221:
9961:
2384:
297:
2099:
2930:
The western dialects of the
Scythian languages had experienced an evolution of the Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into the Proto-Scythian sound /ð/, which in the Cimmerian and Pontic dialects of Scythian became the sound /l/. Scythian shares the evolution of Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into /ð/ with all Eastern
2331:
language. The vast majority of
Scythological scholars agree in considering the Scythian languages a part of the Eastern Iranic languages too. This relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close
7967:
Ladislav Zgusta, "The old
Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987.
8501:
2317:
Unfortunately, we know next to nothing about the
Scythian of that period – we have only a couple of personal and tribal names in Greek and Persian sources at our disposal – and cannot even determine with any degree of certainty whether it was a single
8541:
8497:
8493:
8449:
8930:
8896:
8682:
8453:
8049:
8022:
3152:
The primary sources for
Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the Northern
6592:
Unlike the Pontic
Scythian language, Ossetian did not experience the evolution of the Proto-Scythian sound /d/ to /δ/ and then /l/, although the sound /d/ did evolve into /δ/ at the beginning of Ossetian words.
9960:
220:
8939:
8466:
8523:
9040:
Die griechischen
Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Die ethnischen Verhältnisse, namentlich das Verhältnis der Skythen und Sarmaten, im Lichte der Namenforschung
8750:
8095:
8512:
Iranian World 2nd – 1st millennium BC. Proceedings of the
International Scientific conference Dedicated to the Memory of Edwin Arvidovich Grantovsky and Dmitry Sergeevich Raevsky. Issue VI
9015:
10173:
2339:
Some scholars detect a division of
Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one. The Scythian languages may have formed a
8390:
8375:
On the eve of
Colonisation. The Northern Black Sea Region and the Steppe Nomads of the 8th – 7th centuries BC in the Ancient Literary Tradition: Folklore, Literature and History
8800:
8770:
8507:Иранский Мир II – I тыс. до н.э. Материалы международной научной конференции, посвященной памяти Эдвина Арвидовича Грантовского и Дмитрия Сергеевича Раевского. Выпуск VI
6433:
Means "axe-wielding king," where the axe also has the meaning of "sceptre," as well as "blacksmith king," in the sense of "ruling king of the lower world." Composed of:
3052:
to the Scythians, but the interpretation of these inscriptions remains disputed (given that nobody has definitively identified the alphabet or translated the content).
3019:
belonging to the Scythian linguistic continuum remains in use today, while in Central Asia, some languages belonging to Eastern Iranic group are still spoken, namely
9001:
2082:
2046:
2377:
represented by Scytho-Sarmatian inscriptions, although the Scytho-Sarmatian language family "does not simply represent the same language" at an earlier date.
10139:
1244:
9068:
8370:Накануне колонизации. Северное Причерноморье и степные кочевники VIII – VII вв. до н.э. в античной литературной традиции: фольклор, литература и история
8457:
2262:. Fragments of their speech known from inscriptions and words quoted in ancient authors as well as analysis of their names indicate that it was an
2449:
It is highly probable that already in the Old Iranic period, there were some eastern Scythian dialects which gave rise to the ancestor(s) of the
8056:[Towards the Discussion on the Language of the Scythians: The Transition of OIr *xš- > *s- and its Reflection in the Ancient Greek].
10071:
7152:
5521:"breast", the Amazons believed to have removed a breast to aid drawing a bow, according to some ancient folklorists, and as reflected in Greek
8985:
8920:
8886:
8808:
8778:
8708:
8531:
8398:
8354:
8192:
8140:
8012:
7807:
7755:
7446:
7335:
7316:
7294:
7268:
2053:
2025:
10168:
2883:
2838:
2010:
7147:
10163:
10158:
8430:
2075:
2032:
963:
9685:
8249:
7973:
7583:
7558:
6766:
296:
3423:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "tall-legged" and "long-legged." Composed of:
2779:
2712:
2039:
803:
10115:
9983:
9061:
2741:
2542:
314:
7231:
1074:
10119:
6830:
4914:
Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example,
4104:
1895:
1670:
8905:
Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from the Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest;
10099:
6403:
6337:
6270:
6146:
6086:
6018:
5958:
5888:
5802:
5693:
5325:
5256:
5154:
5120:
5004:
4877:
4838:
4766:
4632:
4557:
4462:
4380:
4307:
4223:
4122:
4021:
3931:
3890:
3831:
3744:
3675:
3655:
3495:
3405:
3348:
3273:
3195:
2786:
2719:
2068:
1640:
909:
846:
647:
533:
8393:(Germany); Центр сравнительного изучения древних цивилизаций Института всеобщей истории РАН (Russia); Paleograph Press.
2765:
2703:
2551:
1328:
904:
831:
642:
637:
632:
527:
38:
2813:
2513:
1645:
1140:
841:
720:
706:
687:
2354:
in the west: were spoken by people originally of Iranic stock from the 8th and 7th century BC onwards in the area of
983:
4344:
9054:
8945:
8472:
7438:
7260:
7157:
2904:
2899:
2864:
2750:
2653:
2639:
2621:
2567:
941:
541:
10078:
2383:
2259:
9504:
9341:
9116:
2795:
2772:
2396:
2328:
2231:
2112:
1685:
1650:
1323:
627:
226:
135:
63:
969:
10188:
8114:
3908:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "sharp" and "victorious."
2917:
2525:
2460:
The Scythian languages shared some features with other Eastern Iranic languages, such as the use of the suffix
2243:
2116:
1835:
1655:
1186:
1018:
865:
667:
622:
617:
537:
8029:[Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)].
6962:, pp. 508–509: "Though Madyes himself is not mentioned in Akkadian texts, his father, the Scythian king
10054:
9569:
8594:
8417:
7747:
7468:
7029:
6581:
directly descended from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages, and forming in its turn the ancestor of the
2757:
2674:
2660:
2646:
2400:
1840:
1567:
677:
672:
662:
306:
120:
8223:
10049:
10036:
9888:
9091:
8557:
8277:[A Legend on the Origin of the Scythians (Hdt. IV 5–7) and the problems of the sources of Herodotus's
7944:
7735:
6394:
6328:
6261:
6137:
6077:
6009:
5949:
5879:
5793:
5684:
5316:
5247:
5145:
5111:
4995:
4868:
4829:
4757:
4623:
4548:
4453:
4371:
4298:
4214:
4113:
4012:
3922:
3881:
3822:
3735:
3666:
3646:
3486:
3396:
3339:
3264:
3186:
3065:
2606:
2573:
2531:
2519:
2271:
2263:
1830:
1802:
1586:
1488:
1254:
1100:
724:
562:
454:
393:
348:
288:
280:
125:
7894:
9995:
9678:
9650:
8862:
8852:
8827:
8322:
7252:
6172:
5828:
3073:
2855:
2848:
2829:
1977:
1806:
714:
710:
695:
691:
9432:
1201:
2943:; and the later evolution of /ð/ into /l/ is also present in several Eastern Iranic languages such as
9487:
9427:
9221:
8154:
3064:
is not yet certainly deciphered, and is probably in a Scythian dialect, constituting one of very few
2681:
2471:
2255:
1923:
1888:
1069:
884:
836:
773:
743:
701:
681:
545:
399:
10183:
9801:
9643:
9185:
9138:
8903:[The Problem of the Scythian Language in Contemporary Studies]. In Cojocaru, Victor (ed.).
8878:
8241:
7997:
Sapal tibnim mû illakû: Studies Presented to Joaquín Sanmartín on the Occasion of his 64th Birthday
7950:
Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Philological Study of the Latin Language
7673:
6534:
2940:
2922:
2913:
2735:
2693:
2235:
1196:
1191:
1087:
1011:
976:
899:
889:
748:
449:
444:
413:
7847:
7843:
3157:
Coast. These names suggest that the Sarmatian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.
10178:
9558:
9535:
9525:
9158:
8995:
8667:
8590:
8302:
7954:
7392:
4939:
3944:
2874:
2601:
2310:
1902:
1853:
1787:
1771:
1396:
1049:
788:
474:
379:
374:
8843:
8818:
8788:
8758:
8718:
7694:
7020:
6754:
3011:, etc.) and Slavic peoples probably assimilated most people speaking Scythian. However, in the
10005:
9550:
9530:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9454:
9356:
9325:
9283:
9214:
9163:
9133:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9077:
8981:
8916:
8882:
8804:
8774:
8704:
8612:
8527:
8394:
8350:
8245:
8204:"Herodot zur skythischen Sprache. Arimaspen, Amazonen und die Entdeckung des Schwarzen Meeres"
8188:
8150:
8136:
8106:
8091:
8008:
7969:
7803:
7751:
7579:
7554:
7442:
7422:
7264:
6762:
6582:
6564:
6501:
5901:
5209:
4919:
4680:
3972:
3783:
3461:
3069:
3061:
3028:
3016:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2479:
2475:
2454:
2422:
2370:
2340:
2333:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2267:
2251:
1916:
1882:
1874:
1818:
1812:
1794:
1765:
1744:
1730:
1722:
1492:
1353:
1293:
1275:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1173:
1168:
997:
860:
509:
502:
495:
481:
467:
427:
406:
343:
335:
130:
10135:
10124:
10104:
10059:
9990:
9671:
9579:
9564:
9540:
9475:
9415:
9410:
9395:
9389:
9373:
9367:
9361:
9319:
9227:
9168:
9153:
8569:
8434:
8408:
8364:
8346:
8314:
8294:
8266:
8260:
Herodotus’s Scythians and Ptolemy’s Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies
8102:
8054:"К дискуссии о языке скифов: переход др.ир. *xš- > *s- и его отражение в древнегреческом"
7799:
7776:
7702:
7426:
7161:
6807:
6668:
6530:
6509:(a member of a police force in Athens) speaks broken Greek, consistently omitting the final
6196:
3045:
2988:
2596:
2591:
2467:
2450:
2306:
2196:
2164:
2132:
2106:
1910:
1860:
1677:
1483:
1371:
1311:
1288:
1231:
1226:
1163:
1150:
1145:
1135:
808:
421:
369:
361:
354:
10094:
9915:
9520:
9492:
9482:
9440:
9383:
9378:
9247:
9242:
9190:
9125:
9035:
8378:
7598:
7380:
6607:
6586:
6506:
6468:
3220:
3024:
3020:
3004:
2956:
2616:
1991:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1931:
1867:
1846:
1824:
1409:
1298:
1221:
1130:
1063:
1004:
870:
602:
587:
577:
572:
488:
460:
115:
8158:
2407:
in the cycle of predictions for people born in that year; ink on paper, early 9th century
8722:
7948:
9790:
9639:
9597:
9584:
9299:
9288:
9237:
9180:
9174:
9148:
9143:
8959:
8822:
8663:
8184:
8166:
8110:
7884:
7661:
7244:
6652:
6415:
6213:
5522:
5286:
5228:
3533:
3077:
2976:
2952:
2404:
2286:
2239:
1736:
1603:
1478:
1036:
990:
958:
894:
385:
108:
7888:
207:
197:
10152:
10021:
9920:
9545:
9499:
9420:
9310:
9293:
8977:
8565:
8561:
8426:
8422:
8342:
8176:
8162:
7463:
7256:
5200:
2804:
2413:
2392:
2298:
1996:
1460:
1376:
1093:
951:
567:
179:
8847:
9978:
9903:
9770:
8961:
The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God
8870:
8686:
8496:(2013). "Скифские этимологии" [Scythian Etymologies]. In Kolganova, G. Y.;
8412:
8319:"The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality"
8271:"Une légende sur l'origine des Scythes (HDT. IV 5–7) et le problème des sources du
8080:
7633:
6496:
3049:
2972:
2254:
and their descendants. The dominant ethnic groups among the Scythian-speakers were
1945:
1615:
1453:
927:
798:
597:
592:
582:
100:
8627:[Scythian Ethnonyms and Anthroponyms in Ancient Eastern Cuneiform Texts].
8027:"Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов"
6640:
Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste
9010:
8219:
8118:
3118:
The vessel should hold wine of grapes, added cooked food, so much, to the mortal,
9940:
9806:
9590:
8969:
8690:
8334:
8180:
7368:
Untersuchungen über die ältesten Wohnsitze der Slaven. Die Iranier in Südrußland
7024:
5527:
5505:
5501:
5307:
4573:
4362:
4337:
4003:
3963:
3255:
3177:
2968:
2457:
languages, although data required to test this hypothesis is presently lacking.
1591:
1577:
1541:
1249:
17:
9856:
9826:
9797:
9785:
9748:
9728:
9265:
7535:
7363:
6431:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/.
6288:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/.
5352:
provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called the
4915:
2363:
1554:
1468:
1346:
1111:
161:
84:
8574:
7689:
W. Tomaschek, "Kritik der ältesten Nachrichten über den skythischen Norden",
6673:
6656:
10109:
9893:
9873:
9836:
9831:
9821:
9780:
9765:
9713:
9447:
8233:
8000:
7434:
6916:
6914:
5870:
5349:
4539:
4352:
3718:
3694:
3154:
3008:
2277:
Most of the Scythian languages eventually became extinct, except for modern
1757:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1498:
1366:
813:
783:
191:
104:
80:
8298:
10066:
10031:
9841:
9743:
9733:
9400:
8700:
7995:. In del Olmo Lete, Gregorio; Feliu, Lluís; Millet Albà, Adelina (eds.).
6476:
6358:
5730:
5634:
5544:
5060:
4959:
4955:
4205:
3872:
3576:
3452:
3012:
2823:
2426:
1700:
1691:
1582:
1383:
1358:
1262:
753:
329:
8937:[On Onomastics of the Northern Black Sea region. XXI. Τράκανα].
8306:
8270:
8203:
7396:
7249:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
6696:
Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Reichert, 1989.
9925:
9883:
9866:
9851:
9723:
9694:
9620:
9252:
9207:
8912:
8908:
8625:"Скифские этнонимы и антропонимы в древневосточных клинописных текстах"
8237:
6578:
6499:, the dialects of various Greek people are accurately imitated. In his
6039:
5849:
5711:
5353:
5269:
5175:
5027:
4986:
4947:
4614:
4591:
4481:
4401:
4320:
4289:
4244:
4168:
4143:
4067:
4042:
3594:
3516:
3309:
3289:
3232:
3081:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2355:
2282:
2247:
1750:
1714:
1707:
1505:
1125:
778:
758:
6657:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"
4856:
resulting from the evolution of Proto-Scythian /δ/ into Scythian /l/.
10041:
10026:
9930:
9861:
9846:
9738:
9718:
9708:
9405:
9259:
9232:
8973:
8965:
8742:
8659:
8519:
8515:
8386:
8382:
8338:
8330:
8132:
8128:
7795:
7743:
7500:
6177:
5833:
5675:
5543:
Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribe
5536:
5225:
4963:
4951:
4943:
3913:
2980:
2948:
2442:
2434:
2388:
2359:
2294:
1473:
1427:
946:
763:
9046:
8866:
8624:
8545:
7992:
7711:
Les Scythes. La civilisation des steppes (VII-III siècles av. J.-C.)
6812:
6795:
4576:
4340:
261:
253:
245:
8934:
8900:
8655:
Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages
8653:
8505:
8368:
8053:
8026:
5633:
Other scholars reject Herodotus' etymology and derive the ethnonym
9950:
9935:
9908:
9898:
9816:
9811:
9758:
9753:
8746:
8696:
8318:
8124:
8004:
6602:
6574:
6552:
5771:
5614:
However, Iranic usually expresses "one" and "eye" with words like
5238:
3216:
2382:
1572:
1446:
1440:
1422:
793:
768:
88:
7691:
Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
6931:
6929:
3111:
za(ṃ)-ri ko-la(ṃ) mi(ṃ)-vaṃ vaṃ-va pa-zaṃ pa-na de-ka mi(ṃ)-ri-to
9945:
9878:
9775:
9574:
8524:
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
5974:
5644:
Or the first part of the name may reflect something like Iranic
3000:
1964:
9667:
9050:
7284:
7282:
7280:
6718:
6716:
6714:
2490:
The Pontic Scythian language possessed the following phonemes:
7094:
7092:
7090:
6796:"Once again 'the Scythian' myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10)"
7823:
7821:
7819:
7602:
7306:
7304:
6969:
6542:
6524:
6514:
6165:
5821:
4673:
4392:
Means "possessing greatness through his words." Composed of:
3044:
Some scholars ascribe certain inscribed objects found in the
7488:
7482:
6291:
Means "king of radiance" and "king of heaven." Composed of:
2211:
2144:
7347:
7345:
6408:
6342:
6275:
6151:
6091:
6023:
5963:
5893:
5807:
5698:
5330:
5261:
5159:
5125:
5009:
4882:
4843:
4771:
4637:
4562:
4467:
4385:
4312:
4228:
4127:
4026:
3936:
3895:
3836:
3749:
3680:
3660:
3500:
3410:
3353:
3278:
3200:
2217:
2214:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2150:
2147:
9663:
8731:
Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
8391:
Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
8155:"Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians"
8031:Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории
6555:); these may be used to elucidate the Scythian languages.
2979:
in the 8th and 7th century BC, occupying today's Southern
62:
This article is about Scythian languages. For others, see
9013:[The Scythian Language: Attempt at Description].
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
2208:
2173:
2141:
6589:
authors recorded only a few fragments of this language.
4922:
with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *
4650:, possibly meaning "milk-consumer," itself composed of:
3849:, possibly meaning "milk-consumer," itself composed of:
8801:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
8771:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6861:
6859:
6565:
Ossetian language § Evidence for Medieval Ossetian
5203:
42:
8617:
Einiges zu den Skythen, ihrer Sprache, ihrem Nachleben
7506:
6963:
6920:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6577:
from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD, formed a
6450:
6442:
6436:
6426:
6387:
6375:
6367:
6352:
6321:
6309:
6301:
6295:
6283:
6254:
6242:
6234:
6222:
6123:
6101:
6070:
6058:
6033:
6002:
5990:
5984:
5975:
5921:
5913:
5907:
5871:
5786:
5763:
5751:
5739:
5676:
5308:
5297:
5239:
5219:
5194:
5169:
5091:
5081:
5069:
5019:
4987:
4861:
4851:
4822:
4779:
4744:
4728:
4712:
4693:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4615:
4540:
4475:
4446:
4434:
4395:
4363:
4290:
4263:
4238:
4206:
4194:
4188:
4162:
4137:
4105:
4093:
4087:
4061:
4036:
4004:
3993:
3985:
3964:
3953:
3947:
3914:
3903:
3873:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3815:
3804:
3792:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3728:
3712:
3704:
3695:
3688:
3639:
3613:
3588:
3577:
3550:
3542:
3510:
3480:
3474:
3453:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3418:
3389:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3332:
3256:
3226:
3210:
3178:
3130:
3109:
3003:
invasion of Europe in the 5th century AD, and Turkic (
2461:
2313:
summarizes the known linguistic landscape as follows:
8935:"Из ономастики Северного Причерноморья. XXI. Τράκανα"
8185:
Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique
8085:
Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians
7578:. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376.
7553:. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376.
7494:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6207:
6115:
6050:
5935:
5860:
5722:
5280:
5186:
5052:
5038:
4898:
4811:
4602:
4582:
4506:
4492:
4426:
4412:
4331:
4277:
4255:
4179:
4154:
4078:
4053:
3627:
3605:
3564:
3527:
3320:
3300:
3243:
3231:, meaning "decoration" and "adornment." Compare with
2220:
2205:
2202:
2185:
2170:
2153:
2138:
7609:
Annali dell’Istituto Universario Orientale di Napoli
7148:"Išpakaia [CHIEFTAIN OF THE SCYTHIANS] (RN)"
5602:
5580:
5491:
5463:
5442:
5396:
4788:
4235:
Means "with the strength of an arrow." Composed of:
2466:
to denote the plural form, which is also present in
182:
170:
164:
10087:
10014:
9971:
9701:
9613:
9513:
9349:
9340:
9199:
9124:
9115:
9084:
8875:
A Thousand Judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch
7893:. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. p.
7223:
7221:
4569:Means "prospering the friend/socius." Composed of:
2199:
2167:
2135:
234:
190:
154:
114:
94:
76:
71:
6372:), the name of a group of deities of the airspace.
2975:. The Scythians migrated from Central Asia toward
2373:survives as a continuation of the language family
7640:, Moscow / Leningrad 1949, vol. 1, 172, 176, 188.
8735:Annals of the University of Naples "L'Orientale"
6995:
6935:
2421:in the east: spoken in the first century in the
8725:[Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus]
8096:"Languages and Literature in the Kushan Empire"
6306:, "to be bright" as well as "sky" and "heaven."
4480:, meaning "chest armour, armour." Compare with
3958:resulting from a sound change from /δ/ to /l/.
2967:Early Eastern Iranic peoples originated in the
2315:
8901:"Проблема Скифского Языка в Современной Науке"
8751:Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
8225:Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberleiferung
7315:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTokhtasyev2005b (
7293:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTokhtasyev2005a (
6361:
6228:
6216:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5705:Means “the Burning One” or “the Flaming One.”
5289:
5212:
5137:
5103:
5075:
5063:
4736:
4720:
4704:
3798:
3786:
3536:
3507:Means "who is mighty in battle." Composed of:
10174:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC
9679:
9062:
8873:; Durkin, Desmond; Naumann, Claudius (eds.).
8608:. The British Academy; azargoshnasp: 189–202.
8262:. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2012
7334:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSzemerényi1980 (
6199:
6107:
6042:
5927:
5852:
5714:
5272:
5178:
5044:
5030:
4890:
4594:
4498:
4484:
4418:
4404:
4323:
4269:
4247:
4171:
4146:
4070:
4045:
3619:
3597:
3556:
3519:
3312:
3292:
3235:
3137:
3116:
2076:
8:
10140:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
8230:Old Iranian Language from Collateral Sources
4966:) may also belong with the same word-group.
3285:Meaning "prospering the ally." Composed of:
8723:"Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot"
7792:Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb
7576:Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English
7551:Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English
7310:
7288:
6349:Means "king of the airspace." Composed of:
5900:Means "possessing the might of the goddess
5774:
5513:Alternatively, one scholar suggests Iranic
4795:
4167:"decoration" and "adornment." Compare with
4066:"decoration" and "adornment." Compare with
3376:, "protection"; an abstraction of the root
26:
9686:
9672:
9664:
9346:
9121:
9069:
9055:
9047:
9000:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8504:; Petrova, A. A.; Safronov, A. V. (eds.).
7859:
7499:, which is cognate with the Scythian name
7329:
6959:
6947:
6722:
6483:= ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greek
4357:), meaning "seed," "germ," and "kinship."
3160:Recorded Scythian personal names include:
2999:. They disappeared from history after the
2083:
2069:
2047:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
275:
8867:"Some Interlinguistic Iranian Conundrums"
8573:
7181:
7134:
7122:
6811:
6672:
5359:, and explains the name as a compound of
9959:
8120:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
7931:
7919:
7907:
7871:
7839:
7827:
7522:
7409:
7212:
7098:
7081:
7069:
7050:
6983:
6888:
6781:
6626:
5926:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
5660:
4971:
4524:
4522:Recorded Scythian tribal names include:
4268:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
3618:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
3555:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
3162:
3086:
2582:
2492:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
8062:Problems of History, Philology, Culture
7351:
7193:
7110:
7007:
6905:
6865:
6619:
6106:, "herd" and "possessions." Cognate of
5016:Means "place of beavers." Composed of:
4969:Recorded Scythian place names include:
4142:"scion" and "descendant." Compare with
4041:"scion" and "descendant." Compare with
3132:ña-ka mi pa-zaṃ vaṃ-va va-za(ṃ)-na vaṃ.
2931:Iranic languages with the exception of
2117:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
287:
229:and peoples in 100 BC appears in green.
28:
10072:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
8993:
7709:, Paris 1941, 37 n. 3; I. Lebedensky,
7666:Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran
7153:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
6239:), "to create by putting into motion."
4644:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
4474:Hypocorostic derivation from the word
3992:Hypocoristic derivation from the word
3843:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
3756:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
3687:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
68:
8058:Проблемы Истории, Филологии, Культуры
7722:
7649:
6759:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
6741:
6705:
3076:script, identified the language as a
2054:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2026:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
153:
7:
8460:[Eminakes, King of Scythia]
7227:
6826:
5744:), “to heat” and “to warm”; theonym
5547:as a compound of the Scythian words
3068:epigraphic traces of that language.
2250:by the populations belonging to the
2246:period), spoken in a vast region of
8799:] (in German). Vol. 5.5a.
8769:] (in German). Vol. 7.1a.
8258:Humbach, Helmut & Klaus Faiss.
8173:Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples
6661:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
6475:(AD 77–79) derives the name of the
5404:. Various explanations account for
5343:
3952:, itself a later dialectal form of
2011:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
9649:Languages between parentheses are
8602:Proceedings of the British Academy
8595:"Scythian elements in Old Iranian"
8007:: Editorial AUSA. pp. 29–34.
7383:(1935). "Zum Balkan-Skythischen".
6921:Schwartz & Manaster Ramer 2019
6030:Means "swift water." Composed of:
4903:), meaning "placed at the front."
4786:From the Proto-Indo-European root
3693:, possibly meaning "with a bright
2033:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
57:
8168:Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs
7953:. J. and J. J. Deighton. p.
7668:, Göttingen 1905, 90–92; Vasmer,
6761:. London: Dearborn. p. 310.
5199:, "fish." Compare with Khotanese
4926:"water, river", and with Avestan
4918:associates the name of the river
3139:then added cooked fresh butter on
2921:
2903:
2873:
2863:
2854:
2847:
2837:
2828:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2718:
2711:
2702:
2680:
2673:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2566:
2550:
2541:
2524:
2512:
2119: instead of cuneiform script.
59:Group of Eastern Iranic languages
9964:Scythian and related populations
9623:(unknown further classification)
8550:Journal of Language Relationship
8546:"External relations of Scythian"
7701:, Berlin 1893, vol. 3, 305–306;
7693:116 (1888), 715–780, here: 761;
5166:Means "fish-path." Composed of:
2894:This article uses cursive theta
2195:
2163:
2131:
2097:
2040:Journal of Indo-European Studies
804:Bible translations into Armenian
295:
225:The approximate distribution of
219:
8431:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
7678:Iranica. I: Das Auge des Königs
7507:
7501:
7489:
7483:
5344:Herodotus' Scythian etymologies
4738:
4722:
4706:
4685:
4199:are variants of the same name.
4098:are variants of the same name.
3977:
3466:
315:List of Indo-European languages
9653:of the language on their left.
9011:"Скифский язык: опыт описания"
8797:Book of Iranian Personal Names
8767:Book of Iranian Personal Names
7495:
5752:
5268:Means "wetness." Compare with
2285:dialect of Scytho-Sarmatian),
1:
10114:Iranian origin hypotheses of
10100:History of the western steppe
8915:: Trinitas. pp. 59–108.
8458:"Эминак в ряду владык Скифии"
8023:Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich
7740:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
7431:The Cambridge History of Iran
2403:, listing the animals of the
2266:, more specifically from the
1641:Proto-Indo-European mythology
910:Paleolithic continuity theory
8793:Iranisches Personennamenbuch
8763:Iranisches Personennamenbuch
8327:Ancient Greeks West and East
7536:"Vir – the Latin Dictionary"
6996:Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004
6968:, whose identification with
6964:
6936:Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004
6451:
6443:
6437:
6427:
6409:
6388:
6376:
6353:
6343:
6322:
6310:
6302:
6296:
6284:
6276:
6255:
6243:
6178:
6152:
6124:
6102:
6092:
6071:
6059:
6034:
6024:
6003:
5991:
5985:
5976:
5964:
5922:
5914:
5908:
5894:
5872:
5834:
5808:
5787:
5699:
5677:
5395:) "man, hero, husband", PIE
5331:
5309:
5262:
5240:
5204:
5195:
5170:
5160:
5126:
5092:
5020:
5010:
4988:
4883:
4862:
4852:
4844:
4823:
4780:
4772:
4745:
4729:
4713:
4694:
4674:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4616:
4563:
4541:
4476:
4468:
4447:
4435:
4396:
4386:
4364:
4353:
4313:
4291:
4264:
4239:
4229:
4207:
4195:
4189:
4163:
4138:
4128:
4106:
4094:
4088:
4062:
4037:
4027:
4005:
3994:
3986:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3937:
3915:
3904:
3896:
3874:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3816:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3729:
3713:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3661:
3640:
3614:
3593:"wide, broad." Compare with
3589:
3578:
3551:
3511:
3501:
3481:
3475:
3454:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3390:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3354:
3333:
3279:
3257:
3227:
3211:
3201:
3179:
3131:
3110:
2462:
2429:, China), and including the
1329:Northern Black Polished Ware
528:Proto-Indo-European language
10169:Extinct languages of Europe
7993:"Onomastica Elamo-Scythica"
7638:Osetinskij jazyk i fol’klor
6368:
6235:
6223:
6208:
6116:
6051:
5936:
5861:
5764:
5740:
5723:
5298:
5281:
5220:
5187:
5082:
5070:
5053:
5039:
4899:
4889:Cognate with Young Avestan
4812:
4603:
4583:
4507:
4493:
4427:
4413:
4332:
4278:
4256:
4180:
4155:
4079:
4054:
3805:
3793:
3628:
3606:
3565:
3543:
3528:
3321:
3301:
3244:
3084:, tentatively translating:
1646:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10205:
8946:Journal of Ancient History
8473:Journal of Ancient History
7603:
7439:Cambridge University Press
7261:Princeton University Press
7158:University of Pennsylvania
6970:
6562:
6543:
6525:
6515:
6398:
6332:
6265:
6166:
6141:
6081:
6013:
5953:
5883:
5822:
5797:
5688:
5603:
5581:
5500:"die" (confusion of Greek
5492:
5464:
5443:
5397:
5320:
5251:
5149:
5115:
4999:
4872:
4833:
4789:
4761:
4737:
4721:
4705:
4684:
4627:
4577:
4552:
4457:
4375:
4341:
4319:Derived from a cognate of
4302:
4218:
4117:
4016:
3976:
3926:
3885:
3826:
3739:
3670:
3650:
3490:
3465:
3400:
3343:
3268:
3190:
2900:voiceless dental fricative
942:Domestication of the horse
169:(Western) Pontic Scythian
61:
10164:Extinct languages of Asia
10159:Eastern Iranian languages
10133:
9957:
9630:
8283:Revue des Études Grecques
8115:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
7670:Die Iranier in Südrußland
7622:Die Iranier in Südrußland
6974:of Herodotus is certain."
6362:
6229:
6217:
6200:
6108:
6043:
5928:
5853:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5715:
5290:
5273:
5213:
5179:
5076:
5064:
5045:
5031:
4891:
4595:
4499:
4485:
4419:
4405:
4324:
4270:
4248:
4172:
4147:
4071:
4046:
3799:
3787:
3620:
3598:
3557:
3547:), both meaning "battle."
3537:
3520:
3460:
3313:
3293:
3236:
3138:
3117:
2887:
2882:
2860:
2791:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2503:
2500:
2289:(which descends from the
2281:(which descends from the
1651:Historical Vedic religion
928:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
218:
116:Linguistic classification
64:Scythian (disambiguation)
8958:Ustinova, Yulia (1999).
8575:10.31826/jlr-2014-110110
7991:Alemany, Agustí (2006).
7773:Encyclopedia of Religion
7511:) transmitted by Ptolemy
6674:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830
6128:, "strong" and "mighty."
5375:Most scholars associate
4784:, the Scythian endonym,
4607:), meaning "to prosper."
3325:), meaning "to prosper."
2918:voiceless dental plosive
2425:(located in present-day
2258:of Central Asia and the
2232:Eastern Iranic languages
1656:Ancient Iranian religion
1019:Novotitarovskaya culture
866:Indo-European migrations
227:Eastern Iranic languages
39:latest accepted revision
9009:Witczak, K. T. (1999).
8940:Вестник древней истории
8652:Novák, Ľubomír (2013).
8467:Вестник древней истории
8287:Review of Greek Studies
7945:Donaldson, John William
7890:Zoroaster and His World
7790:Cheung, Johnny (2007).
7777:Macmillan Reference USA
7771:Jones, Lindsay (2005).
7748:Oxford University Press
7736:West, Martin Litchfield
7699:Deutsche Altertumskunde
7462:Brunner, C. J. (1986).
6794:Lincoln, Bruce (2014).
6495:In the comedy works of
5174:, "path." Compare with
5139:
5105:
4810:, whence also English "
4400:, "word." Compare with
3701:," itself composed of:
3515:"battle." Compare with
3431:, "foot," from earlier
3305:), meaning "companion."
2898:to denote the Scythian
2401:Indo-European languages
1157:Northern/Eastern Steppe
10037:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
9965:
8863:Manaster Ramer, Alexis
8633:Questions of Epigraphy
8623:Melikov, Rauf (2016).
8202:Hinge, George (2005).
7604:οἰόρπατα «ἀνδροκτόνοι»
6419:
6195:a possible cognate of
6110:𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱
6063:, "quick" or "mighty."
6038:, "water." Related to
5775:
5563:Some scholars connect
5383:"man, hero", Sanskrit
5024:"beaver." Cognate of:
4666:, hypocoristic suffix.
4243:"arrow." Compare with
3865:, hypocoristic suffix.
3778:, hypocoristic suffix.
3762:, itself composed of:
3445:, hypocoristic suffix.
3080:dialect spoken by the
2971:(ca. 1500–1100 BC) in
2908:/), and regular theta
2408:
2320:
2264:Indo-European language
2105:This article contains
1628:Religion and mythology
1587:Medieval Scandinavians
878:Alternative and fringe
10079:Pontic–Caspian steppe
9963:
8853:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8828:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8299:10.3406/reg.1999.4355
7779:. pp. 8205–8208.
7680:, Berlin 1934, 16–19.
7611:1 (1959) pp. 151–156.
6425:From an earlier form
6282:From an earlier form
5717:𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌
5648:"rich", cf. Ossetian
5597:"foretell", Sanskrit
5551:, meaning "one", and
5367:, meaning "to kill" (
5363:, meaning "man", and
5086:), meaning "mongoose"
3902:From an earlier form
3417:From an earlier form
2397:Eastern Iranic branch
2386:
2305:(which descends from
2260:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1978:Indo-European studies
1341:Peoples and societies
9644:historical languages
8803:. pp. 341–342.
8703:: Secor Publishers.
8476:] (in Russian).
8418:Encyclopædia Iranica
8365:Ivantchik, Askold I.
8349:. pp. 497–520.
8267:Ivantchik, Askold I.
8187:. pp. 115–130.
8135:. pp. 407–431.
7976:in Kim, op.cit., 54.
7802:. pp. 378–379.
7707:L’empire des steppes
7469:Encyclopædia Iranica
7425:(1985). "Media". In
7263:. pp. 370–371.
7030:Encyclopædia Iranica
6212:), "firmament," and
5567:"one" with Ossetian
5348:The Greek historian
4962:(the deepest one in
4587:), meaning "friend."
3099:English translation
2912:to denote the Greek
2256:nomadic pastoralists
885:Anatolian hypothesis
837:Proto-Indo-Europeans
744:Hittite inscriptions
289:Indo-European topics
9016:Вопросы языкознания
8879:Harrassowitz Verlag
8823:"SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE"
8737:] (in German).
8591:Lubotsky, Alexander
8232:] (in German).
8175:] (in French).
7574:Gharib, B. (1995).
7549:Gharib, B. (1995).
7370:, Leipzig 1923, 74.
6687:E.g. Harmatta 1970.
6638:Compare L. Zgusta,
6573:, as spoken by the
5593:"eye" with Avestic
5475:(i.e. "man-ruler");
5437:"cleave", Sanskrit
5379:"man" with Avestan
5057:), meaning "beaver"
3089:
2585:
2495:
1141:Multi-cordoned ware
1012:Mikhaylovka culture
900:Indigenous Aryanism
890:Armenian hypothesis
749:Hieroglyphic Luwian
29:Page version status
9966:
8931:Tokhtasyev, Sergey
8897:Tokhtasyev, Sergey
8861:Schwartz, Martin;
8692:Scythian Mythology
8668:Charles University
8629:Вопросы эпиграфики
8526:. pp. 38–48.
8323:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
8113:; Etemadi, G. F.;
7101:, p. 270-271.
7084:, p. 273-274.
6923:, p. 359-360.
6725:, p. 156-158.
6479:from the Scythian
6247:, meaning "great."
5983:a term related to
5912:, "of the goddess
4938:. The river names
4511:) "chest armour."
3943:From the Scythian
3088:Issyk inscription
3087:
2583:
2493:
2409:
2311:Alexander Lubotsky
2126:Scythian languages
721:Proto-Indo-Iranian
707:Proto-Balto-Slavic
688:Proto-Italo-Celtic
35:
10146:
10145:
9661:
9660:
9609:
9608:
9336:
9335:
9078:Iranian languages
8987:978-9-004-11231-5
8922:978-9-737-83450-8
8888:978-3-447-11094-5
8810:978-3-700-17142-3
8780:978-3-700-16608-5
8710:978-9-548-25002-3
8683:Raevskiy, Dmitriy
8533:978-5-892-82576-4
8502:Nemirovsky, A. A.
8409:Ivantchik, Askold
8400:978-5-895-26015-9
8356:978-90-04-11190-5
8315:Ivantchik, Askold
8194:978-3-774-92415-4
8159:Reverdin, Olivier
8142:978-9-231-02846-5
8103:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
8050:Bukharin, Mikhail
8014:978-8-488-81071-7
7830:, p. 67-128.
7809:978-9-004-15496-4
7757:978-0-199-28075-9
7713:, Paris 2001, 93.
7448:978-0-521-20091-2
7427:Gershevitch, Ilya
7270:978-0-691-14720-8
6583:Ossetian language
6537:, and once using
6502:Thesmophoriazusae
6461:
6460:
6407:
6341:
6274:
6176:
6150:
6120:), "cow pasture."
6090:
6022:
5962:
5892:
5832:
5806:
5697:
5657:Scythian theonyms
5555:, meaning "eye" (
5458:"lord", Sanskrit
5341:
5340:
5329:
5260:
5158:
5124:
5008:
4907:
4906:
4893:𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬙𐬀
4881:
4842:
4794:, itself meaning
4770:
4692:
4636:
4561:
4515:
4514:
4466:
4417:), "spoken," and
4384:
4311:
4227:
4126:
4025:
3998:, meaning "dog."
3984:
3935:
3894:
3835:
3748:
3679:
3659:
3499:
3473:
3409:
3352:
3277:
3199:
3145:
3144:
3062:Issyk inscription
3056:Issyk inscription
3017:Ossetian language
2910:⟨θ⟩
2896:⟨ϑ⟩
2891:
2890:
2581:
2580:
2423:Kingdom of Khotan
2348:Alanian languages
2341:dialect continuum
2334:Ossetian language
2252:Scythian cultures
2113:rendering support
2093:
2092:
1354:Anatolian peoples
1324:Painted Grey Ware
1212:Nordic Bronze Age
861:Kurgan hypothesis
814:Old Irish glosses
779:Gaulish epigraphy
272:
271:
175:(Western) Alanian
47:21 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
10196:
10136:Category:Scythia
10125:Scythian archers
10105:Bosporan Kingdom
10060:Bosporan Kingdom
9688:
9681:
9674:
9665:
9505:Zoroastrian Dari
9347:
9122:
9071:
9064:
9057:
9048:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9005:
8999:
8991:
8954:
8926:
8892:
8857:
8844:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8839:
8837:
8835:
8819:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8814:
8789:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8784:
8759:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8754:
8728:
8719:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8714:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8609:
8599:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8577:
8542:Kullanda, Sergei
8537:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8463:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8435:Brill Publishers
8404:
8360:
8310:
8255:
8215:
8198:
8146:
8100:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8018:
7977:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7941:
7935:
7934:, p. 48-52.
7929:
7923:
7922:, p. 31-32.
7917:
7911:
7910:, p. 29-31.
7905:
7899:
7898:
7881:
7875:
7874:, p. 29-66.
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7814:
7813:
7800:Brill Publishers
7787:
7781:
7780:
7775:. Vol. 12.
7768:
7762:
7761:
7732:
7726:
7725:, pp. 89–94
7720:
7714:
7687:
7681:
7659:
7653:
7652:, pp. 94–98
7647:
7641:
7631:
7625:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7497:
7493:renders Avestan
7492:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7478:
7476:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7423:Diakonoff, I. M.
7419:
7413:
7412:, p. 39-41.
7407:
7401:
7400:
7381:Kretschmer, Paul
7377:
7371:
7361:
7355:
7354:, p. 52-53.
7349:
7340:
7339:
7332:, p. 20-21.
7327:
7321:
7320:
7311:Tokhtasyev 2005b
7308:
7299:
7298:
7291:, p. 68-84.
7289:Tokhtasyev 2005a
7286:
7275:
7274:
7241:
7235:
7225:
7216:
7210:
7197:
7196:, p. 93–94.
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7160:. Archived from
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7021:Schmitt, Rüdiger
7017:
7011:
7010:, p. 78-80.
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6924:
6918:
6909:
6903:
6892:
6886:
6869:
6863:
6834:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6726:
6720:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6649:
6643:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6571:Alanian language
6546:
6545:
6533:in place of the
6528:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6430:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6391:
6379:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6356:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6325:
6313:
6305:
6299:
6287:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6258:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6127:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6105:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6062:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6037:
6027:
6017:
6015:
6006:
5994:
5989:, "pasture" and
5988:
5979:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5917:
5911:
5904:." Composed of:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5875:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5778:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5680:
5661:
5641:"horse" instead.
5610:
5609:
5588:
5587:
5571:"only", Avestic
5499:
5498:
5470:
5469:
5450:
5449:
5403:
5402:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5312:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5243:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5207:
5198:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5173:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5108:
5095:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5023:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4991:
4972:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4855:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4697:
4691:romanized:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4619:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4544:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4294:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4210:
4198:
4192:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4141:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4097:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4008:
3997:
3989:
3983:romanized:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3957:
3951:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3907:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3877:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3581:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3472:romanized:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3182:
3163:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3096:Transliteration
3090:
3046:Carpathian Basin
2989:Carpathian Basin
2925:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2877:
2867:
2858:
2851:
2841:
2832:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2684:
2677:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2586:
2575:
2570:
2554:
2545:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2496:
2465:
2419:Scytho-Khotanese
2387:A document from
2352:Scytho-Sarmatian
2332:affinity to the
2327:Ossetian is an
2299:Scytho-Khotanese
2229:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2107:cuneiform script
2101:
2100:
2085:
2078:
2071:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1774:
1760:
1753:
1739:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1484:Germanic peoples
1474:Hellenic peoples
1463:
1456:
1449:
1372:Mycenaean Greeks
1361:
1289:Thraco-Cimmerian
1187:Globular Amphora
1164:Abashevo culture
1103:
1096:
1066:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
809:Tocharian script
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
430:
416:
409:
402:
388:
364:
357:
338:
299:
276:
264:
256:
248:
223:
214:
210:
204:
203:(Sogdic-Ossetic)
200:
184:
180:Scytho-Khotanese
172:
166:
69:
21:
18:Alanian language
10204:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10189:History of Ural
10149:
10148:
10147:
10142:
10129:
10095:Iranian peoples
10083:
10010:
9967:
9955:
9916:Pazyryk culture
9697:
9692:
9662:
9657:
9656:
9626:
9605:
9509:
9332:
9195:
9111:
9080:
9075:
9045:
9026:
9024:
9008:
8992:
8988:
8957:
8929:
8923:
8895:
8889:
8860:
8842:
8833:
8831:
8817:
8811:
8787:
8781:
8757:
8726:
8717:
8711:
8681:
8672:
8670:
8651:
8642:
8640:
8622:
8597:
8589:
8580:
8578:
8540:
8534:
8498:Kullanda, S. V.
8494:Kullanda, S. V.
8492:
8483:
8481:
8461:
8454:Raevskiy, D. S.
8450:Kullanda, S. V.
8448:
8439:
8437:
8407:
8401:
8379:Berlin, Germany
8363:
8357:
8313:
8273:Scythicos logos
8265:
8252:
8218:
8201:
8195:
8163:Nenci, Giuseppe
8151:Harmatta, János
8149:
8143:
8111:Puri, Baij Nath
8107:Harmatta, János
8098:
8092:Harmatta, János
8090:
8071:
8069:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8021:
8015:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7966:
7962:
7943:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7885:Herzfeld, Ernst
7883:
7882:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7860:Tokhtasyev 2013
7858:
7854:
7838:
7834:
7826:
7817:
7810:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7750:. p. 267.
7734:
7733:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7688:
7684:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7632:
7628:
7619:
7615:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7561:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7521:
7517:
7481:Middle Persian
7474:
7472:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7433:. Vol. 2.
7421:
7420:
7416:
7408:
7404:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7362:
7358:
7350:
7343:
7333:
7330:Szemerényi 1980
7328:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7302:
7292:
7287:
7278:
7271:
7245:Mayor, Adrienne
7243:
7242:
7238:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7167:
7165:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7097:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7068:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7035:
7033:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6960:Ivantchik 1999b
6958:
6954:
6948:Tokhtasyev 2005
6946:
6942:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6912:
6904:
6895:
6887:
6872:
6864:
6837:
6825:
6821:
6813:10.7557/13.3188
6793:
6792:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6740:
6729:
6723:Ivantchik 1999a
6721:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6653:Witzel, Michael
6651:
6650:
6646:
6637:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6608:Dacian language
6599:
6587:Byzantine Greek
6567:
6561:
6507:Scythian archer
6493:
6473:Natural History
6469:Pliny the Elder
6466:
6464:Pliny the Elder
6441:, from earlier
6432:
6413:
6357:, a cognate of
6300:, from earlier
6289:
6201:
6109:
6044:
5973:Iranic theonym
5929:
5854:
5716:
5659:
5575:"quiet", Greek
5482:"kill", Pashto
5346:
5337:Means "broad."
5291:
5274:
5214:
5180:
5132:Means "river."
5046:
5032:
4912:
4892:
4807:
4805:shooter, archer
4804:
4801:
4798:
4596:
4520:
4500:
4486:
4420:
4406:
4343:
4342:
4325:
4271:
4249:
4173:
4148:
4072:
4047:
3621:
3599:
3558:
3521:
3485:
3382:, "to protect."
3314:
3294:
3237:
3150:
3058:
3042:
3037:
3025:Pamir languages
2965:
2909:
2895:
2488:
2325:
2230:are a group of
2198:
2194:
2166:
2162:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2111:Without proper
2102:
2098:
2089:
2060:
2059:
1992:Marija Gimbutas
1980:
1970:
1969:
1961:Winter solstice
1951:Horse sacrifice
1922:
1915:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1798:
1783:
1770:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1726:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1660:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1563:
1550:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1307:
1284:
1271:
1259:
1240:
1182:
1159:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1081:Northern Europe
1062:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
964:Steppe cultures
937:
930:
923:
915:
914:
905:Baltic homeland
879:
875:
871:Eurasian nomads
855:
851:
827:
819:
818:
789:Runic epigraphy
784:Latin epigraphy
739:
731:
730:
668:Proto-Anatolian
652:
607:
603:Thraco-Illyrian
588:Graeco-Phrygian
578:Graeco-Armenian
573:Graeco-Albanian
552:
530:
517:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
426:
412:
405:
398:
384:
360:
353:
334:
319:
311:
309:
268:
260:
252:
244:
240:ISO 639-3 codes
230:
212:
206:
205:
202:
196:
96:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10202:
10200:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10151:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10127:
10122:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10091:
10089:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10046:Scythia Minor
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10018:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9987:
9986:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9791:Indo-Scythians
9788:
9783:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9705:
9703:
9699:
9698:
9693:
9691:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9668:
9659:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9647:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9598:Middle Persian
9594:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9562:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9458:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9393:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9364:
9359:
9353:
9351:
9344:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9316:
9315:
9314:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9296:
9291:
9269:
9262:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9230:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9203:
9201:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9130:
9128:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9102:Middle Iranian
9099:
9094:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9051:
9044:
9043:
9042:, Prague 1955.
9033:
9006:
8986:
8955:
8927:
8921:
8893:
8887:
8858:
8840:
8815:
8809:
8785:
8779:
8755:
8715:
8709:
8679:
8664:Czech Republic
8649:
8620:
8619:. Vienna 2006.
8610:
8587:
8538:
8532:
8490:
8446:
8405:
8399:
8361:
8355:
8311:
8279:Scythicos logo
8263:
8256:
8250:
8216:
8199:
8193:
8147:
8141:
8088:
8087:, Szeged 1970.
8078:
8046:
8033:(in Russian).
8019:
8013:
7999:(in Spanish).
7987:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7960:
7936:
7924:
7912:
7900:
7876:
7864:
7852:
7832:
7815:
7808:
7782:
7763:
7756:
7727:
7715:
7682:
7654:
7642:
7626:
7613:
7591:
7584:
7566:
7559:
7541:
7527:
7525:, p. 129.
7515:
7454:
7447:
7441:. p. 93.
7414:
7402:
7391:(1–2): 1–56 .
7372:
7356:
7341:
7322:
7313:, p. 296.
7300:
7276:
7269:
7236:
7217:
7198:
7186:
7184:, p. 188.
7182:Ivantchik 2005
7174:
7139:
7135:Ivantchik 2018
7127:
7125:, p. 183.
7123:Ivantchik 2005
7115:
7103:
7086:
7074:
7055:
7043:
7012:
7000:
6988:
6976:
6952:
6940:
6925:
6910:
6893:
6870:
6835:
6819:
6786:
6784:, p. 412.
6774:
6767:
6746:
6727:
6710:
6698:
6689:
6680:
6644:
6631:
6629:, p. 190.
6618:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6598:
6595:
6560:
6557:
6547:) in place of
6492:
6489:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6448:
6423:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6373:
6347:
6326:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6280:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6240:
6214:Vedic Sanskrit
6190:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6096:
6075:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6056:
6028:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5981:
5968:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5919:
5898:
5877:
5867:
5866:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5791:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5769:
5728:
5703:
5682:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5667:Attested forms
5665:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5642:
5631:
5612:
5541:
5540:
5531:(privative) +
5523:folk-etymology
5511:
5510:
5509:
5476:
5452:
5431:
5420:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5314:
5304:
5303:
5287:Vedic Sanskrit
5266:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5192:
5164:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5058:
5014:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:Attested forms
4976:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4887:
4866:
4858:
4857:
4850:Later form of
4848:
4827:
4819:
4818:
4777:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4734:
4718:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4642:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4588:
4567:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:Attested forms
4529:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4472:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4390:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4326:𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥
4317:
4296:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4261:
4233:
4212:
4202:
4201:
4186:
4185:
4160:
4149:𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀
4132:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4085:
4084:
4059:
4048:𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀
4031:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3990:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3941:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3900:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3841:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3754:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3709:, "brilliant."
3685:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3611:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3548:
3534:Vedic Sanskrit
3505:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3415:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3369:
3358:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3306:
3283:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3224:
3205:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:Attested forms
3167:
3149:
3148:Personal names
3146:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3078:Khotanese Saka
3070:János Harmatta
3057:
3054:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
2977:Eastern Europe
2964:
2961:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2484:
2447:
2446:
2414:Saka languages
2405:Chinese zodiac
2395:, part of the
2393:Khotanese Saka
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2329:Eastern Iranic
2324:
2323:Classification
2321:
2115:, you may see
2103:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Fire sacrifice
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:Zoroastrianism
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1604:Medieval India
1595:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1486:
1481:
1479:Italic peoples
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1255:Gandhara grave
1252:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:Middle Dnieper
1097:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1056:Eastern Europe
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1001:
994:
987:
984:Dnieper–Donets
980:
973:
961:
959:Kurgan culture
956:
955:
954:
944:
932:
931:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
895:Beech argument
892:
887:
881:
880:
874:
873:
868:
863:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
718:
704:
699:
685:
678:Proto-Germanic
675:
673:Proto-Armenian
670:
665:
663:Proto-Albanian
659:
658:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
613:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
558:
551:
550:
549:
548:
524:
523:
516:
515:
514:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
452:
447:
441:
440:
434:
433:
432:
431:
419:
418:
417:
410:
403:
391:
390:
389:
377:
372:
367:
366:
365:
358:
346:
341:
340:
339:
326:
325:
318:
317:
310:
305:
304:
301:
300:
292:
291:
285:
284:
270:
269:
267:
266:
265:: Old Ossetian
258:
250:
238:
236:
232:
231:
224:
216:
215:
194:
188:
187:
186:
185:
176:
173:
167:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
136:Eastern Iranic
118:
112:
111:
109:Eastern Europe
98:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10201:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10141:
10137:
10132:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10077:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10022:Kazakh Steppe
10020:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9985:
9982:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9962:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9921:Tagar culture
9919:
9917:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9872:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9689:
9684:
9682:
9677:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9666:
9652:
9648:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9629:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9600:
9599:
9595:
9593:
9592:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9570:Caucasian Tat
9568:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9512:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9452:
9450:
9449:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9426:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9339:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9212:
9210:
9209:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9092:Proto-Iranian
9090:
9089:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9072:
9067:
9065:
9060:
9058:
9053:
9052:
9049:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9003:
8997:
8989:
8983:
8979:
8978:United States
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8956:
8953:(1): 193–196.
8952:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8871:Hintze, Almut
8868:
8864:
8859:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8687:Marazov, Ivan
8684:
8680:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8650:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8613:Mayrhofer, M.
8611:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8566:Gorgias Press
8563:
8562:United States
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8427:United States
8424:
8423:New York City
8420:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8343:United States
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8293:(1): 141–92.
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8251:3-447-01703-1
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8220:Hinz, Walther
8217:
8213:
8210:(in German).
8209:
8205:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7975:
7974:3-7001-0994-6
7971:
7964:
7961:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7932:Bukharin 2013
7928:
7925:
7921:
7920:Bukharin 2013
7916:
7913:
7909:
7908:Bukharin 2013
7904:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7872:Ustinova 1999
7868:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7840:Raevskiy 1993
7836:
7833:
7829:
7828:Ustinova 1999
7824:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7786:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7695:K. Müllenhoff
7692:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7674:H.H. Schaeder
7671:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7630:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7610:
7601:, "Skythisch
7600:
7595:
7592:
7587:
7585:964-5558-06-9
7581:
7577:
7570:
7567:
7562:
7560:964-5558-06-9
7556:
7552:
7545:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7523:Harmatta 1999
7519:
7516:
7512:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7410:Kullanda 2013
7406:
7403:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7326:
7323:
7318:
7312:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7290:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7272:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7257:United States
7254:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7213:Schmitt 2018b
7209:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7178:
7175:
7164:on 2023-04-30
7163:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7119:
7116:
7113:, p. 33.
7112:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7099:Bukharin 2013
7095:
7093:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7082:Bukharin 2013
7078:
7075:
7072:, p. 81.
7071:
7070:Kullanda 2014
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7051:Bukharin 2011
7047:
7044:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7004:
7001:
6998:, p. 94.
6997:
6992:
6989:
6986:, p. 63.
6985:
6984:Bukharin 2011
6980:
6977:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6950:, p. 88.
6949:
6944:
6941:
6938:, p. 93.
6937:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6889:Schmitt 2018a
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6820:
6814:
6809:
6806:(33): 19–34.
6805:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6782:Harmatta 1992
6778:
6775:
6770:
6768:9781884964985
6764:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6744:, p. 10.
6743:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6708:, p. 11.
6707:
6702:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6627:Lubotsky 2002
6623:
6620:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6529:), using the
6522:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6490:
6488:
6487:= ice-cold).
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6396:
6395:Ancient Greek
6393:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6339:
6330:
6329:Ancient Greek
6327:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6286:
6281:
6278:
6272:
6263:
6262:Ancient Greek
6260:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6225:
6215:
6210:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6192:Composed of:
6191:
6180:
6174:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6139:
6138:Ancient Greek
6136:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6098:Composed of:
6097:
6094:
6088:
6079:
6078:Ancient Greek
6076:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6020:
6011:
6010:Ancient Greek
6008:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5993:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5970:Composed of:
5969:
5966:
5960:
5951:
5950:Ancient Greek
5948:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5890:
5881:
5880:Ancient Greek
5878:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5851:
5847:
5836:
5830:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5795:
5794:Ancient Greek
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5742:
5732:
5729:
5727:), “to warm.”
5725:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5686:
5685:Ancient Greek
5683:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5579:"empty", PIE
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5426:"(to) kill",
5425:
5421:
5418:
5415:"(to) kill",
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5401:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5336:
5333:
5327:
5318:
5317:Ancient Greek
5315:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5288:
5283:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5249:
5248:Ancient Greek
5246:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5156:
5147:
5146:Ancient Greek
5144:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5113:
5112:Ancient Greek
5110:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5072:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5041:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5006:
4997:
4996:Ancient Greek
4994:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4934:and Ossetian
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4870:
4869:Ancient Greek
4867:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4840:
4831:
4830:Ancient Greek
4828:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4793:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4759:
4758:Ancient Greek
4747:
4735:
4731:
4719:
4715:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4625:
4624:Ancient Greek
4622:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4593:
4590:a cognate of
4589:
4585:
4575:
4572:a cognate of
4571:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4549:Ancient Greek
4547:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4509:
4495:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4455:
4454:Ancient Greek
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4415:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4372:Ancient Greek
4370:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4300:
4299:Ancient Greek
4297:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4216:
4215:Ancient Greek
4213:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4190:*Spargapaiϑah
4182:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4134:Composed of:
4133:
4130:
4129:Spargapeithēs
4124:
4115:
4114:Ancient Greek
4112:
4110:
4108:
4107:*Spargapaiϑah
4103:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4095:*Spargapaiϑah
4090:
4081:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4033:Composed of:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4014:
4013:Ancient Greek
4011:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3924:
3923:Ancient Greek
3921:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3883:
3882:Ancient Greek
3880:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3824:
3823:Ancient Greek
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3795:
3785:
3782:Cognate with
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3737:
3736:Ancient Greek
3734:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3667:Ancient Greek
3663:
3657:
3648:
3647:Ancient Greek
3645:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:Composed of:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3488:
3487:Ancient Greek
3483:
3477:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3397:Ancient Greek
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3360:Composed of:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3340:Ancient Greek
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3311:
3308:a cognate of
3307:
3303:
3291:
3288:a cognate of
3287:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3265:Ancient Greek
3263:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:Composed of:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3187:Ancient Greek
3185:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:autochthonous
3063:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:and parts of
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2901:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Middle Iranic
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2190:
2158:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:J. P. Mallory
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:Reconstructed
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1461:Insular Celts
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:Indo-Iranians
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:Pontic Steppe
1113:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
966:
965:
962:
960:
957:
953:
952:Kurgan stelae
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
936:
935:Pontic Steppe
929:
926:
925:
919:
918:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
877:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
853:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
734:
726:
725:Proto-Iranian
722:
719:
716:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Daco-Thracian
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
553:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:Reconstructed
519:
518:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
429:
425:
424:
423:
420:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
396:
395:
392:
387:
383:
382:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
350:
347:
345:
342:
337:
333:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
303:
302:
298:
294:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
274:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
241:
237:
233:
228:
222:
217:
209:
199:
195:
193:
189:
181:
177:
174:
168:
163:
159:
158:
157:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:Indo-European
119:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
99:
93:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
70:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
10055:Lower Danube
10000:
9802:Sauromatians
9771:Melanchlaeni
9635:
9596:
9589:
9557:
9453:
9446:
9439:
9388:
9366:
9318:
9309:
9298:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9264:
9220:
9213:
9206:
9173:
9039:
9025:. Retrieved
9020:
9014:
8960:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8904:
8874:
8851:
8848:"MASSAGETAE"
8832:. Retrieved
8826:
8796:
8792:
8766:
8762:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8691:
8671:. Retrieved
8654:
8641:. Retrieved
8636:
8632:
8628:
8616:
8605:
8601:
8579:. Retrieved
8553:
8549:
8511:
8506:
8482:. Retrieved
8477:
8471:
8465:
8438:. Retrieved
8416:
8374:
8369:
8326:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8259:
8242:Harrassowitz
8229:
8224:
8211:
8207:
8172:
8167:
8119:
8084:
8081:Harmatta, J.
8070:. Retrieved
8068:(2): 263–285
8065:
8061:
8057:
8039:. Retrieved
8034:
8030:
7996:
7984:Bibliography
7963:
7949:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7903:
7889:
7879:
7867:
7855:
7835:
7791:
7785:
7772:
7766:
7739:
7730:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7685:
7677:
7672:, 1923, 12;
7669:
7665:
7657:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7616:
7608:
7594:
7575:
7569:
7550:
7544:
7530:
7518:
7480:
7473:. Retrieved
7467:
7457:
7430:
7417:
7405:
7388:
7384:
7375:
7367:
7359:
7352:Witczak 1999
7325:
7248:
7239:
7194:Schmitt 2009
7189:
7177:
7166:. Retrieved
7162:the original
7151:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7111:Alemany 2006
7106:
7077:
7046:
7034:. Retrieved
7028:
7025:"PROTOTHYES"
7015:
7008:Melikov 2016
7003:
6991:
6979:
6955:
6943:
6906:Schmitt 2011
6866:Schmitt 2003
6822:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6777:
6758:
6749:
6701:
6692:
6683:
6667:(3): 1–115.
6664:
6660:
6647:
6639:
6634:
6622:
6591:
6570:
6568:
6548:
6538:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6497:Aristophanes
6494:
6491:Aristophanes
6484:
6480:
6472:
6467:
6414:
6290:
6179:Thamimasadas
6153:Thagimasadas
5930:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
5873:*Targī̆tavah
5865:), "water."
5707:Related to:
5706:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5637:from Iranic
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5532:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5441:"fell", PIE
5438:
5434:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5347:
5181:𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃
5161:Pantikapaion
5150:Παντικαπαιον
4968:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4787:
4785:
4756:
4521:
4518:Tribal names
4272:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
4187:
4118:Σπαργαπειθης
4086:
3978:𒁹𒅖𒉺𒅗𒀀𒀀
3806:Æxsærtæggatæ
3800:Æхсæртæггатӕ
3781:
3690:*Xšaitafarna
3682:Saitapharnēs
3662:Saitapharnos
3622:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
3600:𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬎
3559:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
3522:𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀
3258:*Hiϑāmϑrauša
3180:*Ariyapaiϑah
3159:
3151:
3125:
3104:
3072:, using the
3059:
3050:Central Asia
3043:
3040:Inscriptions
2973:Central Asia
2966:
2929:
2893:
2892:
2607:Postalveolar
2489:
2459:
2448:
2438:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2374:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2326:
2316:
2276:
2242:period (the
2240:late antique
2125:
2123:
2104:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2018:Publications
2017:
2003:
1984:
1938:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:Paleo-Balkan
1793:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1721:
1720:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1633:
1616:Greater Iran
1609:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1489:Paleo-Balkan
1454:Celtiberians
1433:
1432:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1179:
1178:
1156:
1155:
1118:
1117:
1080:
1079:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
970:Bug–Dniester
934:
933:
799:Gothic Bible
715:Proto-Baltic
711:Proto-Slavic
696:Proto-Italic
692:Proto-Celtic
655:
610:
598:Italo-Celtic
593:Indo-Hittite
583:Graeco-Aryan
556:Hypothetical
555:
520:
455:Paleo-Balkan
437:
394:Indo-Iranian
349:Balto-Slavic
322:
273:
239:
213:(Saka-Wakhi)
155:Subdivisions
140:
101:Central Asia
97:distribution
46:
37:This is the
31:
9941:Thyssagetae
9807:Agaragantes
9591:Old Persian
9428:Mazanderani
9222:Khwarezmian
9107:New Iranian
9097:Old Iranian
8970:Netherlands
8413:"Scythians"
8335:Netherlands
8275:d'Hérodote"
8181:Switzerland
7703:R. Grousset
7662:J. Marquart
7624:, 1923, 15.
7036:12 November
6965:Par-ta-tu-a
6755:J.P.Mallory
6481:kroy-khasis
6167:Θαμιμασαδας
6142:Θαγιμασαδας
6117:gaoiiaoⁱtiš
6055:), "water."
5848:Related to
5535:, "without
5486:, Sanskrit
5471:, cf. Lat.
5047:𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬌
5011:Borusthenēs
4989:*Baurustāna
4958:, and lake
4910:Place names
4574:Old Persian
4542:*Haxāϑrauša
4387:Oktamasadēs
4376:Οκταμασαδης
4365:*Uxtamazatā
4338:Old Persian
4260:), "arrow."
4028:Spargapisēs
4017:Σπαργαπισης
3671:Σαιταφαρνης
3651:Σαιταφαρνος
3641:*Šaitafarna
3280:Idanthursos
3215:, meaning "
3202:Ariapeithēs
2969:Yaz culture
2664:(earliest)
2584:Consonants
2391:written in
2358:, Southern
2274:languages.
2272:Indo-Iranic
1896:Continental
1889:Anglo-Saxon
1592:Middle Ages
1542:Middle Ages
1397:Indo-Aryans
1390:Indo-Aryans
1197:Bell Beaker
1192:Corded ware
1088:Corded ware
977:Sredny Stog
922:Archaeology
702:Proto-Greek
682:Proto-Norse
126:Indo-Iranic
10184:Sarmatians
10153:Categories
9857:Spondolici
9827:Limigantes
9798:Sarmatians
9786:Massagetae
9749:Cimmerians
9729:Androphagi
9266:Sarghulami
9186:Yazghulami
9139:Ishkashimi
9036:Zgusta, L.
8834:22 October
8558:Piscataway
8480:(1): 79–95
8177:Vandœuvres
8041:2022-07-13
7842:, p.
7723:Hinge 2005
7650:Hinge 2005
7634:V.I. Abaev
7230:, p.
7168:2023-04-30
6829:, p.
6742:Novák 2013
6706:Novák 2013
6563:See also:
6455:, "ruler."
6428:*Koδaxšaya
6389:*Kolaxšaya
6380:, "ruler."
6323:*R̥buxšaya
6314:, "ruler."
6285:*Δipoxšaya
6256:*Lipoxšaya
6202:𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬴𐬀
6093:Goitosuros
6082:Γοιτοσυρος
6072:*Gaiϑāsūra
5724:tāpaiieⁱti
5622:(Ossetian
5584:h₁(e)rh₁mo
5371:. 4,110).
5275:𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁
5191:), "path."
5033:𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀
5000:Βορυσθενης
4739:𒀾𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀
4723:𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
4707:𒊍𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀
4686:𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
4597:𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬱
4564:Agathursoi
4501:𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬌
4487:𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌
4439:, "great."
4431:), "word."
4292:*Taumuriya
4250:𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬌
4208:*Tigratavā
4196:*Spargapis
4174:𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
4089:*Spargapis
4073:𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
4006:*Spargapis
3770:, "power."
3579:*Pr̥ϑutavā
3502:Protothuēs
3467:𒁹𒁇𒋫𒌅𒀀
3455:*Pṛtatavah
3315:𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬱
3295:𐬵𐬌𐬚𐬄𐬨
3269:Ιδανθυρσος
3238:𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
3191:Αριαπειθης
2941:Ishkashimi
2761:(earlier)
2622:Labiovelar
2472:Chorasmian
2439:Tumshuqese
2364:Kazakhstan
2295:Tumshuqese
2004:Institutes
1924:Lithuanian
1678:Indo-Aryan
1664:Historical
1598:Indo-Aryan
1555:Tocharians
1469:Cimmerians
1347:Bronze Age
1238:South Asia
1112:Bronze Age
1050:Afanasievo
854:Mainstream
618:Vocabulary
538:Sound laws
400:Indo-Aryan
249:: Scythian
178:(Eastern)
160:(Western)
95:Geographic
85:Sarmatians
10179:Scythians
10110:Sarmatism
10001:Languages
9984:Jewellery
9894:Hamaxobii
9874:Scythians
9837:Rimphaces
9832:Phoristae
9822:Cissianti
9781:Amyrgians
9766:Gelonians
9714:Agathyrsi
9651:varieties
9638:indicate
9559:Pahlavani
9551:Bakhtiari
9536:Kuhmareyi
9526:Bashkardi
9448:Old Azeri
9159:Sanglechi
9027:27 August
8996:cite book
8846:(2018b).
8821:(2018a).
8673:14 August
8568:: 81–90.
8317:(1999b).
8269:(1999a).
8234:Wiesbaden
8214:: 86–115.
8001:Barcelona
7599:L. Zgusta
7475:13 August
7435:Cambridge
7364:M. Vasmer
7253:Princeton
7228:Hinz 1975
6971:Προτοθύης
6827:Hinz 1975
6404:romanized
6338:romanized
6271:romanized
6173:romanized
6147:romanized
6087:romanized
6025:Apatouros
6019:romanized
6014:Απατουρος
5995:, "lord."
5965:Artimpasa
5959:romanized
5954:Αρτιμπασα
5895:Targitaos
5889:romanized
5884:Ταργιταος
5829:romanized
5803:romanized
5694:romanized
5635:Arimaspoi
5559:. 4,27).
5545:Arimaspoi
5478:Ossetian
5473:potestate
5433:Ossetian
5430:"killed";
5419:"killed";
5350:Herodotus
5326:romanized
5257:romanized
5155:romanized
5140:Pantikapa
5121:romanized
5005:romanized
4930:, Pashto
4884:Paralatai
4878:romanized
4873:Παραλαται
4863:*Paralāta
4839:romanized
4767:romanized
4658:, "milk."
4633:romanized
4558:romanized
4553:Αγαϑυρσοι
4463:romanized
4436:*-mazatā-
4381:romanized
4308:romanized
4224:romanized
4123:romanized
4022:romanized
3932:romanized
3897:Skilouros
3891:romanized
3886:Σκιλουρος
3857:, "milk."
3832:romanized
3759:*Xšaϑraka
3745:romanized
3719:khvarenah
3676:romanized
3656:romanized
3496:romanized
3491:Προτοθυης
3406:romanized
3368:, "good."
3349:romanized
3274:romanized
3196:romanized
3155:Black Sea
3074:Kharoṣṭhī
2914:aspirated
2736:Fricative
2694:Affricate
2486:Phonology
2431:Khotanese
2318:language.
2297:forms of
2291:Khotanese
2270:group of
2236:classical
1939:Practices
1758:Yarsanism
1568:Albanians
1548:East Asia
1535:Scythians
1527:Phrygians
1520:Paeonians
1513:Illyrians
1499:Thracians
1416:East Asia
1367:Armenians
1294:Hallstatt
1276:Chernoles
1217:Terramare
1207:Trzciniec
1174:Sintashta
1169:Andronovo
1070:Cernavodă
1043:East Asia
998:Khvalynsk
738:Philology
648:Particles
534:Phonology
475:Liburnian
450:Tocharian
445:Anatolian
414:Nuristani
307:Languages
257:: Alanian
192:Glottolog
162:Cimmerian
105:West Asia
81:Scythians
77:Ethnicity
10067:Sarmatia
10032:Sakasene
10006:Religion
9842:Roxolani
9744:Cercetae
9734:Arimaspi
9580:Hazaragi
9531:Garmsiri
9471:Sangsari
9466:Lasgerdi
9455:Parthian
9433:Tabaroid
9401:Kurmanji
9357:Ashtiani
9326:Yaghnobi
9284:Ossetian
9273:Scythian
9248:Southern
9243:Northern
9215:Bactrian
9164:Sarikoli
9134:Bartangi
8933:(2013).
8899:(2005).
8865:(2019).
8791:(2011).
8761:(2009).
8721:(2003).
8701:Bulgaria
8685:(1993).
8593:(2002).
8581:30 April
8544:(2014).
8456:(2004).
8440:8 August
8411:(2018).
8367:(2005).
8307:44260011
8281:s].
8222:(1975).
8165:(eds.).
8153:(1999).
8117:(eds.).
8094:(1992).
8072:30 April
8052:(2013).
8025:(2011).
7947:(1844).
7887:(1947).
7738:(2007).
7620:Vasmer,
7397:40265408
7247:(2014).
7023:(2000).
6757:(1997).
6655:(2001).
6597:See also
6535:aspirate
6477:Caucasus
6447:, "axe."
6410:Kolaxais
6399:Κολαξαις
6359:Sanskrit
6344:Arpoxais
6333:Ἀρποξαις
6277:Lipoxais
6266:Λιποξαις
6004:*Apatura
5937:-tauuah-
5923:*-tavah-
5909:*Targiya
5741:tapayati
5731:Sanskrit
5678:*Tapatī́
5646:raiwant-
5517:"one" +
5488:mārayati
5454:Avestan
5439:pātayati
5428:ptgawsty
5422:Sogdian
5417:patxuste
5411:Persian
5408:"kill":
5387:, Latin
5357:Oiorpata
5210:Ossetian
5096:"space."
5083:bábhruka
5061:Sanskrit
4960:Donuzlav
4956:Dniester
4900:Paraδāta
4845:Skōlotoi
4834:Σκωλοτοι
4746:Ašguzaya
4730:Askuzaya
4714:Asguzaya
4695:Iškuzaya
4681:Akkadian
4647:*Xšīraka
4421:𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀
4407:𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀
4345:𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠
4279:-tauuah-
4265:*-tavah-
4230:Tirgataō
4219:Τιργαταω
4164:*paiϑah-
4139:*sparga-
4038:*sparga-
3987:Išpakāya
3973:Akkadian
3966:*Spakāya
3905:*Skiδura
3875:*Skilura
3846:*Xšīraka
3794:Æxsærtæg
3788:Æхсæртæг
3784:Ossetian
3767:*xšaϑra-
3751:Satrakēs
3740:Σατρακης
3730:*Šaϑraka
3706:*xšaita-
3629:-tauuah-
3615:*-tavah-
3566:-tauuah-
3552:*-tavah-
3482:Partatua
3476:Bartatua
3462:Akkadian
3228:*paiϑah-
3029:Yaghnobi
3013:Caucasus
3009:Batsange
2987:and the
2945:Bactrian
2937:Yaghnobi
2933:Ossetian
2824:Sonorant
2602:Alveolar
2480:Yaghnobi
2476:Ossetian
2455:Yaghnobi
2427:Xinjiang
2375:possibly
2371:Ossetian
2303:Yaghnobi
2279:Ossetian
1985:Scholars
1883:Germanic
1854:Scottish
1819:Thracian
1813:Illyrian
1807:Albanian
1795:European
1788:Armenian
1772:Ossetian
1766:Scythian
1751:Yazidism
1701:Buddhism
1692:Hinduism
1583:Norsemen
1493:Anatolia
1410:Iranians
1403:Iranians
1384:Iron Age
1359:Hittites
1312:Colchian
1305:Caucasus
1263:Iron Age
1232:Lusatian
1227:Urnfield
1151:Srubnaya
1146:Poltavka
1136:Catacomb
1075:Cucuteni
1030:Caucasus
847:Religion
832:Homeland
774:Behistun
754:Linear B
643:Numerals
638:Pronouns
563:Balkanic
510:Thracian
503:Phrygian
496:Paeonian
482:Messapic
468:Illyrian
380:Hellenic
375:Germanic
344:Armenian
336:Albanian
330:Albanoid
281:a series
279:Part of
208:saka1303
198:sogd1247
141:Scythian
72:Scythian
43:reviewed
10088:Related
10015:Regions
9996:Horizon
9991:Culture
9972:Culture
9926:Tapurei
9884:Cadusii
9867:Iazyges
9852:Siraces
9724:Amazons
9702:Peoples
9695:Scythia
9640:extinct
9636:Italics
9621:Badeshi
9565:Persian
9541:Kumzari
9483:Taleshi
9476:Sorkhei
9461:Semnani
9416:Kordali
9396:Kurdish
9390:Gorgani
9368:Daylami
9362:Balochi
9342:Western
9320:Sogdian
9279:Alanian
9253:Wanetsi
9238:Central
9228:Parachi
9208:Avestan
9169:Shughni
9154:Roshani
9117:Eastern
9085:History
9023:: 50–59
8949:].
8913:Romania
8753:: 1–31.
8689:(ed.).
8639:: 74–96
8635:].
8514:].
8377:].
8325:(ed.).
8289:].
8238:Germany
8064:].
8037:: 20–80
7464:"ARANG"
7429:(ed.).
6800:Nordlit
6642:, 1955.
6579:dialect
6559:Alanian
6452:*-xšaya
6420:Colaxes
6406::
6377:*-xšaya
6340::
6311:*-xšaya
6273::
6218:त्वक्ष्
6197:Avestan
6149::
6089::
6040:Avestan
6021::
5961::
5891::
5850:Avestan
5805::
5712:Avestan
5696::
5652:"rich".
5620:čašman-
5589:?, and
5451:"fall".
5354:Amazons
5328::
5270:Avestan
5259::
5188:paṇtā̊
5176:Avestan
5171:*panti-
5157::
5123::
5077:बभ्रुक
5028:Avestan
5021:*bauru-
5007::
4948:Dnieper
4880::
4841::
4799:
4773:Skuthai
4769::
4655:*xšīra-
4639:Sirakes
4635::
4628:Σιρακες
4617:*Šīraka
4592:Avestan
4560::
4482:Avestan
4465::
4448:*Varika
4402:Avestan
4383::
4333:taoxman
4321:Avestan
4314:Tomuris
4310::
4303:Τομυρις
4245:Avestan
4240:*tigra-
4226::
4169:Avestan
4156:sparᵊγa
4144:Avestan
4125::
4068:Avestan
4055:sparᵊγa
4043:Avestan
4024::
3945:endonym
3934::
3893::
3854:*xšīra-
3838:Sirakēs
3834::
3827:Σιρακης
3817:*Šīraka
3747::
3714:*-farna
3678::
3658::
3607:pərᵊϑu-
3595:Avestan
3590:*pr̥ϑu-
3517:Avestan
3498::
3420:*Pāδaka
3412:Palakos
3408::
3401:Παλακος
3391:*Pālaka
3351::
3334:*Hupāyā
3310:Avestan
3290:Avestan
3276::
3233:Avestan
3219:" and "
3212:*Ariya-
3198::
3082:Kushans
3048:and in
3001:Hunnish
2997:Dobruja
2993:Moldova
2985:Ukraine
2963:History
2953:Munjani
2842:(later)
2634:Plosive
2627:Glottal
2612:Palatal
2494:Vowels
2468:Sogdian
2451:Sogdian
2443:Tumshuq
2399:of the
2369:Modern
2356:Ukraine
2307:Sogdian
2301:), and
2283:Alanian
2248:Eurasia
2234:of the
1917:Latvian
1875:Cornish
1745:Kurdish
1731:Persian
1723:Iranian
1715:Sikhism
1708:Jainism
1671:Hittite
1610:Iranian
1506:Dacians
1299:Jastorf
1222:Tumulus
1202:Únětice
1131:Yamnaya
1126:Chariot
1064:Usatovo
1005:Yamnaya
842:Society
826:Origins
759:Rigveda
611:Grammar
438:Extinct
428:Romance
407:Iranian
211:
201:
10116:Croats
10050:Crimea
10042:Alania
10027:Sistan
9931:Tapuri
9862:Yancai
9847:Serboi
9739:Budini
9719:Amardi
9709:Achaei
9614:Others
9521:Achomi
9493:Tatoid
9441:Median
9411:Xwarin
9406:Sorani
9384:Gorani
9379:Gilaki
9300:Jassic
9260:Ormuri
9233:Pashto
9200:Others
9191:Yidgha
8984:
8974:Boston
8966:Leiden
8919:
8885:
8807:
8777:
8743:Naples
8707:
8660:Prague
8530:
8520:Russia
8516:Moscow
8397:
8387:Russia
8383:Moscow
8353:
8339:Boston
8331:Leiden
8305:
8248:
8208:Glotta
8191:
8139:
8133:UNESCO
8129:France
8011:
7972:
7806:
7796:Leiden
7754:
7744:Oxford
7582:
7557:
7445:
7395:
7385:Glotta
7267:
6765:
6519:) and
6354:*r̥bu-
6244:mazatā
6224:tvakṣ-
6209:ϑβāṣ̌a
6103:*gaiϑā
6060:*tura-
5855:𐬀𐬞𐬌
5753:Tapatī
5735:तापयति
5700:Tabiti
5689:Ταβιτι
5670:Notes
5611:"see".
5601:, PIE
5577:erēmos
5573:airime
5569:ærmæst
5537:breast
5519:warah-
5490:, PIE
5462:, PIE
5456:paiti-
5400:wiHrós
5391:(gen.
5285:) and
5231:(Kab).
5226:Pashto
5224:, and
5196:*kapa-
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