2310:
2116:
2124:
2132:
317:
4273:
hese western Saka he distinguishes from eastern Saka who moved south through the
Kashgar-Tashkurgan-Gilgit-Swat route to the plains of the sub-continent of India. This would account for the existence of the ancient Khotanese-Saka speakers, documents of whom have been found in western Sinkiang, and
2265:
The
Khotanese dialect is attested in texts between the 7th and 10th centuries, though some fragments are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. The far more limited material in the Tumshuqese dialect cannot be dated with precision, but most of it is thought to date to the late 7th or the 8th century.
4304:
Carpelan, C.; Parpola, A.; Koskikallio, P. (2001). "Early
Contacts Between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations: Papers Presented at an International Symposium Held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, 8–10 January, 1999".
2220:. The documents date from the fourth to the eleventh century. Tumshuqese was more archaic than Khotanese, but it is much less understood because it appears in fewer manuscripts compared to Khotanese. The Khotanese dialect is believed to share features with the modern
2288:
were still used in some areas. It is believed that the Saka language group was what
Kanchaki belonged to. It is believed that the Tarim Basin became linguistically Turkified by the end of the 11th century.
4332:
It is, however, possible that the original home of Paṣ̌tō may have been in Badaḵšān, somewhere between Munǰī and Sangl. and Shugh., with some contact with a Saka dialect akin to
Khotanese.
4315:...descendants of these languages survive now only in the Ossete language of the Caucasus and the Wakhi language of the Pamirs, the latter related to the Saka once spoken in Khotan.
2284:
that the people of Khotan still had their own language and script and did not know Turkic well. According to
Kashgari some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and
7926:
2102:
2066:
5639:
4108:
2274:
1264:
5022:
4511:
4831:
7534:
5683:
4274:
the modern Wakhi language of Wakhan in
Afghanistan, another modern branch of descendants of Saka speakers parallel to the Ossetes in the west.
4641:
4614:
4588:
4561:
4477:
2073:
2045:
4144:
5701:
4292:
It is noteworthy that the Wakhi language of Wakhan has features, phonetics, and vocabulary the nearest of
Iranian dialects to Khotan Saka.
4704:
2030:
4733:
7921:
7916:
2095:
2052:
983:
4966:
4266:
4233:
2337:), all of the surviving documents originate from Khotan or Tumshuq. Khotanese is attested from over 2,300 texts preserved among the
316:
5632:
4673:
2059:
823:
5731:
5015:
2977:
334:
2309:
1094:
4978:
1915:
1690:
4862:
2088:
1660:
929:
866:
667:
553:
6764:
5824:
2353:
and
Buddhist translations are common at all periods of the documents. There are many reports to the royal court (called
1348:
924:
851:
662:
657:
652:
547:
4465:
5679:
5625:
4957:
A Chinese text in
Central Asian Brahmi script: new evidence for the pronunciation of Late Middle Chinese and Khotanese
4781:
A Chinese text in Central Asian Brahmi script: new evidence for the pronunciation of Late Middle Chinese and Khotanese
1665:
1160:
861:
740:
726:
707:
1003:
5008:
961:
561:
2115:
6673:
5828:
5458:
5295:
5070:
2298:
2147:
1705:
1670:
1343:
647:
134:
989:
7154:
6693:
6658:
5759:
3669:
2175:
1855:
1675:
1206:
1038:
885:
687:
642:
637:
557:
4988:
Maggi, M. (2022). "Some remarks on the history of the Khotanese orthography and the Brāhmī script in Khotan".
4794:
Maggi, M. (2022). "Some remarks on the history of the Khotanese orthography and the Brāhmī script in Khotan".
4119:
7855:
7549:
6807:
6718:
6600:
6595:
5523:
4497:
1860:
1587:
697:
692:
682:
326:
270:
257:
214:
119:
2131:
2123:
7578:
7395:
7077:
5902:
5897:
5868:
5856:
5045:
4551:
4526:
4349:... and their language is most closely related to on the one hand with Saka on the other with Munji-Yidgha
3147:
3133:
3119:
3105:
3091:
3077:
3063:
3049:
3035:
3021:
3007:
2993:
2948:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2836:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2784:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2724:
2711:
2687:
2673:
2654:
2644:
2623:
2611:
2603:
2576:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2535:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2483:
2473:
2465:
2453:
2411:
1850:
1822:
1606:
1508:
1274:
1120:
744:
582:
474:
413:
368:
308:
300:
124:
4919:
4174:
2262:, speaking the two dialects, settled in the region in about 200 BC before the Chinese accounts commence.
7867:
7843:
7566:
7529:
6027:
5604:
1997:
1826:
734:
730:
715:
711:
7741:
5386:
4179:(Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications. p. 350.
1221:
7514:
7375:
7194:
7174:
7159:
6895:
6860:
6668:
5441:
5381:
5175:
4038:
2342:
2338:
1943:
1908:
1089:
904:
856:
793:
763:
721:
701:
565:
419:
6122:
2258:. No invasion of the region is recorded in Chinese records and one theory is that two tribes of the
7827:
7807:
7571:
7498:
7199:
7184:
7169:
7149:
7144:
6555:
5784:
5706:
5597:
5139:
5092:
2237:
2194:
1216:
1211:
1107:
1031:
996:
919:
909:
768:
469:
464:
433:
7772:
2345:. The earliest texts, from the fourth century, are mostly religious documents. There were several
7544:
7478:
7427:
7380:
7324:
7054:
6997:
6723:
5879:
5648:
5512:
5489:
5479:
5226:
5112:
4893:
4885:
4446:
4411:
4207:
4152:
2391:
2314:
2281:
1922:
1873:
1807:
1791:
1416:
1069:
808:
494:
399:
394:
139:
31:
7179:
5789:
4990:
Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University
4796:
Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University
4258:
2357:) which are of historical importance, as well as private documents. An example of a document is
4849:
4741:
7751:
7411:
7285:
7230:
7122:
7030:
7025:
6982:
6904:
6635:
6615:
6540:
6517:
6290:
6172:
6142:
5984:
5975:
5927:
5917:
5764:
5696:
5504:
5484:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5310:
5279:
5237:
5168:
5117:
5087:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5031:
4974:
4637:
4610:
4604:
4584:
4557:
4473:
4327:
4262:
4229:
2426:
2405:
2350:
2326:
2270:
2155:
1936:
1902:
1894:
1838:
1832:
1814:
1785:
1764:
1750:
1742:
1512:
1373:
1313:
1295:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1193:
1188:
1017:
880:
529:
522:
515:
501:
487:
447:
426:
363:
355:
129:
53:
4712:
4631:
4578:
7822:
7817:
7787:
7746:
7726:
7615:
7610:
7554:
7524:
7473:
7370:
7362:
7235:
7215:
7164:
7131:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7040:
7035:
7017:
6865:
6855:
6759:
6708:
6703:
6678:
6605:
6298:
6275:
6270:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6152:
6092:
6017:
5960:
5955:
5940:
5711:
5662:
5533:
5518:
5494:
5429:
5369:
5364:
5349:
5343:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5273:
5181:
5122:
5107:
4877:
4438:
4403:
4199:
2387:
2379:
2285:
2159:
1930:
1880:
1697:
1503:
1391:
1331:
1308:
1251:
1246:
1183:
1170:
1165:
1155:
828:
441:
389:
381:
374:
27:
2358:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7731:
7721:
7595:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7347:
7337:
7332:
7300:
7290:
7275:
7265:
7255:
7225:
7189:
7139:
7102:
7067:
7007:
6987:
6967:
6932:
6917:
6912:
6835:
6774:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6688:
6580:
6550:
6499:
6474:
6459:
6433:
6428:
6408:
6393:
6338:
6280:
6265:
6260:
6245:
6240:
6185:
6117:
6097:
6032:
6007:
5935:
5912:
5814:
5779:
5774:
5749:
5721:
5716:
5474:
5446:
5436:
5394:
5337:
5332:
5201:
5196:
5144:
5079:
4943:
4606:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2826:
2419:
2202:
2011:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1951:
1887:
1866:
1844:
1429:
1318:
1241:
1150:
1083:
1024:
890:
622:
607:
597:
592:
508:
480:
111:
4929:. Script and Reconstruction in Linguistic History―Univerzita Karlova v Praze, March 2020.
7812:
7756:
7736:
7539:
7504:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7390:
7342:
7280:
7250:
7245:
7107:
7097:
7062:
6972:
6937:
6922:
6870:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6769:
6713:
6683:
6663:
6653:
6648:
6625:
6545:
6530:
6525:
6494:
6469:
6454:
6449:
6418:
6413:
6403:
6398:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6328:
6303:
6250:
6162:
6147:
6112:
6082:
6077:
6057:
6047:
6042:
6037:
5965:
5950:
5892:
5887:
5794:
5754:
5739:
5593:
5551:
5538:
5253:
5242:
5191:
5134:
5128:
5102:
5097:
4251:
2221:
2198:
1756:
1623:
1498:
1056:
1010:
978:
914:
405:
182:
65:
20:
287:
7910:
7671:
7647:
7590:
7419:
7352:
7310:
7295:
7220:
7072:
6977:
6850:
6845:
6698:
6610:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6560:
6535:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6464:
6423:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6333:
6323:
6318:
6308:
6255:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6157:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6107:
6087:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6022:
6012:
5997:
5992:
5945:
5907:
5809:
5799:
5499:
5453:
5374:
5247:
4961:(On connections between Chinese and Khotanese, such as loan words and pronunciations)
4897:
4492:
2209:
2016:
1480:
1396:
1113:
971:
587:
250:
189:
61:
7777:
7642:
7605:
7305:
7270:
7260:
7240:
7112:
6992:
6957:
6947:
6942:
6927:
6815:
6739:
6643:
6620:
6313:
6180:
6102:
6052:
6002:
5804:
5744:
4680:
2330:
2318:
1965:
1635:
1473:
947:
818:
617:
612:
602:
4901:
7688:
7664:
7637:
7627:
7600:
7585:
7561:
7385:
6962:
6885:
6880:
6840:
6570:
5544:
4657:
Emmerick, Ronald (2009). "Khotanese and Tumshuqese". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
2879:
2167:
1611:
1597:
1561:
1269:
75:
7716:
7654:
7632:
7002:
6875:
5219:
4881:
2212:
with the addition of extra characters over time and unusual conjuncts such as
1574:
1488:
1366:
1131:
4814:
4763:
2269:
The Saka language became extinct after invading Turkic Muslims conquered the
7693:
7681:
7676:
7620:
6952:
5769:
5691:
5401:
4043:
2736:
2701:
2585:
2398:
2334:
2255:
1777:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1518:
1386:
833:
803:
280:
224:
206:
193:
240:
233:
7659:
5354:
3163:
2171:
2151:
1720:
1711:
1602:
1403:
1378:
1282:
773:
349:
79:
7698:
5574:
5206:
5161:
4450:
4211:
4118:. Vol. 52, no. 3. Penn Museum. pp. 44–53. Archived from
2436:
2333:
that has been tentatively identified as Khotanese (although written in
2233:
2179:
1770:
1734:
1727:
1525:
1145:
798:
778:
4889:
4415:
2341:, as opposed to just 15 texts in Tumshuqese. These were deciphered by
19:
For the Northern Turkic language spoken in the Republic of Sakha, see
5617:
5359:
5213:
5186:
4429:
Bailey, H. W. (1970). "Saka Studies: The Ancient Kingdom of Khotan".
4190:
Bailey, H. W. (1970). "Saka Studies: The Ancient Kingdom of Khotan".
2346:
2254:
The two known dialects of Saka are associated with a movement of the
2229:
2225:
2163:
1493:
1447:
966:
783:
57:
5000:
4920:""Prothetic H-" in Khotanese and the Reconstruction of Proto-Iranic"
4442:
4203:
4407:
3672:
of vowels, before clusters containing non-sibilant fricatives and
3166:, developments of retroflexes and voiceless aspirated consonants.
2130:
2122:
2114:
1592:
1466:
1460:
1442:
813:
788:
83:
5528:
2259:
2249:
1984:
94:
6795:
5854:
5621:
5004:
16:
Extinct Eastern Iranic language spoken from 100 BC to 1,100 AD
3255:
Nasals + voiceless consonants → nasals + voiced consonants (
4959:. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
4783:. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
4431:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
4580:
Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources
4553:
Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources
4383:. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series).
4347:. Kolkata, India: Iran Society. 1946. pp. 173–174.
3717:
Reduction of internal unstressed short and long vowels (
4556:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 72–.
4870:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4674:"Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Khotanese Script"
4394:
Bailey, H. W. (1939). "The Rāma Story in Khotanese".
2208:
Documents on wood and paper were written in modified
4853:
2228:. Saka was known as "Hvatanai" (from which the name
7836:
7765:
7709:
7513:
7451:
7404:
7361:
7323:
7208:
7130:
7121:
7053:
7016:
6903:
6894:
6806:
6732:
6634:
6516:
6442:
6289:
6171:
5983:
5974:
5926:
5878:
5867:
5843:
5823:
5730:
5678:
5671:
5655:
5567:
5467:
5303:
5294:
5153:
5078:
5069:
5038:
4512:"Diwanu Lugatı't-Turk and Contemporary Linguistics"
278:
265:
248:
222:
204:
199:
179:
161:
108:
100:
90:
71:
49:
39:
4288:The culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan
4250:
4367:Pashto in its origin, is probably a Saka dialect.
2321:, NE of Khotan. Now held in the British Library.
3631:Lengthening of stressed vowels before clusters
4633:Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia
3370:Nasals + voiced consonants → geminate nasals (
2193:The Saka rulers of the western regions of the
5633:
5016:
4969:(1999). "Religions and Religious Movements".
4577:Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron, eds. (2010).
4550:Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron, eds. (2010).
4328:"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō"
4176:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind
2297:Khotanese and Tumshuqese are closely related
2096:
8:
4955:Emmerick, R. E.; Pulleyblank, E. G. (1993).
4779:Emmerick, R. E.; Pulleyblank, E. G. (1993).
4519:MANAS Journal of Turkic Civilization Studies
2275:Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang
2236:terms were borrowed from Khotanese into the
4381:Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb
7127:
6900:
6803:
6792:
5980:
5875:
5864:
5851:
5847:
5675:
5640:
5626:
5618:
5300:
5075:
5023:
5009:
5001:
4609:. UNESCO Publishing. 1996. pp. 283–.
4583:. Indiana University Press. pp. 72–.
2373:
2119:Khotanese animal zodiac BLI6 OR11252 1R2 1
2103:
2089:
2067:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
295:
36:
4973:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 421–448.
4109:"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"
3162:Khotanese was characterized by pervasive
4971:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
4396:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4226:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3879:
2968:
2308:
2280:In the 11th century, it was remarked by
4099:
4055:
2205:, spoke practically the same language.
307:
4661:. London: Routledge. pp. 377–415.
3838:(from earlier voiceless consonants) →
7927:Languages extinct in the 11th century
3876:Palatalization of certain consonants:
2135:Book of Zambasta BLX3542 OR9614 5R1 1
2127:Khotanese Verses BLE4 IOLKHOT50 4R1 1
2074:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2046:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
160:
7:
4228:. Paris: UNESCO. 1992. p. 283.
4082:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4832:"Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische"
4636:. London: Routledge. pp. 71–.
2031:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
5603:Languages between parentheses are
3249:when initially or after vowels or
2232:) in contemporary documents. Many
2053:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
5577:(unknown further classification)
4863:"A Turkish-Khotanese Vocabulary"
4850:"International Dunhuang Project"
4290:. Caravan Books. pp. 7–10.
2060:Journal of Indo-European Studies
824:Bible translations into Armenian
315:
4472:. Routledge. pp. 377–415.
2178:. The two kingdoms differed in
335:List of Indo-European languages
5607:of the language on their left.
4967:Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, M. I.
3170:Changes shared in common Sakan
1:
4965:Litvinsky, Boris Abramovich;
4938:. Cambridge University Press.
4819:(Thesis). Harvard University.
4816:The Old Khotanese Metanalysis
4768:(Thesis). Harvard University.
4765:The Old Khotanese Metanalysis
4468:. In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
4466:"7. Khotanese and Tumshuqese"
1661:Proto-Indo-European mythology
930:Paleolithic continuity theory
4630:Akiner, Shirin, ed. (2013).
4464:Emmerick, Ronald E. (2009).
3365:Changes shared in East Sakan
2150:, attested from the ancient
1349:Northern Black Polished Ware
548:Proto-Indo-European language
4253:The History of Ancient Iran
1666:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
7943:
4672:Wilson, Lee (2015-01-26).
4307:Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
2247:
2170:, in what is now southern
962:Domestication of the horse
25:
18:
7922:Eastern Iranian languages
7917:Extinct languages of Asia
7878:
7851:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
6802:
6791:
5863:
5850:
5584:
4936:Dictionary of Khotan Saka
4882:10.1017/S0041977X00072475
4525:: 165–169. Archived from
4173:Diringer, David (1953) .
4086:Mostly in final positions
3863:also phonetically became
2939:
2883:
2878:
2825:
2790:
2741:
2733:
2697:
2664:
2589:
2584:
2543:
2441:
2434:
2376:
2299:Eastern Iranian languages
2148:Eastern Iranian languages
1671:Historical Vedic religion
948:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
44:
4693:– via unicode.org.
4510:Kocaoğlu, Timur (2004).
4365:. Academia. p. 32.
4363:A Study in Pashto Stress
3670:Compensatory lengthening
2182:, their speech known as
1676:Ancient Iranian religion
1039:Novotitarovskaya culture
886:Indo-European migrations
26:Not to be confused with
7848:Northern (Beijing) Sign
4813:Hitch, Douglas (2016).
4762:Hitch, Douglas (2016).
4734:"Bailey, Harold Walter"
4149:Encyclopædia Britannica
4107:Mallory, J. P. (2010).
3639:(sibilants + dentals) (
3393:Questionable umlaut of
3293:(syllabic consonant) →
2365:Old Khotanese Phonology
2176:Middle Iranian language
1177:Northern/Eastern Steppe
244: – Tumshuqese
5857:Sino-Tibetan languages
4934:Bailey, H. W. (1979).
4861:Bailey, H. W. (1944).
4830:Kümmel, M. J. (2016).
4379:Cheung, Jonny (2007).
4074:In non-final positions
3405:before syllables with
2322:
2136:
2128:
2120:
1648:Religion and mythology
1607:Medieval Scandinavians
898:Alternative and fringe
237: – Khotanese
4738:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4709:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4659:The Iranian Languages
4470:The Iranian Languages
4286:Bailey, H.W. (1982).
3802:(remaining instances)
2312:
2134:
2126:
2118:
1998:Indo-European studies
1361:Peoples and societies
66:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
45:Khotanese, Tumshuqese
5598:historical languages
4948:Encyclopædia Iranica
4498:Encyclopædia Iranica
4361:Bečka, Jiří (1969).
4257:. C.H.Beck. p.
4039:Harold Walter Bailey
2343:Harold Walter Bailey
2339:Dunhuang manuscripts
905:Anatolian hypothesis
857:Proto-Indo-Europeans
764:Hittite inscriptions
309:Indo-European topics
7891:NM = Inner Mongolia
4944:"Iranian Languages"
4249:Frye, R.N. (1984).
2238:Tocharian languages
2195:Indian subcontinent
2146:, was a variety of
1161:Multi-cordoned ware
1032:Mikhaylovka culture
920:Indigenous Aryanism
910:Armenian hypothesis
769:Hieroglyphic Luwian
7428:Formosan languages
5649:Languages of China
4062:From older ð and ɣ
3692:"long"), however,
2323:
2282:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2137:
2129:
2121:
741:Proto-Indo-Iranian
727:Proto-Balto-Slavic
708:Proto-Italo-Celtic
32:Scythian languages
7904:
7903:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7432:
7424:
7416:
7319:
7318:
7049:
7048:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6507:
5839:
5838:
5615:
5614:
5563:
5562:
5290:
5289:
5032:Iranian languages
4643:978-1-136-15034-0
4616:978-92-3-103211-0
4590:978-0-253-35385-6
4563:978-0-253-35385-6
4479:978-1-135-79704-1
4125:on 9 January 2021
4030:
4029:
3871:in this position.
3704:were unaffected (
3612:initially before
3503:and a consonant (
3485:before consonants
3155:
3154:
2962:
2961:
2636:
2595:
2503:
2447:
2351:Kingdom of Khotan
2271:Kingdom of Khotan
2174:, China. It is a
2113:
2112:
1374:Anatolian peoples
1344:Painted Grey Ware
1232:Nordic Bronze Age
881:Kurgan hypothesis
834:Old Irish glosses
799:Gaulish epigraphy
294:
293:
104:100 BC – 1,000 AD
54:Kingdom of Khotan
7934:
7860:
7430:
7422:
7414:
7128:
6901:
6804:
6793:
5981:
5876:
5865:
5852:
5848:
5676:
5663:Standard Chinese
5642:
5635:
5628:
5619:
5459:Zoroastrian Dari
5301:
5076:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5002:
4997:
4984:
4960:
4951:
4939:
4930:
4924:
4908:
4906:
4900:. Archived from
4867:
4857:
4852:. Archived from
4836:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4740:. Archived from
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4711:. Archived from
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4679:. Archived from
4678:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4516:
4507:
4501:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4256:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4151:. Archived from
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4113:
4104:
4087:
4084:
4075:
4072:
4063:
4060:
3880:
3854:after vowels or
3464:after vowels or
3413:, respectively (
3149:
3135:
3121:
3107:
3093:
3079:
3065:
3051:
3037:
3023:
3009:
2995:
2974:Transliteration
2969:
2950:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2838:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2786:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2726:
2713:
2689:
2675:
2656:
2646:
2634:
2625:
2613:
2605:
2593:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2537:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2501:
2485:
2475:
2467:
2455:
2445:
2374:
2105:
2098:
2091:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1794:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1504:Germanic peoples
1494:Hellenic peoples
1483:
1476:
1469:
1392:Mycenaean Greeks
1381:
1309:Thraco-Cimmerian
1207:Globular Amphora
1184:Abashevo culture
1123:
1116:
1086:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
829:Tocharian script
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
450:
436:
429:
422:
408:
384:
377:
358:
319:
296:
290:
273:
260:
243:
236:
227:
218:
217:
209:
185:
114:
37:
28:Makhuwa language
7942:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7874:
7854:
7832:
7761:
7705:
7516:
7509:
7435:
7415:(Indo-European)
7400:
7357:
7315:
7204:
7117:
7045:
7012:
6890:
6798:
6797:Other languages
6779:
6728:
6659:Central Tibetan
6630:
6504:
6438:
6285:
6167:
5970:
5922:
5870:
5859:
5835:
5819:
5726:
5667:
5651:
5646:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5580:
5559:
5463:
5286:
5149:
5065:
5034:
5029:
4987:
4981:
4964:
4954:
4942:
4933:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:Further reading
4904:
4865:
4860:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4493:"Saka language"
4491:
4487:
4480:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4443:10.2307/4299633
4428:
4427:
4423:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4269:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4204:10.2307/4299633
4189:
4188:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4145:"Saka Language"
4143:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4035:
3665:haṣṭā "eight").
3659:"bone" but not
3495:between vowels
3160:
2973:
2967:
2893:
2829:
2739:
2727:(later > ʔ)
2714:(later > ʔ)
2700:
2439:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2307:
2295:
2252:
2246:
2203:Western Satraps
2109:
2080:
2079:
2012:Marija Gimbutas
2000:
1990:
1989:
1981:Winter solstice
1971:Horse sacrifice
1942:
1935:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1818:
1803:
1790:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1746:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1680:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1583:
1570:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1327:
1304:
1291:
1279:
1260:
1202:
1179:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1101:Northern Europe
1082:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
984:Steppe cultures
957:
950:
943:
935:
934:
925:Baltic homeland
899:
895:
891:Eurasian nomads
875:
871:
847:
839:
838:
809:Runic epigraphy
804:Latin epigraphy
759:
751:
750:
688:Proto-Anatolian
672:
627:
623:Thraco-Illyrian
608:Graeco-Phrygian
598:Graeco-Armenian
593:Graeco-Albanian
572:
550:
537:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
446:
432:
425:
418:
404:
380:
373:
354:
339:
331:
329:
286:
269:
256:
253:
239:
238:
232:
231:
223:
213:
212:
205:
186:
181:
157:
135:Eastern Iranian
115:
112:Language family
110:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7940:
7938:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7909:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7885:HK = Hong Kong
7883:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7856:Hong Kong Sign
7849:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7521:
7519:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7431:(Austronesian)
7425:
7423:(Austronesian)
7417:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7367:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7329:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6601:Southern Qiang
6598:
6596:Northern Qiang
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5873:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:Middle Persian
5548:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5056:Middle Iranian
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4985:
4979:
4962:
4952:
4940:
4931:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4907:on 2013-01-15.
4876:(2): 290–296.
4858:
4856:on 2011-07-20.
4844:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4822:
4805:
4786:
4771:
4754:
4725:
4696:
4664:
4649:
4642:
4622:
4615:
4596:
4589:
4569:
4562:
4542:
4502:
4485:
4478:
4456:
4421:
4408:10.2307/594480
4402:(4): 460–468.
4386:
4371:
4353:
4336:
4319:
4296:
4278:
4267:
4241:
4234:
4217:
4182:
4165:
4136:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3824:
3803:
3777:
3743:
3734:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3629:
3587:
3569:
3551:
3542:
3520:
3486:
3468:
3430:
3391:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3344:
3335:
3322:
3297:after labials
3288:
3253:
3223:
3206:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2904:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2325:Other than an
2313:Manuscript in
2306:
2303:
2294:
2293:Classification
2291:
2248:Main article:
2245:
2242:
2199:Indo-Scythians
2197:, such as the
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Fire sacrifice
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:Zoroastrianism
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1624:Medieval India
1615:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1506:
1501:
1499:Italic peoples
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1275:Gandhara grave
1272:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:Middle Dnieper
1117:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1076:Eastern Europe
1073:
1072:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1004:Dnieper–Donets
1000:
993:
981:
979:Kurgan culture
976:
975:
974:
964:
952:
951:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Beech argument
912:
907:
901:
900:
894:
893:
888:
883:
877:
876:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
738:
724:
719:
705:
698:Proto-Germanic
695:
693:Proto-Armenian
690:
685:
683:Proto-Albanian
679:
678:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
633:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
579:
578:
571:
570:
569:
568:
544:
543:
536:
535:
534:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
472:
467:
461:
460:
454:
453:
452:
451:
439:
438:
437:
430:
423:
411:
410:
409:
397:
392:
387:
386:
385:
378:
366:
361:
360:
359:
346:
345:
338:
337:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
312:
311:
305:
304:
292:
291:
284:
276:
275:
267:
263:
262:
254:
249:
246:
245:
228:
220:
219:
210:
202:
201:
200:Language codes
197:
196:
187:
183:Writing system
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
171:
168:
163:
159:
158:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
118:
116:
109:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
73:
69:
68:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
42:
41:
21:Sakha language
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7939:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7896:
7894:XJ = Xinjiang
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7429:
7426:
7421:
7418:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7396:Western Yugur
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Eastern Yugur
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Small Flowery
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6808:Austroasiatic
6805:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5638:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Caucasian Tat
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Proto-Iranian
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4927:Martin Kümmel
4921:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4826:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4755:
4744:on 2021-08-14
4743:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4715:on 2019-05-17
4714:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4686:on 2019-06-14
4682:
4675:
4668:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4543:
4532:on 2020-05-19
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4268:9783406093975
4264:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4235:92-3-103211-9
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4155:on 2014-04-07
4154:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:from earlier
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3158:Sound changes
3157:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:IPA Phonetic
2982:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:Brahmi script
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:J. P. Mallory
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:Reconstructed
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1481:Insular Celts
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:Indo-Iranians
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:Pontic Steppe
1133:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
972:Kurgan stelae
970:
969:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
956:
955:Pontic Steppe
949:
946:
945:
939:
938:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
897:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
873:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
843:
842:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
755:
754:
746:
745:Proto-Iranian
742:
739:
736:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
706:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:Daco-Thracian
586:
584:
581:
580:
577:
574:
573:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:Reconstructed
539:
538:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
489:
485:
482:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
449:
445:
444:
443:
440:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
416:
415:
412:
407:
403:
402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:
370:
367:
365:
362:
357:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
328:
323:
322:
318:
314:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
289:
285:
283:
282:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
252:
251:Linguist List
247:
242:
235:
229:
226:
221:
216:
211:
208:
203:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
178:
172:
169:
166:
165:
164:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:Indo-European
117:
113:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
62:Shule Kingdom
59:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
29:
22:
7882:GX = Guangxi
7870:
7868:Tibetan Sign
7858:
7844:Chinese Sign
7797:
7710:Creole/Mixed
7579:Southeastern
7567:Southwestern
7530:Northeastern
7515:Varieties of
5589:
5550:
5543:
5511:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5342:
5320:
5272:
5264:
5263:
5252:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5127:
4993:
4989:
4970:
4956:
4947:
4935:
4926:
4902:the original
4873:
4869:
4854:the original
4825:
4815:
4808:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4780:
4774:
4764:
4757:
4746:. Retrieved
4742:the original
4737:
4728:
4717:. Retrieved
4713:the original
4708:
4699:
4688:. Retrieved
4681:the original
4667:
4658:
4652:
4632:
4625:
4605:
4599:
4579:
4572:
4552:
4545:
4534:. Retrieved
4527:the original
4522:
4518:
4505:
4496:
4488:
4469:
4459:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4345:Indo-Iranica
4344:
4339:
4331:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4272:
4252:
4244:
4225:
4220:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4175:
4168:
4157:. Retrieved
4153:the original
4148:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4120:the original
4115:
4102:
4058:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:Lenition of
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:after vowels
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3541:after vowels
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:Lenition of
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:Lenition of
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3161:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3100:
3086:
3072:
3058:
3044:
3030:
3016:
3002:
2988:
2945:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2894:
2887:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2781:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2721:
2708:
2699:Non-Sibilant
2684:
2680:
2670:
2651:
2641:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2573:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2532:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2413:postalveolar
2410:
2355:haṣḍa aurāsa
2354:
2331:Issyk kurgan
2324:
2319:Dandan Oilik
2296:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2154:kingdoms of
2143:
2139:
2138:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2038:Publications
2037:
2023:
2004:
1958:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:Paleo-Balkan
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1741:
1740:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1653:
1636:Greater Iran
1629:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1509:Paleo-Balkan
1474:Celtiberians
1453:
1452:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1257:
1256:
1199:
1198:
1176:
1175:
1138:
1137:
1100:
1099:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1048:
990:Bug–Dniester
954:
953:
819:Gothic Bible
735:Proto-Baltic
731:Proto-Slavic
716:Proto-Italic
712:Proto-Celtic
675:
630:
618:Italo-Celtic
613:Indo-Hittite
603:Graeco-Aryan
576:Hypothetical
575:
540:
475:Paleo-Balkan
457:
414:Indo-Iranian
369:Balto-Slavic
342:
279:
274:(Tumshuqese)
144:
125:Indo-Iranian
7376:Fuyu Kyrgyz
7175:Tai Hongjin
6861:Muak Sa-aak
5545:Old Persian
5382:Mazanderani
5176:Khwarezmian
5061:New Iranian
5051:Old Iranian
2880:Approximant
2594:Unaspirated
2446:Unaspirated
2359:Or.6400/2.3
2327:inscription
2168:Tarim Basin
1916:Continental
1909:Anglo-Saxon
1612:Middle Ages
1562:Middle Ages
1417:Indo-Aryans
1410:Indo-Aryans
1217:Bell Beaker
1212:Corded ware
1108:Corded ware
997:Sredny Stog
942:Archaeology
722:Proto-Greek
702:Proto-Norse
261:(Khotanese)
76:Tarim Basin
7911:Categories
7897:XZ = Tibet
7888:MC = Macau
7828:Zhangzhung
7572:Sichuanese
7499:Vietnamese
6896:Hmong-Mien
6775:Waxianghua
6556:Khroskyabs
5844:Indigenous
5732:Prefecture
5707:Portuguese
5220:Sarghulami
5140:Yazghulami
5093:Ishkashimi
4996:: 149–172.
4980:8120815408
4802:: 149–172.
4748:2019-05-21
4719:2019-05-21
4690:2019-05-21
4536:2016-08-22
4159:2012-10-26
4116:Expedition
3519:"to burn")
2972:Khotanese
2742:Voiceless
2590:Voiceless
2442:Voiceless
2370:Consonants
2188:Tumshuqese
2024:Institutes
1944:Lithuanian
1698:Indo-Aryan
1684:Historical
1618:Indo-Aryan
1575:Tocharians
1489:Cimmerians
1367:Bronze Age
1258:South Asia
1132:Bronze Age
1070:Afanasievo
874:Mainstream
638:Vocabulary
558:Sound laws
420:Indo-Aryan
170:Tumshuqese
60:, Murtuq,
7808:Tocharian
7742:Qoqmončaq
7694:Cantonese
7648:Shaojiang
7621:Hainanese
7550:Zhongyuan
7545:Jiao-Liao
7479:Esperanto
7381:Ili Turki
7088:Khamnigan
6953:Kiong Nai
6724:Zitsadegu
5702:Mongolian
5692:Cantonese
5605:varieties
5592:indicate
5513:Pahlavani
5505:Bakhtiari
5490:Kuhmareyi
5480:Bashkardi
5402:Old Azeri
5113:Sanglechi
4898:163021887
4437:(1): 68.
4198:: 65–72.
4094:Citations
4044:Duan Qing
3776:initially
3719:*hámānaka
3586:initially
3390:remained)
3321:elsewhere
2980:Phonemic
2737:Fricative
2735:Sibilant
2702:Fricative
2635:Aspirated
2586:Affricate
2502:Aspirated
2399:Retroflex
2335:Kharosthi
2315:Khotanese
2256:Scythians
2184:Khotanese
1959:Practices
1778:Yarsanism
1588:Albanians
1568:East Asia
1555:Scythians
1547:Phrygians
1540:Paeonians
1533:Illyrians
1519:Thracians
1436:East Asia
1387:Armenians
1314:Hallstatt
1296:Chernoles
1237:Terramare
1227:Trzciniec
1194:Sintashta
1189:Andronovo
1090:Cernavodă
1063:East Asia
1018:Khvalynsk
758:Philology
668:Particles
554:Phonology
495:Liburnian
470:Tocharian
465:Anatolian
434:Nuristani
327:Languages
281:Glottolog
225:ISO 639-3
207:ISO 639-2
194:Kharosthi
173:Kanchaki?
167:Khotanese
91:Ethnicity
7752:Tangwang
7732:Macanese
7727:Lingling
7660:Northern
7643:Northern
7606:Southern
7525:Mandarin
7452:Minority
7412:Sarikoli
7325:Tungusic
7286:Naxi Yao
7231:Cao Miao
7155:Ningming
7055:Mongolic
7031:Dzao Min
7026:Biao Min
6983:Qo Xiong
6978:Pingtang
6674:Dongwang
6616:Tshobdun
6541:Guiqiong
6143:Sangkong
5918:Muangphe
5880:Mondzish
5834:numerous
5825:Counties
5672:Regional
5656:Official
5534:Hazaragi
5485:Garmsiri
5425:Sangsari
5420:Lasgerdi
5409:Parthian
5387:Tabaroid
5355:Kurmanji
5311:Ashtiani
5280:Yaghnobi
5238:Ossetian
5227:Scythian
5202:Southern
5197:Northern
5169:Bactrian
5118:Sarikoli
5088:Bartangi
4705:"Brāhmī"
4129:16 March
4033:See also
3883:Earlier
3712:"fowl").
3651:"cold",
3628:"three")
3164:lenition
2940:Lateral
2884:Central
2392:Alveolar
2172:Xinjiang
2152:Buddhist
2005:Scholars
1903:Germanic
1874:Scottish
1839:Thracian
1833:Illyrian
1827:Albanian
1815:European
1808:Armenian
1792:Ossetian
1786:Scythian
1771:Yazidism
1721:Buddhism
1712:Hinduism
1603:Norsemen
1513:Anatolia
1430:Iranians
1423:Iranians
1404:Iron Age
1379:Hittites
1332:Colchian
1325:Caucasus
1283:Iron Age
1252:Lusatian
1247:Urnfield
1171:Srubnaya
1166:Poltavka
1156:Catacomb
1095:Cucuteni
1050:Caucasus
867:Religion
852:Homeland
794:Behistun
774:Linear B
663:Numerals
658:Pronouns
583:Balkanic
530:Thracian
523:Phrygian
516:Paeonian
502:Messapic
488:Illyrian
400:Hellenic
395:Germanic
364:Armenian
356:Albanian
350:Albanoid
301:a series
299:Part of
288:saka1298
162:Dialects
140:Scythian
80:Xinjiang
7823:Xianbei
7818:Tuyuhun
7788:Old Yue
7766:Extinct
7747:Sanqiao
7638:Central
7628:Eastern
7611:Hokkien
7555:Lan-Yin
7535:Beijing
7517:Chinese
7474:Russian
7236:Chadong
7216:Ai-Cham
7185:Tai Nüa
7170:Tai Dón
7165:Tai Dam
7123:Kra-Dai
7093:Monguor
7083:Kangjia
7041:Kim Mun
7036:Iu Mien
6958:Luobohe
6948:Huishui
6928:Guiyang
6905:Hmongic
6866:Palaung
6856:Man Met
6760:Longjia
6709:Ladakhi
6704:Kyirong
6694:Khalong
6679:Drugchu
6636:Tibetic
6606:Shixing
6518:Qiangic
6299:Alingpo
6291:Nisoish
6276:Yangliu
6271:Xuzhang
6201:Laizisi
6196:Kuamasi
6191:Kua-nsi
6173:Lisoish
6153:Tsukong
6093:Laomian
6018:Baihong
5985:Hanoish
5976:Loloish
5961:Lhao Vo
5956:Chashan
5941:Xiandao
5928:Burmish
5871:Burmese
5829:Banners
5785:Tai Nüa
5712:Tibetan
5697:English
5594:extinct
5590:Italics
5575:Badeshi
5519:Persian
5495:Kumzari
5437:Taleshi
5430:Sorkhei
5415:Semnani
5370:Kordali
5350:Kurdish
5344:Gorgani
5322:Daylami
5316:Balochi
5296:Western
5274:Sogdian
5233:Alanian
5207:Wanetsi
5192:Central
5182:Parachi
5162:Avestan
5123:Shughni
5108:Roshani
5071:Eastern
5039:History
4843:Sources
4451:4299633
4313:: 136.
4212:4299633
3731:hamaṅgä
3706:*mərɣa-
3684:"son",
3653:*astaka
3513:*daisa-
3509:*daɣsa-
3505:*daxsa-
3419:*misita
3415:*masita
3313:; then
2791:Voiced
2665:Voiced
2544:Voiced
2437:Plosive
2428:Glottal
2406:Palatal
2349:in the
2347:viharas
2286:Sogdian
2273:in the
2244:History
2234:Prakrit
2180:dialect
2166:in the
2164:Tumshuq
2160:Kashgar
1937:Latvian
1895:Cornish
1765:Kurdish
1751:Persian
1743:Iranian
1735:Sikhism
1728:Jainism
1691:Hittite
1630:Iranian
1526:Dacians
1319:Jastorf
1242:Tumulus
1222:Únětice
1151:Yamnaya
1146:Chariot
1084:Usatovo
1025:Yamnaya
862:Society
846:Origins
779:Rigveda
631:Grammar
458:Extinct
448:Romance
427:Iranian
230:Either:
130:Iranian
58:Tumshuq
7803:Tangut
7793:Rouran
7783:Khitan
7773:Ba–Shu
7737:Maojia
7722:Hezhou
7633:Puxian
7616:Teoswa
7501:(Kinh)
7469:Kyrgyz
7464:Korean
7459:Kazakh
7363:Turkic
7348:Oroqen
7338:Manchu
7333:Evenki
7301:Qabiao
7291:Ong Be
7276:Maonan
7266:Lakkja
7256:Jiamao
7226:Buyang
7190:Tai Ya
7180:Tai Lü
7140:Bouyei
7132:Zhuang
7113:Torgut
7068:Buryat
7018:Mienic
7008:Younuo
6988:Raojia
6968:Pa-Hng
6963:Mashan
6933:Hm Nai
6918:Bu-Nao
6913:A-Hmao
6836:Bumang
6755:Jingpo
6750:Derung
6745:Caijia
6719:Zhongu
6689:Gserpa
6581:Namuyi
6551:Japhug
6500:Zauzou
6475:Namuyi
6460:Kucong
6434:Zokhuo
6429:Thopho
6409:Phupha
6394:Phukha
6339:Khlula
6281:Zibusi
6266:Toloza
6261:Sonaga
6246:Mangdi
6241:Lolopo
6186:Hlersu
6123:Phana’
6118:Nuomei
6098:Laopin
6033:Bukong
6008:Angluo
5936:Achang
5913:Mondzi
5815:Zhuang
5790:Tai Lü
5780:Kazakh
5775:Kyrgyz
5760:Korean
5750:Bouyei
5722:Zhuang
5717:Uyghur
5568:Others
5475:Achomi
5447:Tatoid
5395:Median
5365:Xwarin
5360:Sorani
5338:Gorani
5333:Gilaki
5254:Jassic
5214:Ormuri
5187:Pashto
5154:Others
5145:Yidgha
4977:
4896:
4890:609315
4888:
4640:
4613:
4587:
4560:
4476:
4449:
4416:594480
4414:
4265:
4232:
4210:
3886:Later
3723:*haman
3678:*puhri
3661:*aštā́
3645:*sārta
3641:*sarta
3618:θrayah
3460:, and
3444:, and
3429:"big")
3386:, but
3233:, and
3190:, but
2965:Vowels
2828:Nasals
2388:Dental
2381:Labial
2230:Khotan
2226:Pashto
2156:Khotan
1952:Slavic
1931:Baltic
1881:Breton
1861:Celtic
1845:Dacian
1801:Others
1581:Europe
1454:Europe
1448:Yuezhi
1302:Europe
1289:Steppe
1200:Europe
1057:Maykop
1011:Samara
967:Kurgan
784:Avesta
566:Ablaut
562:Accent
509:Mysian
481:Dacian
442:Italic
390:Celtic
382:Slavic
375:Baltic
343:Extant
266:
190:Brahmi
72:Region
64:, and
7813:Tuoba
7757:Wutun
7672:Xiang
7665:Auish
7591:Hakka
7540:Ji-Lu
7505:Wakhi
7494:Uzbek
7489:Tuvan
7484:Tatar
7405:Other
7391:Salar
7343:Nanai
7281:Mulam
7246:Gelao
7209:Other
7108:Santa
7103:Ordos
7098:Oirat
7063:Bonan
7003:Xixiu
6973:Pa Na
6938:Hmong
6923:Gejia
6871:Riang
6831:Bugan
6826:Bolyu
6821:Blang
6770:Tujia
6733:Other
6714:Tseku
6699:Khams
6684:Groma
6664:Choni
6654:Basum
6649:Baima
6626:Zhaba
6546:Horpa
6531:Choyo
6526:Baima
6495:Sanie
6470:Naruo
6455:Katso
6450:Gokhy
6443:Other
6419:Samei
6414:Phuza
6404:Phupa
6399:Phuma
6389:Phowa
6384:Phola
6379:Phala
6374:Nuosu
6329:Bokha
6304:Alugu
6251:Micha
6163:Yiche
6148:Suobi
6113:Nuobi
6083:Kaduo
6078:Kabie
6058:Habei
6048:Duota
6043:Duoni
6038:Cosao
5966:Zaiwa
5951:Lashi
5903:Mango
5898:Manga
5893:Maang
5888:Kathu
5869:Lolo-
5795:Zaiwa
5765:Qiang
5755:Tujia
5740:Hmong
5539:Tajik
5468:South
5304:North
5243:Digor
5135:Wakhi
5129:Vanji
5103:Munji
5098:Khufi
5080:Pamir
4923:(PDF)
4905:(PDF)
4894:S2CID
4886:JSTOR
4866:(PDF)
4684:(PDF)
4677:(PDF)
4530:(PDF)
4515:(PDF)
4447:JSTOR
4412:JSTOR
4208:JSTOR
4123:(PDF)
4112:(PDF)
4050:Notes
3760:>
3710:mura-
3686:darɣa
3657:āstaa
3622:ðrayi
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