485:. Feduccia also criticized "ground-up" theories for the origin of avian flight, arguing on biophysical grounds that they were implausible, and noting that in other cases in which flight has developed among vertebrates it has occurred in an arboreal context. He argued, instead, for a "trees-down" model for the origin of avian flight due to its lack of the biophysical constraints hindering "ground-up" acquisition of flight and due to the ability to call upon biologically functional stages, represented by living analogues, at each stage in the evolution of flight.
367:, that managed to survive the Cretaceous extinction event, perhaps through eking out a living along marginal shoreline environments. This radiation is hypothesized to have been very rapid, as many orders of modern birds have fossil representatives from the early Cenozoic but not before. This hypothesis argues that support for this scenario is shown by the existence of a similar evolutionary pattern in Cenozoic mammals and that, as a general model of evolutionary change, a Tertiary "big-bang" for modern birds would be consistent with
557:). This emerged as a principal argument in Feduccia's research on the origin of birds, and was the subject of developmental studies of the ostrich definitively identifying first and fifth digital condensations in the embryonic hand, confirming a pentadactyl ground state for the avian manus with symmetrical reduction, unlike the situation indicated by paleontological evidence for theropods. This conclusion has been supported by some other workers.
33:
715:
possible to explain the discrepancy between the conflicting digital identities of tridactyl theropods and birds. Wagner and
Gauthier proposed that a homeotic frame shift, whereby expression domains for groups of genes like the Hox d group, were repositioned during limb bud development, resulting in the development of the first, second, and third digits of the archosaur
525:
clustered with other arboreal birds, suggesting that it was an arboreal animal rather than a terrestrial cursor or a bird which spent any considerable time on the ground, as is argued by some other workers. In 1994, Feduccia argued that there was a "temporal paradox" due to most bird-like dinosaurs
714:
Several of the arguments about whether similarities between birds and theropods are homologous that have been advanced by
Feduccia have been particularly contentious. One example is identification of the digits of the avian and theropod hand, and whether, and if so by what mechanism, it might be
698:. Feduccia responded by arguing that the origin of birds was a complex and as yet unresolved problem to which the theropod hypothesis as presently formulated was a simplistic answer, ignoring contrary evidence. Prum in turn responded to this paper by again criticizing Feduccia's failure to use
374:
Furthermore, Feduccia has suggested that this rapid adaptive radiation of modern birds, compressed into such a short period of geologic time, might obscure interordinal relationships and make elucidation of the phylogeny of modern birds particularly difficult, barring the isolation of conserved
702:
and to specify an explicit alternative sister-group with which to ally birds. He particularly singled out
Feduccia's adoption of the view that some theropod taxa are actually birds that have been mistaken for theropods through convergence associated with flight loss and secondary adoption of
538:
radiation of modern birds. The book presented a thorough overview of earlier criticisms of the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds and a "ground-up" origin of avian flight, expanded on many of those arguments, and presented a series of new arguments questioning the hypotheses of
767:
mosaic; whether these finds refute the hypothesis that the principal adaptive radiation of modern birds occurred only after the end-Cretaceous extinction event is not clear, since the hypothesis is consistent with a limited adaptive radiation of neornithines in the Late
Cretaceous.
444:
could have served as a site of attachment for a well-developed M. pectoralis major, the principal depressor of the avian wing, responsible for powering the downstroke during avian flight. Olson and
Feduccia concluded that this provided further evidence for the flight capability of
331:, Feduccia also argued that flamingos, the phylogenetic relationships of which remain disputed, with some recent studies suggesting a sister-group relationship with grebes, were actually derived from shorebirds. Feduccia summarized his position in the second edition of his book
597:, are hypothesized to have been flighted. This argument represents a shift from Feduccia's earlier position in the 1990s, as he acknowledged in a 2002 paper where he first endorsed this view. Feduccia has expanded upon this argument in subsequent papers and in his book
488:
Feduccia's skepticism about the origin of birds from theropods and a "ground-up" origin of avian flight, which in the absence of any evidence for small, arboreal theropods seemed a concomitant requirement of that hypothesis, increased following publication of
677:
1996 award for
Excellence in Biology. However, it received negative reviews from several paleontologists, primarily on account of the book's criticisms of the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds. Feduccia has been criticized for failing to use
529:
In other publications in the early 1990s, Feduccia expanded on earlier arguments for the evolution of feathers in a primarily aerodynamic rather than thermoregulatory context. In 1996, Feduccia published the first edition (second edition in 1999) of
575:, suggest that there might have been an extensive, and hitherto unrecognized radiation of cryptic avian lineages, some of which rapidly lost flight and secondarily adopted a cursorial lifestyle. According to this argument, very birdlike groups like
543:
advanced as evidence for the theropod hypothesis. Feduccia argued that many of the proposed homologous similarities between theropods and birds were ambiguous, and that other similarities between birds and theropods could plausibly be explained as
719:
from what were originally condensations for the second, third, and fourth. This view has been supported by some other workers. Another response to
Feduccia's digital homology argument is the counterargument that evidence from the transitional
548:, particularly those in the hindlimb and pelvis. Feduccia also focused upon the discrepancy between embryological evidence identifying the digits of the avian manus as the second, third, and fourth of the primitively pentadactyl
457:. Feduccia here criticized the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds, but his position was largely agnostic, conceding that there was evidence in support of both a theropod ancestry of birds and an ancestry from more basal
552:
manus, and paleontological evidence indicating that theropod dinosaurs primitively reduced their fourth and fifth manual digits, eventually retaining only the first, second, and third (with further reduction in some groups, like
1458:
Mindell, D. P., M. D. Sorenson, C. J. Huddleston, H. C. Miranda Jr., A. Knight, S. J. Sawchuk, and T. Yuri. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among and within select avian orders based on mitochondrial DNA, pp. 213–247 in
375:
characters or mosaic fossils demonstrating transitional character states bridging extant orders. This reiterates an early theme from his research in the 1970s, in which
Feduccia had repeatedly emphasized the importance of
517:, and that thermoregulatory functions would have been adequately served by hair, which is a developmentally simpler structure. In a 1993 paper, Feduccia analyzed claw curvature arcs in the manual and pedal claws of
359:. According to this hypothesis, modern orders of birds initially radiated principally from a lineage of "transitional shorebirds", perhaps represented by the shorebird form-family Graculavidae, from the
3693:
1975. Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in the
Passeriformes and related groups: evolutionary implications. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications 63.
383:. This has also been a theme in his study of flightlessness in birds, a phenomenon the pervasiveness of which has been stressed in his work, and the mechanisms by which flight is lost, including
410:. Feduccia's first contribution relative to the origin and early evolution of birds, and their relationship with dinosaurs, was a critical review of the evidence then available for dinosaurian
3706:
1982. with Storrs Olson. Morphological similarities between the
Menurae and the Rhinocryptidae, relict passerine birds of the southern hemisphere. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 366.
2705:
Yang, S.-Y.; Lockley, M. G.; Greben, S.; Erickson, B. R.; Lim, S.-K. (1995). "Flamingo and duck-like bird tracks from the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary: evidence and implications".
811:
Feduccia served as Chair of the Department of Biology at Chapel Hill from 1997 to 2002, and prior to that was Chair of the Division of Natural Sciences. He is an elected Fellow of the
587:, that through homoplasy associated with the loss of flight and secondary acquisition of cursoriality, converged on theropod dinosaurs. Other lineages, like that represented by
2776:
816:
317:). This is contrary to the more widely held view, based on molecular and morphological data, that waterfowl are most closely related to chickens, turkeys, and related fowl (
103:
669:
Feduccia's work on the origin of birds, which has historically been a divisive topic in vertebrate zoology, has been controversial. Feduccia's principal academic work,
749:
from the Late Cretaceous, but much of this material is fragmentary and interpretation is difficult. On the other hand, there do appear to be definitive exemplars of
2558:
Feduccia, A.; Lingham-Soliar, T.; Hinchliffe, J. R. (2005). "Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on morphological and paleontological evidence".
269:
more readily than strongly functionally correlated characters. Using this approach, in a series of publications, Feduccia analyzed the morphology of the bony
1859:
178:
150:
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1980. with Storrs Olson (senior author). Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316.
583:, which are currently considered by most workers to be theropod dinosaurs, are thought actually to represent avian lineages, probably more derived than
703:
cursoriality. Prum argued, finally, that Feduccia's methodology and view of the origin and early evolution of birds are pseudoscientific. Overview of
1802:
277:
birds. This approach was extended to the analysis of non-passeriform birds as well, including owls and the shoebill, also known as the whalebill (
399:
Feduccia is best known for his criticisms of the hypothesis, accepted by most biologists, that birds originated from and are deeply nested within
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1851:
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presented a summary of the current state of the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds, and urged its acceptance by and integration within
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339:
planted the idea that shorebirds are the basic ancestral stock for both flamingolike birds and the anseriformes, ducks and their allies...".
257:
Feduccia's research has focused on ornithology, evolutionary biology, vertebrate history and morphogenesis, and the tempo and mode of the
475:
theropods might prove a better phylogenetic hypothesis. He thus, essentially, agreed with the model for the origin of birds proposed by
3636:
3616:
674:
1108:
Feduccia, A. (1975). "Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in the Passeriformes and related groups: evolutionary implications".
4088:
3674:
3597:
3578:
3559:
3536:
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1014:
493:, culminating in a series of publications in the latter half of the 1980s and the early 1990s expanding upon arguments presented in
3507:
New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
1546:
New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
812:
687:
95:
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New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
2962:
New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
4103:
204:. He has argued for an alternative theory in which birds share a common stem-ancestor with theropod dinosaurs among more basal
3314:
Lindlow, B. E. K. 2011. Bird evolution across the K-Pg boundary and the basal neornithine diversification. Pages 338—354 in
1510:
Groth, J. G.; Barrowclough, G. F. (1999). "Basal divergences in birds and the phylogenetic utility of the nuclear RAG-1 gene".
351:
Feduccia's early work on flamingos and waterfowl contributed to the development of his hypothesis that there was an explosive
1006:
1618:"Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)"
3298:
Brown, J. W., and M. Van Tuinen. 2011. Evolving perceptions of the antiquity of the modern avian tree. Pages 306—324 in
3241:
Xu, X.; Clark, J.M.; Mo, J.; Choiniere, J.; Forster, C.A.; Erickson, G.M.; Hone, D.W.E.; Sullivan, C.; et al. (2009).
509:, Feduccia criticized hypotheses for the evolution of feathers in non-aerodynamic contexts in endothermic small theropod
261:
vertebrate radiation. His early work in the 1970s focused on clarification of the evolutionary history of modern birds (
513:. He argued that these hypotheses failed to account for the elaborate aerodynamic architecture of the feather vane and
2777:"A new genus and species of unusual tern (Aves: Laridae: Anoinae) from the Middle Eocene Calvert Formation of Virginia"
3916:
3717:
Burke, A. C.; Feduccia, A. (1997). "Developmental patterns and the identification of homologies in the avian hand".
2351:
Burke, A. C.; Feduccia, A. (1997). "Developmental patterns and the identification of homologies in the avian hand".
1153:
Feduccia, A.; Ferree, C. E. (1978). "Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in owls: evolutionary implications".
611:, which he argues is a primitive bird whose morphology reflects an ancestry among basal, nondinosaurian archosaurs.
481:
221:
1128:
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3357:
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3029:
3005:
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2159:(M. K. Hecht, J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, eds.). Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt: Eichstatt.
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From 2002, Feduccia has argued that the discovery of spectacular new fossils from the Cretaceous of China, like
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Feduccia opposes the overwhelming scientific consensus that birds originated from and are deeply nested within
1419:
Olson, S. L.; Feduccia, A. (1980). "Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae)".
3888:
265:), focusing, in particular, on the identification of conserved morphological characters that might elucidate
3242:
3061:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Motta, Matias J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Lo Coco, Gastón; Novas, Fernando E. (2019).
534:, a comprehensive review of his research on both early avian evolution and a synopsis of the history of the
4056:"Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation"
3446:"Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation"
1888:"Avian extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: assessing the magnitude and subsequent explosive radiation"
601:. He has further developed his alternative hypothesis for the origin of birds through study of the bizarre
4108:
3734:
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Makovicky, P. J., and G. J. Dyke. 2001. "Naive falsification and the origin of birds". Pages 501–509 in
2332:
Feduccia, A. (1995). "The aerodynamic model for the evolution of feathers and feather misinterpretation".
368:
241:
84:
2960:
Padian, K. 2001. "The false issues of bird origins: an historiographic perspective". Pages 485–499 in
2482:
Galis, F.; Kundrat, M.; Sinervo, B. (2003). "An old controversy solved: bird embryos have five fingers".
3703:
and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 323.
1825:
3690:
1973. Evolutionary trends in the neotropical Ovenbirds and Woodhewers. Ornithological Monographs 13.
2826:
Witmer, L. M. 2002. The debate on avian ancestry: phylogeny, function, and fossils. Pages 3–30 in
467:. Feduccia nevertheless suggested that on the basis of closer stratigraphic fit, ancestry from basal
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3125:
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2182:
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1759:
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Olson, S.; Feduccia, A. (1980). "Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae)".
1574:
1390:
1340:
1181:
926:
3917:"Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on neontological and paleontological evidence"
3739:
321:), but Feduccia argues that similarities between anseriform and galliform birds are attributable to
3206:
Vargas, A. O.; Fallon, J. F. (2005). "The digits of the wings of birds are 1, 2, and 3. A review".
1268:(Aves: Anseriformes) and other birds from the Paleocene Aquia Formation of Maryland and Virginia".
1034:
708:
415:
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2687:
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2537:
2529:
2441:
2422:
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2109:
2054:
1991:
1887:
1783:
1688:
1598:
1398:
1246:
1197:
1090:
1076:"Morphology of the bony stapes in New and Old World suboscines: new evidence for common ancestry"
540:
307:
deposits from outcrops of the Green River Formation in Utah and Wyoming, Feduccia concluded that
1129:"Morphology of the bony stapes in Menuridae and Acanthisittidae: evidence for oscine affinities"
745:. It has also been argued that there is fossil evidence for the existence of multiple orders of
1050:
3939:
3867:
3797:
3670:
3651:
3632:
3612:
3593:
3574:
3555:
3532:
3482:
3418:
3343:"A new presbyornithid bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of southern Mongolia"
3273:
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1999:
1956:
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being known from the Cretaceous, while birds are thought to have originated in the Jurassic.
505:, as well as on the origin and early evolution of birds and avian flight, held in Eichstatt,
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3408:
3400:
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3215:
3180:
3143:
3133:
3084:
3074:
3041:
3030:"Are current critiques of the theropod origin of birds science? Rebuttal to Feduccia (2002)"
3000:
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2314:
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2101:
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1983:
1946:
1902:
1868:
1817:
1767:
1723:
1715:
1629:
1582:
1519:
1490:
1428:
1348:
1331:
Feduccia, A. (1977b). "Hypothetical stages in the evolution of modern ducks and flamingos".
1308:
1277:
1228:
1189:
1042:
996:
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934:
797:
580:
476:
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Vargas, A. O.; Fallon, J. F. (2005). "Birds have dinosaur wings: the molecular evidence".
1934:
716:
607:
576:
314:
170:
166:
132:
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Feduccia, A.; Nowicki, J. (2002). "The hand of birds revealed by early ostrich embryos".
2293:
Feduccia, A. (1993b). "Aerodynamic model for the early evolution of feathers provided by
1919:
Feduccia, A. (1985). The morphological evidence for ratite monophyly: fact or fiction?
1447:
The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume I: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
355:
adaptive radiation of neornithine birds following the extinction event at the end of the
3855:
3773:
3730:
3396:
3379:
Clarke, J. A.; Tambussi, C. P.; Noriega, J. I.; Erickson, G. M.; Ketcham, R. A. (2005).
3261:
3129:
3114:"1,2,3=2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of the digits in the avian hand"
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2402:
2364:
2310:
2186:
2089:
2034:
1763:
1578:
1394:
1344:
1185:
930:
1495:
1474:
1313:
1296:
979:
633:
567:
472:
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avian radiation, with a particular focus on the origin and relationships of waterfowl (
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2495:
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Kundrát, Martin; Seichert, Václav; Russell, Anthony P.; Smetana, Karel (August 2002).
1821:
960:
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affinity "rest on weak evidence, and most authors do not consider them to be viable".
4097:
4025:
Czerkas, S. A.; Feduccia, A. (2014). "Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird".
3792:
3757:
3148:
3113:
2733:
2670:
Czerkas, S. A.; Feduccia, A. (2014). "Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird".
2259:
2238:
2223:
Elzanowski, A. 2002. Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany), pp. 129–159 in
2140:
The Bird: A Natural History of Who Birds Are, Where They Came From, and How They Live
1634:
1617:
1602:
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Cracraft, J. and J. Clarke. 2001. The basal clades of modern birds, pp. 143–156 in
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was capable of powered flight, as indicated by the asymmetrical vanes of its primary
424:
4017:
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3839:
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3365:
3014:
2800:
2761:
2734:"Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of
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2541:
2210:
2058:
1787:
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Conference, a major international meeting on the interpretation and significance of
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3430:
3380:
3285:
2947:
2691:
2442:"Pentadactyl pattern of the avian wing autopodium and pyramid reduction hypothesis"
2426:
2113:
1297:"Systematic position of the Paleogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes)"
1201:
1038:
764:
750:
746:
730:
691:
554:
433:
384:
286:
136:
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3509:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Peabody Museum of Natural History: New Haven.
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3331:(eds. L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer). University of California Press: Berkeley.
2830:(eds. L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer). University of California Press: Berkeley.
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Feduccia, A. (1993a). "Evidence from claw geometry indicating arboreal habits for
2042:
1906:
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was clearly a bird, albeit primitive, were expanded upon in Feduccia's 1980 book,
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3548:
2372:
2194:
2072:
Olson, S. L.; Feduccia, A. (1979). "Flight capability and the pectoral girdle of
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3809:
Feduccia, A. (2002). "Birds are dinosaurs: simple answer to a complex problem".
2512:
Feduccia, A. (2002). "Birds are dinosaurs: simple answer to a complex problem".
1563:"Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds"
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695:
627:
571:
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and differential development. Feduccia has argued against the monophyly of the
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318:
309:
299:
274:
233:
225:
128:
3118:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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extinction event is in conflict with some molecular evidence suggesting a deep
313:
represents a shorebird-duck mosaic and that waterfowl evolved from shorebirds (
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3863:
2753:
2718:
2683:
2410:
1586:
999:(1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the Origin of Birds". In Padian, K. (ed.).
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721:
699:
679:
642:
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468:
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458:
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360:
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344:
262:
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3381:"Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous"
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1872:
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1951:
1719:
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in his studies of the origin and the evolution of birds. In a 2002 paper in
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407:
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2468:
2418:
2318:
2202:
2050:
2003:
1960:
1779:
1594:
1531:
1523:
1750:
Feduccia, A. (1995). "Explosive evolution in Tertiary birds and mammals".
1561:
Field, D. J.; Benito, J.; Chen, A.; Jagt, J. W. M.; Ksepka, D. T. (2020).
3327:
Hope, S. 2002. The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. Pages 339—388 in
3243:"A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies"
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1110:
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications
778:
supports a deep Mesozoic origin of modern birds, but the avian status of
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concept of rapid adaptive radiation following a major extinction event.
273:, the ear ossicle of birds, to help elucidate the interrelationships of
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of birds. He is S. K. Heninger Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the
3935:
3413:
2871:
2813:
Witmer, L. M. 1991. Perspectives on avian origins. Pages 427–466 in
2571:
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2227:(L. M. Chiappe and L. M. Witmer, eds.). University of California Press
1995:
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1094:
704:
655:
506:
437:
388:
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lineages, with birds originating from small arboreal archosaurs in the
140:
2977:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Yale University Press: New Haven.
2964:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Yale University Press: New Haven.
2817:(eds. H.-P. Schultze and L. Trueb). Cornell University Press: Ithaca
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2105:
1727:
1281:
1049:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
32:
2938:
2909:
2815:
Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus
2151:
Feduccia, A. 1985. On why the dinosaur lacked feathers, pp. 75–79 in
2097:
1548:(eds. J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall). Yale University Press: New Haven
1233:
1216:
1193:
939:
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Feduccia has appeared frequently on national TV and radio, including
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3667:
Romancing the Birds and Dinosaurs: Forays in Postmodern Paleontology
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1987:
1445:
Cracraft, J. 1988. "The major clades of birds". Pages 339–361 in
449:. These initial excursions into the subject, and the argument that
432:, a feature found only in flying birds. In a paper coauthored with
3611:(5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. January 24, 1991.
3310:
3308:
2989:"Why ornithologists should care about the theropod origin of birds"
1921:
Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Ornithological Congress
3063:"Paravian Phylogeny and the Dinosaur-Bird Transition: An Overview"
2732:
Zhang, Z.; Gao, C.; Meng, Q.; Liu, J.; Hou, L.; Zheng, G. (2009).
2142:. Three Rivers Press; Reprint edition. September 7, 2010. Page 58.
726:
suggests that theropods too have the three digits II, III and IV.
3592:. Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. July 1989.
3481:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2015.
1674:"Osteological evidence for shorebird affinities of the flamingos"
784:
is disputed by most paleontologists and requires further study.
742:
658:
395:
Opposition to theropod origin hypothesis for the origin of birds
379:
in evolution, and its ability to confound the interpretation of
237:
1935:"Ratite nonmonophyly: independent evidence from 40 novel loci"
1005:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. 8.
805:
801:
793:
281:). Other studies in the 1970s focused on the analysis of the
3915:
Feduccia, A.; Lingham-Soliar, T.; Hinchliffe, J. R. (2005).
3318:(eds. G. Dyke and G. Kaiser). Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester.
3302:(eds. G. Dyke and G. Kaiser). Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester.
1372:
1370:
1217:"Fossil birds from the Green River deposits of eastern Utah"
343:
Tempo and Mode in the origin and evolution of modern birds (
3823:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2
3554:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1980.
3358:
10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2
3316:
Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds
3300:
Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds
3047:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0550:ACCOTT]2.0.CO;2
3006:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0001:WOSCAT]2.0.CO;2
2526:
10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2
2237:
Mayr, G.; Pohl, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. Stefan (2007).
1475:"A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil
707:
phylogeny released in 2019 concludes that his theory about
673:, was well received by some workers, and was winner of the
461:, perhaps similar in overall morphological organization to
3982:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[373:PIOAQV]2.0.CO;2
2624:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[373:PIOAQV]2.0.CO;2
2153:
The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International
808:, ABC (Australia), NHK (Japan) and MacNeil/Lehrer Report.
3573:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1985.
615:
Currently recognized taxa named in honor of Alan Feduccia
391:, a conclusion consistent with recent molecular studies.
3631:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 1999.
2507:
2505:
772:
argues that the avian status of the controversial taxon
181:. Feduccia's authored works include three major books,
2125:
2123:
1414:
1412:
3650:. New Haven: Yale University Press. January 20, 2012.
759:
from the latest Cretaceous of Belgium appears to be a
3840:"The hand of birds revealed by early ostrich embryos"
2384:
2382:
566:, and other taxa with unambiguous feathers, like the
3341:
Kurochkin, E. N.; Dyke, G. J.; Karhu, A. A. (2002).
2274:
Feduccia, Alan (1994). "The Great Dinosaur Debate".
325:. Partly based on his analysis of the osteology of
3959:Feduccia, A.; Martin, L. D.; Tarsitano, S. (2007).
3762:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
2781:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
2601:Feduccia, A.; Martin, L. D.; Tarsitano, S. (2007).
2021:: asymmetric vanes indicate aerodynamic function".
1933:Smith, J. V.; Braun, E. L.; Kimball, R. T. (2013).
1270:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1155:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
817:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
146:
124:
104:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
90:
80:
72:
64:
42:
23:
3547:
3505:in the debate on avian origins. Pages 537—548 in
2017:Feduccia, A.; Tordoff, H. B. (1979). "Feathers of
1479:, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl"
729:Feduccia's model for the origin of most orders of
289:). Based on his analysis of the osteology of the
4089:Alan Feduccia at the University of North Carolina
3479:The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution
2889:by Alan Feduccia (Yale University Press, 1996)".
1651:"A flamingolike wader from the Eocene of Wyoming"
1463:(ed. D. P. Mindell). Academic Press: San Diego.
1326:
1324:
1172:Feduccia, A. (1977). "The whalebill is a stork".
733:in an explosive adaptive radiation after the end-
436:in the same year, Feduccia noted that the robust
240:. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. (1969) from the
110:Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award
2553:
2551:
2914:by Alan Feduccia (Yale University Press, 1996)"
2846:by Alan Feduccia (Yale University Press, 1996)"
1002:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight
991:
989:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
1974:Feduccia, A. (1973). "Dinosaurs as reptiles".
1449:(ed. M. J. Benton). Clarendon Press: Oxford.
2225:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
1556:
1554:
954:
952:
950:
908:
906:
497:. In his 1985 contribution to the Eichstatt
8:
3329:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
2828:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
1028:
1026:
3699:1980. with Storrs Olson (senior author).
1381:and the evolution of ducks and flamingos".
1033:Padian, Kevin. (2004). "Basal Avialae". In
753:from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica and
3758:"1,2,3=2,3,4: accommodating the cladogram"
2649:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2015.
889:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2012.
31:
20:
4007:
3980:
3791:
3781:
3738:
3609:Torrey's Morphogenesis of the Vertebrates
3412:
3147:
3137:
3088:
3078:
3045:
3004:
2937:
2861:
2622:
2258:
2247:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1950:
1860:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
1633:
1622:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1494:
1483:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1461:Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics
1312:
1301:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1232:
968:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
938:
414:in 1973. In a 1979 paper, Feduccia and
961:"Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds"
846:
844:
842:
827:
671:The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds
303:, represented in large quantities from
3529:Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates
2908:Norell, M. A.; Chiappe, L. M. (1997).
2334:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
418:argued, against the position taken by
1512:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
3112:Wagner, G.; Gauthier, J. A. (1999).
1852:"The Cretaceous birds of New Jersey"
1850:Olson, S. L.; Parris, D. C. (1987).
1708:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1649:Feduccia, A.; McGrew, P. O. (1974).
1421:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
220:Feduccia graduated with a B.S. from
200:, and are therefore living theropod
3571:Catesby's Colonial Birds of America
3838:Feduccia, A.; Nowicki, J. (2002).
3501:Witmer, L. M. 2001. The role of
1661:(2). University of Wyoming: 49–61.
1496:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01285.x
1314:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01286.x
980:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x
675:Association of American Publishers
14:
3629:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2912:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2887:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2844:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
532:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
333:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
187:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
3889:""Big bang" for Tertiary birds?"
3623:Coauthored with Edward MacCrady.
3531:. New York: W. W. Norton. 1974.
2910:"Flight from reason. Review of:
2260:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x
2239:"The tenth skeletal specimen of
1635:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x
521:and other birds, and found that
3896:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
3648:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
3208:Journal of Experimental Zoology
3173:Journal of Experimental Zoology
2647:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
2484:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
2449:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1810:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
887:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
599:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
191:Riddle of the Feathered Dragons
3590:Birds of Colonial Williamsburg
2299:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1803:"Big Bang for Tertiary birds?"
1333:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1007:California Academy of Sciences
813:American Ornithologists' Union
688:American Ornithologists' Union
96:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
4119:University of Michigan alumni
4075:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.009
3908:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00017-X
3465:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.009
2496:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00018-6
2043:10.1126/science.203.4384.1021
1907:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.009
1822:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00017-X
1221:Annals of the Carnegie Museum
479:in his influential 1926 book
3749:10.1126/science.278.5338.666
3669:. Brown Walker Press. 2020.
2373:10.1126/science.278.5338.666
2195:10.1126/science.259.5096.790
1772:10.1126/science.267.5198.637
1353:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90256-9
1041:; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.).
253:Early work on bird evolution
248:Academic career and research
179:University of North Carolina
151:University of North Carolina
1295:Ericson, Per G. P. (1997).
1264:Olson, S. (1994). "A giant
621:Presbyorniformipes feduccii
403:, and are therefore living
165:(born April 25, 1943) is a
4135:
3067:Frontiers in Earth Science
222:Louisiana State University
4039:10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9
3864:10.1007/s00114-002-0350-y
3350:American Museum Novitates
2754:10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x
2719:10.1080/10420949509380111
2684:10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9
2411:10.1007/s00114-002-0350-y
2157:Conference Eichstatt 1984
1587:10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0
835:Library of Congress entry
723:Limusaurus inextricabilis
156:
117:
30:
4009:10.1525/auk.2013.130.1.1
3080:10.3389/feart.2018.00252
2297:(Primates, Lemuridae)".
1873:10.5479/si.00810266.63.1
1655:Contributions to Geology
4104:American ornithologists
1740:Feduccia (1999), p. 210
1720:10.5479/si.00810282.316
1473:Livezey, B. C. (1997).
1433:10.5479/si.00810282.323
915:"The ancestry of birds"
4027:Journal of Ornithology
3783:10.1073/pnas.96.9.4740
3711:Selected recent papers
3139:10.1073/pnas.96.9.5111
2742:Journal of Ornithology
2672:Journal of Ornithology
2319:10.1006/jtbi.1993.1010
2129:Feduccia (1980), p. 37
1524:10.1006/mpev.1998.0603
1377:Feduccia, A. (1978). "
959:Ostrom, J. H. (1976).
913:Ostrom, J. H. (1973).
242:University of Michigan
85:University of Michigan
4054:Feduccia, A. (2014).
3990:Feduccia, A. (2013).
3924:Journal of Morphology
3887:Feduccia, A. (2003).
3756:Feduccia, A. (1999).
3444:Feduccia, A. (2014).
2775:Olson, S. L. (2011).
2560:Journal of Morphology
1952:10.1093/sysbio/sys067
1886:Feduccia, A. (2014).
1801:Feduccia, A. (2003).
1672:Feduccia, A. (1976).
1127:Feduccia, A. (1975).
1074:Feduccia, A. (1974).
686:, the journal of the
665:Responses to his work
2987:Prum, R. O. (2002).
2863:10.1093/icb/37.2.210
1831:on September 8, 2012
1215:Wetmore, A. (1926).
1035:Weishampel, David B.
169:specializing in the
4063:Cretaceous Research
3992:"Bird origins anew"
3856:2002NW.....89..391F
3844:Naturwissenschaften
3774:1999PNAS...96.4740F
3731:1997Sci...278..666B
3453:Cretaceous Research
3405:10.1038/nature03150
3397:2005Natur.433..305C
3270:10.1038/nature08124
3262:2009Natur.459..940X
3220:10.1002/jez.b.21051
3185:10.1002/jez.b.21023
3130:1999PNAS...96.5111W
3028:Prum, R. O (2003).
2930:1996Natur.384..230N
2403:2002NW.....89..391F
2391:Naturwissenschaften
2365:1997Sci...278..666B
2311:1993JThBi.160..159F
2187:1993Sci...259..790F
2090:1979Natur.278..247O
2035:1979Sci...203.1021F
2029:(4384): 1021–1022.
1895:Cretaceous Research
1764:1995Sci...267..637F
1579:2020Natur.579..397F
1395:1978AmSci..66..298F
1345:1977JThBi..67..715F
1186:1977Natur.266..719F
931:1973NPhS..242..136O
649:Feducciavis loftini
482:The Origin of Birds
3936:10.1002/jmor.10382
2891:American Scientist
2850:American Zoologist
2572:10.1002/jmor.10382
1939:Systematic Biology
1383:American Scientist
639:Zhang et al., 2009
163:John Alan Feduccia
47:John Alan Feduccia
3965:2007: Quo vadis?"
3725:(5338): 666–669.
3657:978-0-300-16435-0
3488:978-1-4214-1590-1
3391:(7023): 305–308.
2840:Mayr, E. (1997).
2656:978-0-300-16435-0
2607:2007: Quo vadis?"
2461:10.1002/jez.10140
2359:(5338): 666–669.
2181:(5096): 790–793.
2084:(5701): 247–248.
1758:(5198): 637–638.
1616:Mayr, G. (2004).
1573:(7799): 397–401.
1180:(5604): 719–720.
1009:. pp. 1–55.
896:978-0-300-16435-0
770:Sankar Chatterjee
741:origin for these
709:scansoriopterygid
624:Yang et al., 1995
471:rather than from
335:: "The study of
167:paleornithologist
160:
159:
119:Scientific career
16:American academic
4126:
4078:
4060:
4050:
4021:
4011:
3986:
3984:
3955:
3921:
3911:
3893:
3883:
3834:
3817:(4): 1187–1201.
3805:
3795:
3785:
3768:(9): 4740–4742.
3752:
3742:
3680:
3661:
3642:
3622:
3603:
3584:
3565:
3553:
3550:The Age of Birds
3542:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3124:(9): 5111–5116.
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3008:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2939:10.1038/384230a0
2905:
2899:
2898:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2520:(4): 1187–1201.
2509:
2500:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2446:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2166:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2098:10.1038/278247a0
2069:
2063:
2062:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1824:. Archived from
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1236:
1234:10.5962/p.231090
1227:(3–4): 391–402.
1212:
1206:
1205:
1194:10.1038/266719a0
1169:
1163:
1162:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1048:
1030:
1021:
1020:
993:
984:
983:
965:
956:
945:
944:
942:
940:10.1038/242136a0
910:
901:
900:
883:
877:
874:
851:
848:
837:
832:
798:Voice of America
653:
640:
625:
581:Oviraptorosauria
495:The Age of Birds
491:The Age of Birds
477:Gerhard Heilmann
455:The Age of Birds
183:The Age of Birds
113:
108:
100:
60:
56:
54:
37:Feduccia in 2009
35:
21:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4094:
4093:
4085:
4058:
4053:
4024:
3989:
3958:
3919:
3914:
3891:
3886:
3837:
3808:
3755:
3740:10.1.1.728.1894
3716:
3713:
3687:
3677:
3665:
3658:
3646:
3639:
3627:
3619:
3607:
3600:
3588:
3581:
3569:
3562:
3546:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3256:(18): 940–944.
3245:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3027:
3026:
3022:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2808:
2793:10.2988/11-16.1
2774:
2773:
2769:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1988:10.2307/2407132
1973:
1972:
1968:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1136:Wilson Bulletin
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
997:Gauthier, J. A.
995:
994:
987:
963:
958:
957:
948:
912:
911:
904:
897:
885:
884:
880:
876:Feduccia (1999)
875:
854:
850:Feduccia (1980)
849:
840:
833:
829:
825:
790:
667:
651:
645:bird from China
638:
623:
617:
608:Scansoriopteryx
577:Dromaeosauridae
397:
349:
315:Charadriiformes
279:Balaeniceps rex
255:
250:
228:expeditions to
218:
133:Paleornithology
111:
109:
106:
101:
98:
81:Alma mater
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4083:External links
4081:
4080:
4079:
4051:
4033:(4): 841–851.
4022:
3987:
3956:
3930:(2): 125–166.
3912:
3902:(4): 172–176.
3884:
3850:(9): 391–393.
3835:
3806:
3753:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3662:
3656:
3643:
3638:978-0300078619
3637:
3624:
3618:978-0471623144
3617:
3604:
3598:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3560:
3543:
3537:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3494:
3487:
3470:
3436:
3371:
3352:(3386): 1–11.
3333:
3320:
3304:
3291:
3233:
3214:(3): 206–219.
3198:
3163:
3104:
3053:
3040:(2): 550–561.
3020:
2979:
2966:
2953:
2900:
2877:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2787:(4): 270–279.
2767:
2748:(4): 783–790.
2736:Confuciusornis
2724:
2697:
2678:(4): 841–851.
2662:
2655:
2638:
2617:(2): 373–380.
2593:
2566:(2): 125–166.
2547:
2501:
2474:
2455:(2): 152–159.
2432:
2397:(9): 391–393.
2378:
2343:
2324:
2305:(2): 159–164.
2285:
2266:
2229:
2216:
2161:
2155:Archaeopteryx
2144:
2138:Tudge, Colin.
2131:
2119:
2064:
2009:
1982:(1): 166–169.
1966:
1925:
1912:
1878:
1842:
1816:(4): 172–176.
1793:
1742:
1733:
1698:
1687:(3): 587–601.
1664:
1641:
1628:(2): 157–169.
1608:
1550:
1537:
1518:(2): 115–123.
1502:
1489:(4): 361–428.
1465:
1451:
1438:
1408:
1389:(3): 298–304.
1366:
1339:(4): 715–721.
1320:
1307:(4): 429–483.
1287:
1256:
1207:
1164:
1145:
1119:
1100:
1089:(2): 427–429.
1066:
1059:
1045:The Dinosauria
1022:
1015:
985:
946:
902:
895:
878:
852:
838:
826:
824:
821:
789:
786:
666:
663:
662:
661:
646:
641:, a primitive
634:Confuciusornis
630:
616:
613:
568:oviraptorosaur
473:coelurosaurian
396:
393:
348:
341:
254:
251:
249:
246:
226:ornithological
217:
214:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
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126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
92:
88:
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78:
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61:
57:April 25, 1943
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Living people
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:Archaeopteryx
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3676:9781599426068
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3599:0-87935-113-6
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3580:0-8078-1661-2
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3561:0-674-00975-4
3557:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3540:
3538:0-393-09291-7
3534:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:(6606): 230.
2923:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:Archaeopteryx
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:Archaeopteryx
2233:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:Archaeopteryx
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:Archaeopteryx
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Archaeopteryx
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:(316): 1–73.
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:(323): 1–24.
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1142:(3): 418–420.
1141:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1060:0-520-24209-2
1056:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:Dodson, Peter
1036:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:0-940228-14-9
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
986:
981:
977:
974:(2): 91–182.
973:
969:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
936:
932:
928:
925:(5393): 136.
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
903:
898:
892:
888:
882:
879:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
853:
847:
845:
843:
839:
836:
831:
828:
822:
820:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
785:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:
718:
712:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
664:
660:
657:
650:
647:
644:
637:
635:
631:
629:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:Archaeopteryx
582:
578:
574:
573:
569:
565:
564:
558:
556:
551:
547:
542:
537:
533:
527:
524:
523:Archaeopteryx
520:
519:Archaeopteryx
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Archaeopteryx
500:
499:Archaeopteryx
496:
492:
486:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
451:Archaeopteryx
448:
447:Archaeopteryx
443:
442:Archaeopteryx
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
425:Archaeopteryx
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
105:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:United States
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:(age 81)
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Alan Feduccia
22:
19:
4066:
4062:
4030:
4026:
3999:
3995:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3927:
3923:
3899:
3895:
3847:
3843:
3814:
3810:
3765:
3761:
3722:
3718:
3700:
3666:
3647:
3628:
3608:
3589:
3570:
3549:
3528:
3516:Publications
3506:
3502:
3497:
3478:
3473:
3456:
3452:
3439:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3349:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3299:
3294:
3253:
3249:
3236:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3179:(1): 85–89.
3176:
3172:
3166:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3090:11336/130197
3070:
3066:
3056:
3037:
3033:
3023:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2646:
2641:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2563:
2559:
2517:
2513:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2452:
2448:
2435:
2394:
2390:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1945:(1): 35–49.
1942:
1938:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1867:(63): 1–22.
1864:
1858:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1813:
1809:
1796:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1570:
1566:
1545:
1540:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1336:
1332:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1044:
1001:
971:
967:
922:
918:
886:
881:
830:
810:
791:
779:
773:
754:
751:Anseriformes
728:
722:
713:
692:Richard Prum
683:
670:
668:
648:
632:
620:
606:
598:
592:
588:
584:
570:
561:
559:
555:tyrannosaurs
531:
528:
522:
518:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
480:
462:
454:
450:
446:
441:
434:Storrs Olson
423:
398:
385:heterochrony
373:
350:
336:
332:
326:
308:
298:
287:Anseriformes
278:
256:
219:
206:archosaurian
195:
190:
186:
182:
162:
161:
147:Institutions
137:Paleontology
118:
18:
4114:1943 births
3975:: 373–380.
3701:Presbyornis
3414:11336/80763
2856:: 210–211.
2842:"Review of
2738:from China"
2295:Propithecus
2276:Living Bird
1477:Presbyornis
1379:Presbyornis
1276:: 429–435.
1266:Presbyornis
788:Appearances
756:Asteriornis
696:ornithology
652:Olson, 2011
628:ichnofossil
589:Microraptor
572:Caudipteryx
563:Microraptor
420:John Ostrom
337:Presbyornis
328:Presbyornis
319:Galliformes
310:Presbyornis
300:Presbyornis
275:passeriform
234:El Salvador
129:Ornithology
73:Citizenship
65:Nationality
4098:Categories
3685:Monographs
2897:: 178–181.
2253:: 97–116.
2106:10088/6524
1923:, 184–190.
1835:January 4,
1728:10088/5226
1282:10088/6493
1161:: 431–438.
823:References
765:anseriform
747:Neornithes
735:Cretaceous
731:Neornithes
700:cladistics
680:cladistics
643:Cretaceous
594:Anchiornis
469:archosaurs
464:Euparkeria
459:archosaurs
412:endothermy
361:Cretaceous
357:Cretaceous
345:Neornithes
263:Neornithes
53:1943-04-25
3735:CiteSeerX
3503:Protoavis
3099:2296-6463
2885:Padian. "
2713:: 21–34.
1976:Evolution
1603:212937591
1243:0097-4463
781:Protoavis
775:Protoavis
761:galliform
636:feducciai
550:archosaur
546:homoplasy
511:dinosaurs
408:dinosaurs
401:Theropoda
381:phylogeny
377:homoplasy
369:Simpson's
365:Paleogene
323:homoplasy
291:Paleocene
267:phylogeny
224:, taking
216:Education
202:dinosaurs
198:Theropoda
175:phylogeny
4069:: 1–15.
4018:21597140
4002:: 1–12.
3952:15079072
3944:16217748
3872:12435089
3831:86096746
3802:10220360
3459:: 1–15.
3423:15662422
3366:59147935
3278:19536256
3228:15880771
3193:15515040
3158:10220427
3015:28322702
2999:: 1–17.
2801:85626622
2762:21418230
2633:25150288
2588:15079072
2580:16217748
2542:86096746
2469:12210116
2419:12435089
2340:: 65–77.
2282:: 29–33.
2211:27475082
2203:17809342
2059:20444096
2051:17811125
2004:28563663
1961:22831877
1901:: 1–15.
1788:42829066
1780:17745839
1595:32188952
1532:10381315
1403:27848640
1251:89539950
815:and the
739:Mesozoic
705:paravian
603:Jurassic
541:homology
536:Cenozoic
430:feathers
405:theropod
353:Cenozoic
283:Cenozoic
259:Cenozoic
230:Honduras
210:Triassic
102:Fellow,
94:Fellow,
68:American
4047:7918481
3880:6782198
3852:Bibcode
3770:Bibcode
3727:Bibcode
3719:Science
3664:2020.
3645:2012.
3626:1999.
3606:1999.
3587:1989.
3568:1985.
3545:1980.
3526:1975.
3431:4354309
3393:Bibcode
3286:4358448
3258:Bibcode
3126:Bibcode
2948:4313973
2926:Bibcode
2872:3883960
2692:7918481
2534:4090252
2490:: 7–9.
2427:6782198
2399:Bibcode
2361:Bibcode
2353:Science
2307:Bibcode
2183:Bibcode
2175:Science
2114:4351802
2086:Bibcode
2031:Bibcode
2023:Science
1996:2407132
1760:Bibcode
1752:Science
1693:4084959
1575:Bibcode
1391:Bibcode
1341:Bibcode
1202:4260563
1182:Bibcode
1116:: 1–34.
1095:4084529
927:Bibcode
684:The Auk
656:Miocene
507:Germany
438:furcula
422:, that
416:Tordoff
389:Ratitae
363:-early
171:origins
141:Biology
4045:
4016:
3950:
3942:
3878:
3870:
3829:
3800:
3790:
3737:
3673:
3654:
3635:
3615:
3596:
3577:
3558:
3535:
3485:
3429:
3421:
3385:Nature
3364:
3284:
3276:
3250:Nature
3226:
3191:
3156:
3146:
3097:
3013:
2946:
2918:Nature
2870:
2799:
2760:
2707:Ichnos
2690:
2653:
2631:
2586:
2578:
2540:
2532:
2467:
2425:
2417:
2209:
2201:
2112:
2078:Nature
2057:
2049:
2002:
1994:
1959:
1786:
1778:
1691:
1601:
1593:
1567:Nature
1530:
1401:
1361:904341
1359:
1249:
1241:
1200:
1174:Nature
1093:
1057:
1053:–231.
1013:
919:Nature
893:
605:taxon
515:rachis
305:Eocene
295:Eocene
271:stapes
189:, and
125:Fields
112:(2018)
91:Awards
4059:(PDF)
4043:S2CID
4014:S2CID
3948:S2CID
3920:(PDF)
3892:(PDF)
3876:S2CID
3827:S2CID
3793:33564
3521:Books
3449:(PDF)
3427:S2CID
3362:S2CID
3346:(PDF)
3282:S2CID
3246:(PDF)
3149:21825
3011:S2CID
2944:S2CID
2868:JSTOR
2797:S2CID
2758:S2CID
2688:S2CID
2629:JSTOR
2584:S2CID
2538:S2CID
2530:JSTOR
2445:(PDF)
2423:S2CID
2207:S2CID
2110:S2CID
2055:S2CID
1992:JSTOR
1891:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1784:S2CID
1689:JSTOR
1677:(PDF)
1599:S2CID
1399:JSTOR
1247:S2CID
1198:S2CID
1132:(PDF)
1091:JSTOR
1079:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
717:manus
626:, an
297:duck
3940:PMID
3868:PMID
3798:PMID
3671:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3556:ISBN
3533:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3419:PMID
3274:PMID
3224:PMID
3212:304B
3189:PMID
3177:304B
3154:PMID
3095:ISSN
2651:ISBN
2576:PMID
2465:PMID
2415:PMID
2199:PMID
2047:PMID
2000:PMID
1957:PMID
1837:2011
1776:PMID
1591:PMID
1528:PMID
1357:PMID
1239:ISSN
1055:ISBN
1011:ISBN
891:ISBN
743:taxa
659:tern
654:, a
591:and
579:and
293:and
238:Peru
236:and
173:and
107:1994
99:1974
43:Born
4071:doi
4035:doi
4031:155
4004:doi
4000:130
3996:Auk
3977:doi
3973:124
3969:Auk
3932:doi
3928:266
3904:doi
3860:doi
3819:doi
3815:119
3811:Auk
3788:PMC
3778:doi
3745:doi
3723:278
3461:doi
3409:hdl
3401:doi
3389:433
3354:doi
3266:doi
3254:459
3216:doi
3181:doi
3144:PMC
3134:doi
3085:hdl
3075:doi
3042:doi
3038:120
3034:Auk
3001:doi
2997:119
2993:Auk
2934:doi
2922:384
2858:doi
2789:doi
2785:124
2750:doi
2746:150
2715:doi
2680:doi
2676:155
2619:doi
2615:124
2611:Auk
2568:doi
2564:266
2522:doi
2518:119
2514:Auk
2492:doi
2457:doi
2453:294
2407:doi
2369:doi
2357:278
2338:181
2315:doi
2303:160
2255:doi
2251:149
2191:doi
2179:259
2173:".
2102:hdl
2094:doi
2082:278
2076:".
2039:doi
2027:203
1984:doi
1947:doi
1903:doi
1869:doi
1818:doi
1768:doi
1756:267
1724:hdl
1716:doi
1712:316
1681:Auk
1659:113
1630:doi
1626:140
1583:doi
1571:579
1520:doi
1491:doi
1487:121
1429:doi
1425:323
1349:doi
1309:doi
1305:121
1278:hdl
1274:107
1229:doi
1190:doi
1178:266
1083:Auk
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