220:, found that the majority of job growth in 2011 was in the automotive sector – an area of the economy where undocumented workers were uncommon. Ijaz attributed a rise in employment to the retail growth during holiday sales. Contrary to expectation, there was no job growth in sectors where Latinos typically work – construction, agriculture, and poultry processing.
243:
recommended repealing several parts of the law: the provision requiring collection of the immigration status of public school students, the provision requiring immigrants to always carry alien registration cards, and the allowance of lawsuits by state citizens who do not believe public officials are
174:
Once the federal ruling of
September 29, 2011 upholding most of the law went into effect, several Alabama school districts reported a significant drop in the number of Hispanic children attending public schools. State and local officials urged immigrants to keep their children in the schools, saying
86:
The law prohibits the transporting or harboring of illegal immigrants (currently blocked). It prohibits landlords from renting property to illegal immigrants. It forbids employers from knowingly hiring illegal immigrants for any job within
Alabama. Moreover, it considers as a discriminatory practice
78:
The
Alabama law requires that if police have "reasonable suspicion" that a person is an immigrant unlawfully present in the United States, in the midst of any legal stop, detention or arrest, to make a similarly reasonable attempt to determine that person's legal status. An exemption is provided if
82:
The law prohibits illegal immigrants from receiving any public benefits at either the state or local level. It bans illegal immigrants from attending publicly owned colleges or universities (currently blocked). At the high, middle, and elementary public school levels, the law requires that school
227:
estimated that HB56 could shrink the state's annual GDP by $ 11 billion or almost 6%, a result of lost sales and income taxes and fall in demand from lost consumers. One study found that "Alabama HB 56 contributed to an increase in violent crime rates, while there was no significant change in
165:
In a further
December 12, 2011, ruling, Thompson attacked the history behind the law, describing the legislative debate as having been "laced with derogatory comments about Hispanics." He said it was likely that the entire law was "discriminatorily based" and that lawmakers employed ethnic
94:
The production of false identification documents is considered a crime. Contracts formed in which one party is an illegal immigrant and the other has direct knowledge of that are deemed null and void. The law also requires voters to provide proof of citizenship when registering.
178:
Industries dependent on migrant labor were strongly impacted. Farmers found that
Americans are not willing to work under such harsh working conditions for low pay. Some businesses in other industries lost workers, including legal workers, as a result of the new immigration law.
166:
stereotypes and used the terms "Hispanic" and "illegal immigrant" interchangeably. He accused State
Representative Hammon of having misused a news article to justify a claim that Alabama was home to the second fastest growing population of undocumented immigrants in the nation.
125:
challenging HB 56 on the grounds that various provisions of the act, and the entire law as a whole, are preempted by federal law, and are therefore illegal. HICA was only the first to file such a claim, followed by the United States
Department of Justice with the suit
83:
officials ascertain whether students are illegal immigrants. Attendance is not prohibited for such students; school districts are mandated to submit annual tallies on the suspected number of illegal immigrants when making report to state education officials.
1800:
87:
any action to refuse to employ or remove a legal resident of the state when an illegal one is already employed (currently blocked). The law requires large and small businesses to validate the immigration status of employees using the US
746:
1770:
150:
could be addressed, including the requirement on schools to collect information on enrolling students' immigration status. Other provisions, such as those making contracts with undocumented aliens null and void, were left to stand.
1785:
1574:
1270:
115:
159:
1510:
1265:
547:
760:
2060:
1641:
975:
608:
1688:
1336:
1280:
1072:
1275:
118:, temporarily blocked enforcement of the law, saying she needed more time to study the case. On September 28, 2011, Judge Blackburn gave the green light to key parts of the law.
186:
executive was arrested for not having proper documentation on him while on business in
Alabama, having left his passport at the hotel where he was staying and carrying only his
2005:
450:
1480:
2149:
1713:
1423:
1749:
1296:
107:, some religious groups, student groups (Spanish and Latino Student Alliance), and some immigrant-rights groups, all making claims that the law was unconstitutional.
2010:
1626:
1238:
1233:
968:
919:
633:
377:
1455:
1435:
1219:
1790:
1780:
1985:
1646:
162:, blocked an additional portion of the law on November 23, 2011, that prevented undocumented immigrants from obtaining certain mobile home registrations.
2020:
1775:
1678:
1418:
1250:
557:
491:
961:
2000:
1718:
1460:
1012:
253:
1490:
1228:
1224:
1693:
2134:
1661:
1485:
1321:
618:
1868:
1698:
520:
941:
1863:
1198:
1534:
1361:
1301:
1475:
464:
1636:
210:
297:
2154:
1833:
1723:
1356:
1133:
984:
59:
45:
1744:
1739:
665:
580:
201:, at a checkpoint set up by police to catch unlicensed drivers. He was ticketed on the spot, despite the fact that he showed an
1843:
1604:
1542:
1386:
1062:
1995:
1558:
1500:
2139:
2045:
1929:
1795:
1651:
1518:
143:
1495:
1428:
1306:
829:
202:
38:
121:
Less than a month after the bill was signed into law, the
Hispanic Interest Coalition of Alabama (HICA) filed the case
1376:
613:
237:
643:
387:
103:
The law was originally scheduled to take effect on
September 1, 2011, but legal actions were taken against it by the
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2055:
2040:
1934:
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1815:
1371:
1128:
1077:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1033:
135:
2129:
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783:
111:
1168:
2144:
2107:
2035:
1858:
1408:
1381:
1316:
1067:
804:
413:
728:"Alabama restaurant owners say some legal Hispanic workers are leaving as a result of the new immigration law"
727:
1853:
1260:
1255:
1178:
1163:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1123:
1102:
1087:
2101:
1526:
155:
1588:
1331:
1326:
1092:
552:
358:
224:
217:
353:
953:
855:
1980:
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1899:
1656:
1631:
187:
104:
1203:
1889:
1596:
1366:
1153:
1017:
947:
924:
751:
732:
263:
27:
1894:
1683:
1465:
809:
670:
524:
330:
66:
with widespread legislative support. It was then signed into law on June 9, 2011, by Governor
2050:
2025:
1904:
1884:
1708:
1551:
1413:
875:
638:
382:
302:
147:
67:
2015:
1990:
1666:
1097:
1082:
867:
756:
706:
675:
495:
268:
2030:
1955:
1183:
856:"Unintended effects of the Alabama HB 56 immigration law on crime: A preliminary analysis"
455:
258:
91:
program. The law prohibits illegal immigrants from applying for work. (currently blocked)
747:"Mercedes-Benz manager from Germany arrested under Alabama's strict new immigration law"
2080:
2070:
1838:
1566:
1193:
240:
198:
63:
52:
2123:
1581:
894:"Effects of the Alabama HB 56 Immigration Law on Crime: A Synthetic Control Approach"
325:
183:
2085:
1848:
1188:
788:
55:
48:
871:
146:
on October 14, 2011, again put several key provisions on hold until the issues of
1801:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
1311:
1245:
41:
920:"Alabama AG Luther Strange Recommends Repealing Parts Of State Immigration Law"
2075:
879:
298:"Alabama enacts anti-illegal-immigration law described as nation's strictest"
1810:
1765:
1158:
1107:
893:
1271:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
698:
1703:
1671:
1403:
1393:
784:"Alabama red-faced as second foreign car boss held under immigration law"
206:
88:
854:
Zhang, Yinjunjie; Palma, Marco A.; Xu, Zhicheng Phil (October 1, 2016).
609:"Court Cites Discriminatory Intent Behind Alabama's Anti-Immigrant Law"
460:
418:
31:
523:. Attorney General Luther Strange: State of Alabama. (. Archived from
2061:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
1469:
1281:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
1276:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
585:
1266:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
194:
354:"Kris Kobach, the Kansas lawyer behind Alabama's immigration law"
116:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
79:
such action would hinder an official investigation of some kind.
814:
492:"Federal Judge Blocks Alabama Illegal Immigration Law – For Now"
139:
1337:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
957:
160:
United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
1297:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
830:"A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the New Alabama Immigration Law"
24:
Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act
548:"Federal appeals court blocks parts of immigration law"
451:"Judge lets key parts of Alabama immigration law stand"
326:"In Alabama, a Harsh Bill for Residents Here Illegally"
581:"Federal appeals court blocks Alabama immigration law"
1302:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
697:
Caldwell, Alicia A.; Reeves, Jay (October 20, 2011).
666:"Alabama: Many Immigrants Pull Children From Schools"
2006:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
216:
Ahmad Ijaz, Director of Economic Forecasting at the
2094:
1969:
1943:
1877:
1824:
1758:
1732:
1615:
1509:
1444:
1349:
1289:
1212:
1116:
1050:
1026:
1005:
992:
515:
513:
123:Hispanic Interest Coalition of Alabama v. Bentley
1750:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
699:"Few Americans take immigrants' jobs in Alabama"
414:"Alabama sets nation's toughest immigration law"
16:Anti-illegal immigration U.S. state law in 2011
2011:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
1689:List of people deported from the United States
1436:Trump administration family separation policy
969:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
407:
405:
8:
1486:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
291:
289:
287:
285:
283:
1986:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
835:. Center for Business and Economic Research
521:"Alabama Immigration Law: Act No. 2011-535"
486:
484:
482:
223:In 2012, a study by Dr. Samuel Addy of the
130:and a group of Alabama Church Leaders with
30:bill, signed into law in the U.S. state of
2021:Federation for American Immigration Reform
1002:
976:
962:
954:
175:the law does not bar them from attending.
1796:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
1791:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
1781:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
1724:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
1481:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1251:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
2150:Illegal immigration to the United States
2001:Center for Migration Studies of New York
1144:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
1013:Nationality law in the American Colonies
254:Illegal immigration in the United States
138:and a coalition of groups including the
1935:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
1491:Executive Office for Immigration Review
371:
369:
279:
1951:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
1199:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
634:"Immigration law faces new challenge"
378:"Immigration law faces new challenge"
228:property crime rates after the act."
7:
1920:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
1225:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
726:Roy L. Williams (October 12, 2011).
632:Braun, Melissa (November 30, 2011).
579:Belczyk, Jaclyn (October 14, 2011).
449:Gargis, Peggy (September 28, 2011).
376:Braun, Melissa (November 30, 2011).
1606:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
1576:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1461:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1063:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
782:Pilkington, Ed (December 2, 2011).
759:. November 18, 2011. Archived from
352:Talbot, George (October 16, 2011).
1694:Mexico–United States border crisis
1476:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
296:Fausset, Richard (June 10, 2011).
37:The law, written in large part by
14:
1915:"Streamline" (2005–present)
1637:Central American migrant caravans
1184:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
918:Foley, Elise (December 6, 2011).
828:Addy, Samuel (January 31, 2012).
607:Bauer, Mary (December 14, 2011).
546:Lyman, Brian (October 14, 2011).
1699:Mexico–United States border wall
1174:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
985:Immigration to the United States
193:On December 2, 2011, a Japanese
60:Alabama House of Representatives
1456:Department of Homeland Security
324:Preston, Julia (June 3, 2011).
182:On November 18, 2011, a German
110:On August 29, 2011, U.S. Judge
1996:Center for Immigration Studies
1925:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
1910:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
1560:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
1501:Office of Refugee Resettlement
1256:American Homecoming Act (1989)
803:Jack Hitt (January 27, 2012).
412:Gargis, Peggy (June 9, 2011).
22:(AL Act 2011–535), titled the
1:
2135:United States immigration law
2046:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
1890:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
1652:Eugenics in the United States
948:HB56 -- what you need to know
872:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.08.026
144:11th Circuit Court of Appeals
1714:Illegal immigrant population
1496:Board of Immigration Appeals
1332:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
1327:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
1220:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
1134:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
203:International Driving Permit
1930:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
1905:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
1776:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
1766:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
1745:Canada–United States border
1740:Mexico–United States border
1307:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
1169:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
942:Text of Alabama HB 56 (PDF)
614:Southern Poverty Law Center
238:Attorney General of Alabama
99:Legal challenges to the law
2173:
2066:Negative Population Growth
2056:National Immigration Forum
2041:Migration Policy Institute
1816:US Citizenship Act of 2021
1372:Temporary protected status
1154:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
142:appealed that ruling, the
136:U.S. Department of Justice
1399:Security Advisory Opinion
197:executive was stopped in
112:Sharon Lovelace Blackburn
39:Kansas Secretary of State
2108:Missing in Brooks County
2036:Mexicans Without Borders
1536:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
1409:National Origins Formula
1093:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
1068:Civil Rights Act of 1866
128:United States v. Alabama
2155:Immigration legislation
1387:Central American Minors
1317:Secure Fence Act (2006)
1179:Nationality Act of 1940
1129:Naturalization Act 1906
1103:Immigration Act of 1891
1088:Immigration Act of 1882
1078:Naturalization Act 1870
1058:Naturalization Law 1802
1034:Naturalization Act 1790
2102:Borderland (TV series)
1956:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
1429:Unaccompanied children
1204:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
994:Relevant colonial era,
236:On December 5, 2011,
156:Myron Herbert Thompson
46:Alabama Representative
1679:Immigration reduction
1590:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
1194:War Brides Act (1945)
1073:14th Amendment (1868)
553:Montgomery Advertiser
359:Mobile Press-Register
225:University of Alabama
218:University of Alabama
53:Alabama State Senator
44:, and cosponsored by
2140:2011 in American law
1981:Arizona Border Recon
1961:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
1825:Immigration stations
1759:Proposed legislation
1657:Guest worker program
1632:Brooks County, Texas
1544:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
1261:Immigration Act 1990
1164:Immigration Act 1924
1149:Immigration Act 1918
1139:Immigration Act 1907
1124:Immigration Act 1903
898:ageconsearch.umn.edu
678:. September 30, 2011
646:on February 28, 2021
390:on February 28, 2021
188:German identity card
105:Obama administration
58:, was passed by the
1900:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
1827:and points of entry
1719:Reverse immigration
1598:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
1511:Supreme Court cases
1367:Visa Waiver Program
1362:Permanent residence
1189:Magnuson Act (1943)
1018:Plantation Act 1740
925:The Huffington Post
805:"Reap What You Sow"
763:on December 1, 2018
752:The Washington Post
733:The Birmingham News
560:on October 16, 2011
264:Texas Senate Bill 4
244:enforcing the law.
232:Calls for revisions
28:illegal immigration
1684:Immigration reform
1520:US v. Wong Kim Ark
1466:U.S. Border Patrol
1382:Green Card Lottery
1350:Visas and policies
1312:Real ID Act (2005)
1246:Refugee Act (1980)
998:international laws
987:and related topics
810:This American Life
671:The New York Times
621:on March 11, 2012.
527:on January 4, 2012
467:on October 1, 2011
331:The New York Times
158:, sitting for the
132:Parsley v. Bentley
114:, sitting for the
2117:
2116:
2051:Minuteman Project
2026:Improve The Dream
1944:State legislation
1895:"Babylift" (1975)
1869:Washington Avenue
1864:Sullivan's Island
1786:STRIVE Act (2007)
1709:March for America
1662:Human trafficking
1552:Zadvydas v. Davis
1414:Expedited removal
1345:
1344:
996:United States and
944:, acca-online.org
860:Economics Letters
639:The Southeast Sun
498:. August 29, 2011
383:The Southeast Sun
303:Los Angeles Times
148:constitutionality
68:Robert J. Bentley
2162:
2130:Alabama statutes
2016:Community Change
1991:CASA of Maryland
1971:Non-governmental
1885:"Wetback" (1954)
1811:RAISE Act (2017)
1771:H.R. 4437 (2005)
1159:Cable Act (1922)
1108:Geary Act (1892)
1098:Scott Act (1888)
1003:
978:
971:
964:
955:
930:
929:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
890:
884:
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851:
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842:
840:
834:
825:
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779:
773:
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757:Associated Press
743:
737:
724:
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717:
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713:
707:Associated Press
694:
688:
687:
685:
683:
676:Associated Press
662:
656:
655:
653:
651:
642:. Archived from
629:
623:
622:
617:. Archived from
604:
598:
597:
595:
593:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
556:. Archived from
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
517:
508:
507:
505:
503:
496:Associated Press
488:
477:
476:
474:
472:
463:. Archived from
446:
431:
430:
428:
426:
409:
400:
399:
397:
395:
386:. Archived from
373:
364:
363:
349:
343:
342:
340:
338:
321:
315:
314:
312:
310:
293:
269:Special Order 40
211:U.S. work permit
2172:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2145:2011 in Alabama
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2090:
2031:Mexica Movement
1974:
1972:
1965:
1939:
1873:
1826:
1820:
1806:SAFE Act (2015)
1754:
1728:
1667:Human smuggling
1642:Economic impact
1620:
1618:
1611:
1505:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1341:
1285:
1213:1950–1999
1208:
1117:1900–1949
1112:
1083:Page Act (1875)
1046:
1022:
999:
997:
995:
988:
982:
938:
933:
917:
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848:
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578:
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561:
545:
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499:
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489:
480:
470:
468:
456:Chicago Tribune
448:
447:
434:
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422:
411:
410:
403:
393:
391:
375:
374:
367:
351:
350:
346:
336:
334:
323:
322:
318:
308:
306:
295:
294:
281:
277:
259:Arizona SB 1070
250:
234:
172:
101:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
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2137:
2132:
2122:
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2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:Save Our State
2078:
2073:
2071:No More Deaths
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
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1742:
1736:
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1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Labor shortage
1701:
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1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:Related issues
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1572:
1568:Barton v. Barr
1564:
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