933:
2855:
695:, which was apparently restricted to the Pacific Coast of southern North America and became extinct in the Early
2075:
of auks seems to have been markedly higher during the
Pliocene. See the genus accounts for prehistoric species.
162:
2593:
2540:
2349:
2298:"Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evolution and Phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, Including the Extinct Great Auk (
2252:"Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Total Molecular Evidence"
3005:
2715:
2501:
1901:
1258:
2954:
734:
627:
2790:
2116:
1768:
1737:
1165:
1128:
1808:
2972:
2811:
2762:
2636:
2413:
1892:
1857:
1749:
1327:
1221:
701:
603:
473:
239:
35:
2387:
755:
advance and retreat that have kept the populations on the move in a narrow band of subarctic ocean.
2687:
2589:"Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists"
346:
2565:
2518:
2481:
1755:
1637:
1389:
1150:
596:
488:
401:
394:
157:
2404:"Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)"
1949:
1557:
920:
646:
546:
Auks are monogamous, and tend to form lifelong pairs. They typically lay a single egg, and they
2959:
2941:
2798:
2652:
2611:
2441:
2378:
2325:
2275:
2227:
2020:
1790:
1097:
812:
725:
515:-propelled, pursuit divers. In the region where auks live, their only seabird competition are
477:
2894:
2695:
2995:
2946:
2644:
2557:
2510:
2473:
2431:
2421:
2368:
2358:
2315:
2265:
2149:
1985:
1883:
1840:
1812:
1781:
1731:
1342:
1243:
1082:
986:
743:
656:
435:
379:
2320:
2297:
2270:
2251:
2038:
1967:
1831:
1718:
1305:
964:
871:
322:
214:
145:
2640:
2417:
2850:
2837:
2669:
2436:
2403:
1976:
1001:
419:
2648:
2373:
2344:
2115:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2022).
708:
511:
The feeding behaviour of auks is often compared to that of penguins; both groups are
3000:
2989:
2753:
2089:, a traditional Inuit food from Greenland that is made of auks preserved in seal skin
2056:
2047:
1943:
1930:
1877:
856:
834:
573:
445:
342:
292:
262:
95:
2522:
2485:
2663:
2072:
1994:
1628:
1404:
942:
728:
699:, is sometimes included in the family Alcidae under some definitions. One species,
540:
536:
484:
248:
2803:
2179:
2920:
2876:
2767:
2747:
1690:
696:
692:
615:
558:
440:
224:
70:
57:
42:
2588:
1714:
137:
2477:
2462:
Konyukhov, N.B. (2002). "Possible Ways of
Spreading and Evolution of Alcids".
2014:
1681:
1655:
1649:
1428:
679:
547:
365:
256:
115:
80:
30:
This article is about a family of birds. For the ornithological journal, see
2824:
2561:
2153:
1696:
1673:
1667:
1466:
1451:
760:
712:
671:
516:
500:
449:
412:
353:
330:
174:
120:
64:
2738:
2656:
2445:
2426:
2382:
2363:
2329:
1926:
610:(a much older charadriiform lineage), auks radically changed from a wading
543:, spend a great part of the year defending their nesting spot from others.
2682:
2279:
1606:
2732:
738:
683:
675:
674:). Most extant genera are known to exist since the Late Miocene or Early
666:
194:
110:
105:
90:
85:
75:
2777:
2514:
2197:
2569:
2548:
2408:
1825:
1538:
785:
752:
721:
651:
563:
469:
282:
125:
100:
31:
571:, auklets, and some murrelets nest in burrows. All species except the
17:
2881:
2085:
2032:
1961:
1562:
661:
638:
634:
607:
568:
338:
334:
184:
2868:
2709:
2694:
2829:
1925:
1807:
1713:
1605:
707:
687:
642:
611:
590:
2343:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004).
1622:
623:
619:
512:
326:
314:
204:
2713:
591:
2816:
382:
41:"Auklet" redirects here. For the fishery patrol vessel, see
567:
guillemots, breed in small groups on rocky coasts; and the
487:, at 85 g (3 oz) and 15 cm (5.9 in), to the
2296:
Moum, Truls; Arnason, Ulfur & Árnason, Einar (2002).
2226:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 40.
1725:, a true guillemot) in summer (front) and winter plumage
678:(about 5 Mya). Miocene fossils have been found in both
527:
guillemots and 30 m (98 ft) for the auklets.
1616:) is quite distinct from the brachyramphine murrelets.
630:, coupled with a long lifespan and slow reproduction.
368:
in Europe is referred to as dovekie in North
America.
2250:
Friesen, V.L.; Baker, A.J. & Piatt, J.F. (1996).
385:
2722:
2465:
Biology
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2705:. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 85.
2457:
2455:
1819:, a brachyramphine murrelet) in breeding plumage
741:studies confirm these findings except that the
480:(males and females are similar in appearance).
2534:
2532:
2154:"Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks"
622:, with these two lineages separating about 30
2345:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny"
8:
2224:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
705:, is the largest charadriiform of all time.
523:guillemots, 40 m (130 ft) for the
2397:
2395:
2710:
2606:Gaston, Anthony J.; Jones, Ian L. (1998).
2123:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
136:
49:
2435:
2425:
2372:
2362:
2319:
2269:
2245:
2243:
2093:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1610:The synthliboramphine Xantus's murrelet (
2104:
715:are an auk found in the Atlantic Ocean.
2291:
2289:
2628:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2321:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004206
2271:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595
2160:. International Ornithologists' Union
2140:
2138:
2110:
2108:
587:List of Charadriiformes by population
561:on cliff edges; others, such as the
7:
2856:3fbf23a9-cc5a-4352-8136-f3452170e666
2610:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1443:
1382:
1375:
1320:
1298:
1291:
1236:
1214:
1207:
1143:
1121:
1075:
1068:
1061:
979:
957:
935:
913:
849:
827:
805:
798:
791:
781:
557:guillemots (murres), nest in large
483:Extant auks range in size from the
3021:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
468:Auks are superficially similar to
438:name Alcidae comes from the genus
25:
2681:
2158:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
378:
325:. The alcid family includes the
161:
3011:Extant Eocene first appearances
2307:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2257:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2541:"The phylogeny of the Alcidae"
1:
2665:Diving Birds of North America
2649:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8
1712:– synthliboramphine murrelets
3016:Priabonian first appearances
1565:: Middle Miocene of CE USA)
1873:– brachyramphine murrelets
1795:Synthliboramphus wumizusume
1760:Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
1613:Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
3037:
2587:Collinson, Martin (2006).
2215:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1906:Brachyramphus brevirostris
1640:or, Brünnich's guillemot,
637:of auks are from the late
584:
581:Evolution and distribution
553:Some species, such as the
499:guillemots (including the
456:) from the Norwegian word
40:
34:. For other meanings, see
29:
2539:Strauch J.G. Jr. (1985).
1786:Synthliboramphus antiquus
1775:– sometimes separated in
1762:– sometimes separated in
1742:Synthliboramphus scrippsi
1604:– typical auks and murres
1464:
1448:
1441:
1426:
1402:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1340:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1256:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1163:
1148:
1141:
1126:
1119:
1095:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
999:
984:
977:
962:
955:
940:
933:
918:
911:
869:
854:
847:
832:
825:
810:
803:
796:
789:
633:The earliest unequivocal
278:
273:
254:
247:
158:Scientific classification
156:
144:
135:
52:
2350:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1888:Brachyramphus marmoratus
1817:Brachyramphus marmoratus
1773:Synthliboramphus craveri
767:Hydotherikornis oregonus
577:murrelets are colonial.
2702:Encyclopædia Britannica
2608:The Auks : Alcidae
2478:10.1023/A:1020457508769
1954:Ptychoramphus aleuticus
1917:Subfamily Fraterculinae
1710:Tribe Synthliboramphini
1589:Wijnker and Olson, 2009
1583:Wijnker and Olson, 2009
1577:Wijnker and Olson, 2009
352:Apart from the extinct
2427:10.3897/zookeys.91.709
2388:Supplementary Material
2364:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28
2152:, eds. (August 2022).
2052:Fratercula corniculata
1938:
1820:
1726:
1617:
1587:Miocepphus mergulellus
716:
599:
2955:Paleobiology Database
2562:10.1093/auk/102.3.520
2025:Cerorhinca monocerata
1929:
1851:Cepphus columba snowi
1811:
1717:
1631:or common guillemot,
1609:
711:
628:evolutionary pressure
594:
531:Breeding and colonies
2851:Fauna Europaea (new)
2690:at Wikimedia Commons
2402:Smith, N.A. (2011).
2121:Animal Diversity Web
1897:Brachyramphus perdix
1893:Long-billed murrelet
1871:Tribe Brachyramphini
1858:Spectacled guillemot
1328:Spectacled guillemot
1222:Long-billed murrelet
702:Miomancalla howardae
548:use the nesting site
474:convergent evolution
2641:2003MolPE..29..268P
2515:10.1017/pab.2015.24
2418:2011ZooK...91....1S
2198:"Definition of auk"
2180:"Definition of Auk"
2061:Fratercula cirrhata
1935:Fratercula cirrhata
1902:Kittlitz's murrelet
1575:Miocepphus bohaskai
1569:Miocepphus mcclungi
1259:Kittlitz's murrelet
641:, some 35 Mya. The
595:Auks as painted by
507:Feeding and ecology
347:Northern Hemisphere
2300:Pinguinus impennis
2148:; Donsker, David;
2043:Fratercula arctica
2008:Tribe Fraterculini
1981:Aethia cristatella
1939:
1849:Kurile guillemot,
1821:
1769:Craveri's murrelet
1756:Guadalupe murrelet
1738:Scripps's murrelet
1727:
1678:Pinguinus impennis
1638:Thick-billed murre
1618:
1390:Thick-billed murre
1166:Scripps's murrelet
1151:Guadalupe murrelet
1129:Craveri's murrelet
717:
600:
597:Archibald Thorburn
489:thick-billed murre
2983:
2982:
2942:Open Tree of Life
2716:Taxon identifiers
2686:Media related to
2233:978-1-4081-2501-4
2150:Rasmussen, Pamela
2021:Rhinoceros auklet
1972:Aethia psittacula
1806:– true guillemots
1791:Japanese murrelet
1750:Xantus's murrelet
1597:Subfamily Alcinae
1545:
1544:
1537:Cladogram of the
1531:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1415:
1414:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1108:
1107:
1098:Japanese murrelet
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
813:Rhinoceros auklet
624:million years ago
550:year after year.
426:(sea-bird, auk).
304:
303:
298:
288:
243:
150:Aethia psittacula
16:(Redirected from
3028:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2923:
2921:NBNSYS0000159328
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2685:
2660:
2621:
2602:
2574:
2573:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2314:(9): 1434–1439.
2293:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2112:
1986:Whiskered auklet
1884:Marbled murrelet
1841:Pigeon guillemot
1813:Marbled murrelet
1782:Ancient murrelet
1732:Synthliboramphus
1581:Miocepphus blowi
1444:
1383:
1376:
1343:Pigeon guillemot
1321:
1299:
1292:
1244:Marbled murrelet
1237:
1215:
1208:
1144:
1122:
1083:Ancient murrelet
1076:
1069:
1062:
987:Whiskered auklet
980:
958:
936:
914:
850:
828:
806:
799:
792:
782:
777:
776:
744:Synthliboramphus
657:Hydrotherikornis
541:common guillemot
448:in 1758 for the
393:is derived from
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
296:
286:
238:
166:
165:
146:Parakeet auklets
140:
130:
67:
56:Temporal range:
50:
21:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2718:
2693:
2678:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2586:
2583:
2581:Further reading
2578:
2577:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2184:Merriam-Webster
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2081:
2039:Atlantic puffin
1968:Parakeet auklet
1950:Cassin's auklet
1845:Cepphus columba
1832:Black guillemot
1719:Black guillemot
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1416:
1363:
1354:
1306:Black guillemot
1279:
1270:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1109:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
965:Parakeet auklet
921:Cassin's auklet
901:
892:
883:
872:Atlantic puffin
775:
589:
583:
533:
509:
466:
432:
381:
377:
376:The word "auk"
374:
362:
323:Charadriiformes
313:are a group of
269:
260:
237:
215:Charadriiformes
160:
131:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
62:
61:
54:
46:
39:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Diving animals
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2838:Fauna Europaea
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2772:
2759:
2744:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2691:
2677:
2676:External links
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:Paul Johnsgard
2661:
2635:(2): 268–278.
2622:
2616:
2603:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2556:(3): 520–539.
2528:
2491:
2472:(5): 447–454.
2468:(in Russian).
2451:
2391:
2335:
2285:
2264:(2): 359–367.
2239:
2232:
2207:
2202:Dictionary.com
2189:
2171:
2134:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1999:Aethia pusilla
1992:
1990:Aethia pygmaea
1983:
1977:Crested auklet
1974:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1922:Tribe Aethiini
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1838:
1836:Cepphus grylle
1804:Tribe Cepphini
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1744:– formerly in
1723:Cepphus grylle
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1645:
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1594:
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1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1551:incertae sedis
1543:
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1534:
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1528:
1525:
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1498:
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1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:Crested auklet
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
983:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
961:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
939:
934:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
917:
912:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
853:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
831:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
780:
774:
771:
582:
579:
532:
529:
508:
505:
465:
462:
431:
428:
420:Proto-Germanic
373:
370:
361:
358:
317:of the family
302:
301:
300:
299:
289:
276:
275:
271:
270:
261:
252:
251:
245:
244:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
154:
153:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
68:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3033:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2617:0-19-854032-9
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:(6): 306–323.
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:British Birds
2590:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:(91): 1–116.
2411:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2057:Tufted puffin
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:Horned puffin
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:Ptychoramphus
1941:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:Tufted puffin
1928:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:Brachyramphus
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:Cepphus carbo
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:S. hypoleucus
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:Wetmore, 1940
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
982:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
960:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
938:
937:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
916:
915:
909:
908:
905:
904:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
874:
873:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
857:Horned puffin
852:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:Tufted puffin
830:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
808:
807:
801:
800:
794:
793:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
772:
770:
768:
764:
762:
756:
754:
749:
746:
745:
740:
736:
733:
732:
727:
723:
714:
710:
706:
704:
703:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
593:
588:
580:
578:
576:
575:
574:Brachyramphus
570:
566:
565:
560:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Carl Linnaeus
443:
442:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
390:
371:
369:
367:
359:
357:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:in the order
320:
316:
312:
308:
297:Strauch, 1985
295:
294:
293:Fraterculinae
290:
285:
284:
280:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
258:
253:
250:
246:
241:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
59:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2723:
2700:
2664:
2632:
2626:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2553:
2547:
2506:
2502:Paleobiology
2500:
2494:
2469:
2463:
2407:
2354:
2348:
2338:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2261:
2255:
2223:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2157:
2125:. Retrieved
2120:
2084:
2073:Biodiversity
2071:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2031:
2024:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1995:Least auklet
1989:
1980:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1942:
1934:
1921:
1916:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1834:or tystie,
1824:
1816:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1745:
1741:
1730:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1689:
1677:
1666:
1659:
1658:or dovekie,
1648:
1641:
1632:
1629:Common murre
1621:
1611:
1602:Tribe Alcini
1601:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1465:
1449:
1427:
1405:Common murre
1403:
1388:
1341:
1326:
1304:
1257:
1242:
1220:
1164:
1149:
1127:
1096:
1081:
1000:
985:
963:
943:Least auklet
941:
919:
870:
855:
833:
811:
766:
765:
757:
750:
742:
730:
718:
700:
665:
655:
650:, (from the
645:
632:
601:
572:
562:
554:
552:
545:
534:
524:
520:
510:
496:
493:
485:least auklet
482:
467:
457:
453:
439:
433:
423:
415:
408:
404:
397:
375:
363:
351:
318:
310:
306:
305:
291:
281:
274:Subfamilies
255:
249:Type species
234:
149:
47:
2877:iNaturalist
2748:Wikispecies
2696:"Auk"
2509:(1): 8–26.
2164:10 November
2146:Gill, Frank
2127:31 December
1777:Endomychura
1764:Endomychura
1642:Uria lomvia
773:Systematics
729:cytochrome
697:Pleistocene
693:Mancallinae
478:monomorphic
476:. Auks are
464:Description
287:Leach, 1820
58:Late Eocene
43:USFS Auklet
2990:Categories
2099:References
2033:Fratercula
2015:Cerorhinca
2010:– puffins
1701:Alca torda
1656:Little auk
1633:Uria aalge
1558:Miocepphus
1549:Basal and
1429:Little auk
761:upwellings
713:Razorbills
680:California
647:Miocepphus
604:morphology
585:See also:
517:cormorants
454:Alca torda
366:little auk
331:guillemots
257:Alca torda
221:Suborder:
63:35–0
2357:(1): 28.
2117:"Alcidae"
1924:– auklets
1697:Razorbill
1684:, c.1844)
1674:Great auk
1668:Pinguinus
1660:Alle alle
1467:Razorbill
1452:Great auk
735:sequences
672:Oligocene
612:shorebird
535:Auks are
501:razorbill
450:razorbill
444:given by
413:Old Norse
402:Norwegian
395:Icelandic
372:Etymology
354:great auk
343:murrelets
181:Kingdom:
175:Eukaryota
60:– recent
2775:BioLib:
2733:Wikidata
2657:13678682
2523:83934750
2486:36133751
2446:21594108
2383:15329156
2330:12200471
2079:See also
739:allozyme
684:Maryland
676:Pliocene
667:Petralca
559:colonies
470:penguins
430:Taxonomy
263:Linnaeus
231:Family:
195:Chordata
191:Phylum:
185:Animalia
171:Domain:
2996:Alcidae
2768:Alcidae
2754:Alcidae
2724:Alcidae
2688:Alcidae
2637:Bibcode
2570:4086647
2549:The Auk
2437:3084493
2414:Bibcode
2409:ZooKeys
2280:8587501
1826:Cepphus
1682:extinct
1541:family
1539:Alcidae
786:Alcidae
753:glacial
737:, and
722:ecology
652:Miocene
635:fossils
608:plovers
569:puffins
564:Cepphus
537:pelagic
525:Cepphus
339:puffins
335:auklets
319:Alcidae
283:Alcinae
235:Alcidae
211:Order:
201:Class:
32:The Auk
2973:136987
2947:855478
2908:176967
2895:104621
2830:1ALCXF
2739:Q28294
2655:
2614:
2568:
2521:
2484:
2444:
2434:
2381:
2374:515296
2371:
2328:
2278:
2230:
2217:"Alca"
2086:Kiviak
1962:Aethia
1563:fossil
688:genera
670:(Late
664:) and
662:Eocene
660:(Late
639:Eocene
436:family
341:, and
327:murres
311:alcids
242:, 1820
18:Alcids
2968:WoRMS
2960:39605
2934:28683
2890:IRMNG
2882:71295
2843:10785
2566:JSTOR
2544:(PDF)
2519:S2CID
2482:S2CID
2220:(PDF)
726:mtDNA
643:genus
620:skuas
418:from
411:from
360:Names
315:birds
240:Leach
3001:Auks
2929:NCBI
2903:ITIS
2869:2985
2864:GBIF
2825:EPPO
2817:8015
2791:1434
2786:BOLD
2778:8718
2653:PMID
2612:ISBN
2442:PMID
2379:PMID
2326:PMID
2276:PMID
2228:ISBN
2166:2022
2129:2022
1691:Alca
1650:Alle
1623:Uria
682:and
616:Lari
555:Uria
521:Uria
513:wing
497:Uria
458:alke
441:Alca
434:The
424:alkǭ
416:ālka
409:alke
405:alka
400:and
398:álka
307:Auks
267:1758
225:Lari
205:Aves
71:PreꞒ
53:Auks
2916:NBN
2812:EoL
2804:66H
2799:CoL
2763:ADW
2668:by
2645:doi
2558:doi
2554:102
2511:doi
2474:doi
2432:PMC
2422:doi
2369:PMC
2359:doi
2316:doi
2266:doi
2059:,
2050:,
2041:,
2023:,
1997:,
1988:,
1979:,
1970:,
1952:,
1904:,
1886:,
1860:,
1843:,
407:or
309:or
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