48:
30:
17:
297:. Up to half a dozen types of receptors may be present at any one time on the alae and each type would be very numerous. The target molecules in the environment that stimulate each type of receptor may then be measured for their concentration and a threshold reached before an action is instigated. These actions may instigate entry into the
559:
Matsushita, F; Miyawaki, A; Mikoshiba, K (16 February 2000). "Vomeroglandin/CRP-Ductin is strongly expressed in the glands associated with the mouse vomeronasal organ: identification and characterization of mouse vomeroglandin".
265:
the mouth and anal openings are sealed and neural receptors around the head retracted. The alae is more pronounced than at any other stage and remains exposed to the external environment. Triggers for exiting the
548:
worm) encoding a
Cuticulin. Dissertation, Charles Sturt University NSW. This information is not publicly available and is held at CSU School of Agriculture. Further information may be sourced by emailing the
491:
De Giorgi, C.; De Luca, F.; Di Vito, M.; Lamberti, F. (20 February 1997). "Modulation of expression at the level of splicing of cut-1 RNA in the infective second-stage juvenile of the plant parasitic nematode
47:
191:
domain proteins (CUT-1, CUT-3, CUT-5). The ZP domain had been termed ‘the sequence in search of a function’ and has been given the functional role of matrix assembly and also putatively, functions in
93:
or an individual crease found on an individual ridge. The term ‘ala’ is rarely used in describing the alae and scientific journals use the term ‘alae’ both singularly and in the plural.
345:
Ristoratore, F; Cermola, M; Nola, M; Bazzicalupo, P; Favre, R (July 1994). "Ultrastructural immuno-localization of CUT-1 and CUT-2 antigenic sites in the cuticles of the nematode
141:
together for strengthening it should also be interpreted as a matrix separating the cuticle thereby exposing itself to the external environment. The alae is formed during an
261:
for months and until the right signals indicating conditions outside the host are favorable for egg survival, it will then trigger resumption of development. During the
241:
stage. This was statistically related with a high degree of significance indicating that the alae may specifically function as a receptor site.
448:
Lewis, E; Hunter, SJ; Tetley, L; Nunes, CP; Bazzicalupo, P; Devaney, E (25 June 1999). "cut-1-like genes are present in the filarial nematodes,
237:
stage nematode has been genetically associated to a target molecule found in the environment that this nematode could be using for exiting the
274:. In order to measure concentrations accurately, a very large receptor area is necessary, hence a structure such as the alae may be required.
415:
Lewis, E.; Sebastiano, M.; Nola, M.; Zei, F.; Lassandro, F.; Ristoratore, F.; Cermola, M.; Favre, R.; Bazzicalupo, P. (1 October 2014).
29:
76:(an alternative long living larvae stage where the nematode is dormant) and adult stages. The alae are most pronounced during the
157:
residues. The alae is a crease, that by the cross linking process causes radial shrinking of the seam cell secreted
696:
286:
39:
183:
115:
82:
65:
89:
The term ‘alae’ is the plural of ala (wing), describing either one of the pair of ridges that forms on a
540:
376:
Fujimoto, Daisaburo; Kanaya, Shigenori (July 1973). "Cuticlin: a noncollagen structural protein from
246:
225:
329:
are in contact. And quite probably there are some other functions that we have not yet been found.
326:
310:
208:
196:
620:
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673:
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428:
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16:
640:"Expression of ram-5 in the structural cell is required for sensory ray morphogenesis in
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188:
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The function of the alae is not yet clear. It is generally given a function related to
106:
668:
639:
595:
Sutton, KA; Jungnickel, MK; Florman, HM (June 2002). "If music be the food of love…".
469:
690:
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22:
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77:
73:
659:
51:
18: Lateral view of caudal bursa, showing projections supported by bursal rays.
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102:
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state may be determined by the concentration of target molecules around the
192:
142:
128:
120:
60:
677:
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domains are found, they are found in definite or putative association with
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174:
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69:
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of the female and male use this family of receptors (RAM-5) where the
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Described as a matrix that appears to be holding the two sides of the
318:
283:
211:
accompanied by interaction with an external or hostile environment.
456:, and, as in other nematodes, code for components of the cuticle".
314:
203:
domain, it is not the ideal protein for strength alone. Wherever
178:
289:
responsive to just a handful of molecules particular to each
309:
and or presence of an indicator for food availability), for
119:
many of these proteins are termed CUT-1. The CUT refers to
59:
is a protruding ridge that forms longitudinally on many
638:
Yu, RY; Nguyen, CQ; Hall, DH; Chow, KL (17 July 2000).
538:
Vermont, R.C., (2003) Characterisation of cDNA from
127:
that are not solubilised by both reducing agents and
562:
131:made insoluble by the nature of their crosslinks.
351:Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology
181:storage. But the predominant structure of the
8:
667:
432:
46:
28:
15:
382:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
337:
199:. Despite the structural nature of the
458:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
215:Function based on genetic data of the
7:
80:and not present in the L2, and L3
14:
498:Molecular and General Genetics
1:
470:10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00070-5
417:"Cuticlin genes of nematodes"
434:10.1051/parasite/199401s1057
394:10.1016/0003-9861(73)90382-2
105:where a fibrous ribbon of a
72:they are present in the L1,
325:is likely to identify that
713:
313:where the area around the
223:In the parasitic nematode
101:The alae is formed by the
282:The alae appears to be a
20:Cervical alae of head of
660:10.1093/emboj/19.14.3542
40:Enterobius vermicularis
642:Caenorhabditis elegans
574:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2104
347:Caenorhabditis elegans
123:which are the various
66:Caenorhabditis elegans
52:
44:
26:
510:10.1007/s004380050361
494:Meloidogyne artiellia
299:dauer state (L1 alae)
103:hypodermal seam cells
50:
32:
19:
609:10.1038/ncb0602-e154
541:Haemonchus contortus
233:domain protein of a
226:Haemonchus contortus
597:Nature Cell Biology
327:reproductive organs
311:sexual reproduction
278:Postulated function
209:signal transduction
197:signal transduction
259:gastric epithelium
257:can remain in the
78:dauer larval stage
53:
45:
27:
301:, exiting of the
187:alae contain the
143:oxidative process
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697:Nematode anatomy
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648:The EMBO Journal
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113:is produced. In
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654:(14): 3542–55.
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464:(1–2): 173–83.
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427:(1S): S57–S58.
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378:Ascaris cuticle
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280:
244:In the case of
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99:
43:(human pinworm)
12:
11:
5:
710:
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689:
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630:
587:
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531:
504:(5): 589–598.
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450:Brugia pahangi
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407:
368:
336:
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279:
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220:
219:dauer nematode
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195:and olfactory
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107:zona pellucida
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13:
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3:
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603:(6): E154-5.
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583:
579:
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568:(2): 275–81.
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563:
555:
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546:Barber's pole
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454:Brugia malayi
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357:(3): 437–43.
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23:Toxocara cati
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247:H. contortus
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217:H. Contortus
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177:movement or
168:
133:
114:
109:(ZP) domain
100:
88:
81:
64:
56:
54:
38:
34:
21:
263:dauer stage
136:collagenous
63:. In the
37:of head of
644:male tail"
388:(1): 1–6.
333:References
184:C. elegans
173:strength,
147:peroxidase
129:detergents
121:cuticulins
116:C. elegans
83:C. elegans
307:pheromone
193:pheromone
97:Structure
61:nematodes
33:Cephalic
691:Category
678:10899109
625:42749251
617:12042831
582:10679193
526:11819745
478:10413052
421:Parasite
323:nematode
295:nematode
287:receptor
272:nematode
255:nematode
175:nematode
165:Function
159:proteins
155:tyrosine
149:acts on
125:proteins
91:nematode
86:stages.
70:nematode
518:9065692
402:4352055
363:8087805
305:state (
291:species
171:cuticle
151:protein
139:cuticle
111:protein
676:
669:313976
666:
623:
615:
580:
549:author
524:
516:
476:
400:
361:
319:gonads
284:neural
153:bound
145:where
621:S2CID
522:S2CID
315:vulva
303:dauer
268:dauer
252:dauer
239:dauer
235:dauer
74:dauer
674:PMID
613:PMID
578:PMID
514:PMID
474:PMID
452:and
398:PMID
359:PMID
317:and
250:the
57:alae
55:The
35:alae
664:PMC
656:doi
605:doi
570:doi
566:268
506:doi
502:253
496:".
466:doi
462:101
429:doi
390:doi
386:157
380:".
349:".
293:of
179:fat
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662:.
652:19
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646:.
619:.
611:.
599:.
576:.
564:.
520:.
512:.
500:.
472:.
460:.
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419:.
396:.
384:.
355:26
353:.
231:ZP
229:a
205:ZP
201:ZP
189:ZP
161:.
680:.
658::
627:.
607::
601:4
584:.
572::
544:(
528:.
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468::
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425:1
404:.
392::
365:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
