552:(2016) in three study sites in the Cook Inlet Basin concluded that an insignificant portion of their diet was fish, meaning blackfish are unlikely to impact native and stocked fish in those populations. While that information is helpful for determining whether blackfish are truly invasive, it is not all-encompassing for other blackfish populations in the area. Further studies are warranted that estimate the abundance of introduced blackfish in lakes and streams in the Cook Inlet Basin, as well as investigate potential dietary overlap with other fish.
31:
73:
428:, and fishers, or simply thin layers of ice. Blackfish have been observed schooling below the ice, and when swimming upwards to breathe, eat away at the ice and creating an audible snapping or sucking sound. The Alaska blackfish is known for its tolerance of cold water, and has been reported to survive exposure to −20 °C (−4 °F) for 40 minutes. Despite its hardiness, Alaska blackfish have been observed to suffer
194:
50:
531:
When oxygen levels in the benthic regions of lakes becomes low, blackfish move to the surface to obtain atmospheric oxygen, thus making ice fishing an easy method of capture; blackfish are commonly stored, frozen, and then fed to dogs, with certain
Alaskan stories recollecting moments when blackfish
506:
area being about 108 mm (4.3 in) at age 2, 138 mm (5.4 in) at age 3, and 178 mm (7.0 in) at age 4. On the other hand, Bristol Bay blackfish are much slower growing and longer lived. Four-year-old fish are approximately 64 mm (2.5 in) in length, but can live up
490:
A female, depending on her size, can release a total of 40-300 eggs at intervals during the spawning period, with the eggs then attaching to vegetation and hatching in a short period of time (nine days at 12 °C (54 °F)). When the young hatch, they are approximately 6 mm in length, and
527:
communities residing in the
Interior and Western Alaska, specifically those residing in Interior Alaska. Although generally small (average size is 108 mm (4.3 in)), their significance comes in their high nutritional value and large abundance in the winter, a generally lean time of year.
560:
Molecular study of Alaska blackfish across its range has identified several geographic areas where Alaska blackfish persisted during glacial episodes. Genetic structuring within the species is relatively high for a fish species from northern latitudes, most likely reflecting biological
931:
Campbell, Matthew A.; Sage, George K.; DeWilde, Rachel L.; López, J. Andrés; Talbot, Sandra L. (2013-12-05). "Development and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Alaska blackfish (Esociformes: Dallia pectoralis)".
733:
Campbell, Matthew A; Larsen, Amy; Collins, Julie; Collins, Miki (2014). "Winterkill of Alaska
Blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) in Methane Discharging Lakes of Denali National Park's Minchumina Lake Basin".
723:
Anderson, David B, et al. 2004. "Traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary subsistence harvest of non-salmon fish in the
Koyukuk River Drainage, Alaska". Technical Paper (282).
304:
The head is broad and flat, with the trunk being long and slender. The color is dark green to brown on the dorsal side, pale below, with light-colored blotches appearing laterally.
420:
availability reaches a certain minimum, blackfish move to the surface, grouping around breathing holes. These breathing areas can be preexisting holes, such as those created by
866:"Beringian sub-refugia revealed in blackfish (Dallia): implications for understanding the effects of Pleistocene glaciations on Beringian taxa and other Arctic aquatic fauna"
487:
Spawning occurs from May to August, with fish having the ability to spawn several times; thus, females do not usually expel their entire egg contents in a single event.
1115:
541:
1177:
1282:
277:(a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features), with relatively large, posterior
810:
Campbell, M. A.; Lopéz, J. A. (2014). "Mitochondrial phylogeography of a
Beringian relict: the endemic freshwater genus of blackfish Dallia (Esociformes)".
532:
would seemingly revive themselves upon thawing. Metabolic and survival studies have been conducted without successful replication of this observation.
1089:
1128:
544:-listed as an endangered or threatened species. While blackfish are native to Western Alaska as well as the Interior, they were introduced to the
1272:
307:
Males can be distinguished from females by the presence of a reddish fringe along the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins; also, the tips of the
1257:
270:
Alaska blackfish are small, with an average length of 108 mm (4.3 in), but have been known to reach 330 mm (13 in).
683:
Armstrong, Robert H. Alaska
Blackfish. Adfg.alaska.gov, ADF&G, 1994, www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/education/wns/alaska_blackfish.pdf.
1267:
1063:
1216:
613:
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57:
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migrations are limited to inshore and upstream movements in the spring, and reverse migrations to deeper water in the fall.
1024:
579:
1182:
72:
1234:
977:
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1029:
701:
Crawford, R. H. 1974. Structure of an air-breathing organ and the swim bladder in the Alaska
Blackfish,
183:
167:
1221:
1208:
1050:
877:
819:
705:
Bean. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 52(10):1221-1225. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/z74-162.
342:. This respiratory structure implies selection pressures for the development of a purely respiratory
274:
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322:. Specifically, the esophagus of a blackfish can be subdivided into a non-respiratory and a
290:
232:
793:
Eidam, Dona M. et.al. 2016. Trophic ecology of introduced populations of Alaska blackfish (
508:
499:
343:
331:
327:
240:
448:, larger blackfish have been observed to be cannibalistic, as well as predators of young
881:
823:
908:
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I. habitat, size, and stomach analyses. The
American Midland Naturalist 61(1):218-229.
524:
375:
114:
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961:
609:
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of Alaska in the 1950s, and have since become widespread. A study performed by Eidam
449:
441:
286:
797:) in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska. Environmental Biology of Fishes 99(6-7): 557-569.
763:
588:
NatureServe
Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
193:
1042:
351:
655:
Summary Page. Edited by Susan M Luna, FishBase.org, www.fishbase.org/summary/2705.
1164:
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124:
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Ostdiek, John L. and Nardone, Roland M. 1959. Studies on the Alaska Blackfish
476:
367:
339:
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259:
225:
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953:
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452:. Blackfish are generalist feeders, and have been analyzed to have contained
503:
387:
319:
282:
84:
1000:
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847:
311:
fins extend beyond the anal fin in males, whereas in females they do not.
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994:
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468:
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421:
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236:
134:
104:
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Campbell, Matthew A; Takebayashi, Naoki; López, J. Andrés (2015-07-19).
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characteristics such as poor dispersal ability and winter survival.
326:
section. The respiratory section can be identified by its extensive
1203:
464:
457:
453:
440:
The principal source of food for blackfish is aquatic insects and
429:
398:
1055:
402:
354:, which seems unnecessary unless it is important in maintaining
228:
975:
498:
Rate of growth varies throughout Alaska, with blackfish from
350:
organ. Another factor is the retention of the hydrostatic
314:
The Alaska blackfish is famous for its ability to breathe
507:
to 8 years. Female blackfish have been shown to reach
386:
as well as the upstream Yukon-Tanana drainage to near
412:
In the winter-time, blackfish tend to reside in the
984:
405:, where in summer, water is frequently stagnant.
679:
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542:International Union for Conservation of Nature
432:and mass mortality events during the winter.
8:
358:in the cold winter months under ice cover.
972:
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639:
637:
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374:, and Alaska. In Alaska, they inhabit the
192:
48:
29:
20:
907:
889:
393:Blackfish are found in highly vegetated
570:
556:Phylogeography and population genetics
859:
857:
805:
803:
519:The Alaska blackfish is an important
366:Alaska blackfish can be found in the
7:
1235:8C023F11-056B-48B7-82EC-4D474DE67A37
1209:57C6A61E-4D88-F8E1-F0ED-D17FA71F8A6E
782:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2422353
397:and ponds, occasionally residing in
273:They have an easily distinguishable
1283:Taxa named by Tarleton Hoffman Bean
590:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
495:for an average period of 10 days.
362:Distribution, location and habitat
14:
416:regions of lakes, although when
71:
934:Conservation Genetics Resources
289:located just posterior to the
1:
1273:Freshwater fish of the Arctic
511:at 80 mm (3.1 in).
578:NatureServe (7 April 2023).
540:The Alaska blackfish is not
1299:
1258:NatureServe secure species
479:larvae in their stomachs.
1268:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
946:10.1007/s12686-013-0091-6
891:10.1186/s12862-015-0413-2
200:
191:
173:
166:
68:Scientific classification
66:
46:
37:
28:
23:
870:BMC Evolutionary Biology
612:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
334:, as well as widespread
812:Journal of Fish Biology
736:Northwestern Naturalist
626:. January 2006 version.
1278:Fish described in 1880
401:and densely-vegetated
378:south to the central
515:Importance to humans
297:, and small, pointy
882:2015BMCEE..15..144C
824:2014JFBio..84..523C
536:Conservation status
318:through a modified
40:Conservation status
748:10.1898/nwn13-27.1
316:atmospheric oxygen
159:D. pectoralis
1245:
1244:
1191:Open Tree of Life
1016:Dallia pectoralis
986:Dallia pectoralis
978:Taxon identifiers
832:10.1111/jfb.12314
795:Dallia pectoralis
778:Dallia Pectoralis
703:Dallia Pectoralis
653:Dallia Pectoralis
651:Froese, Rainier.
616:Dallia pectoralis
582:Dallia pectoralis
217:Dallia pectoralis
208:
207:
203:Dallia pectoralis
177:Dallia pectoralis
61:
24:Alaska blackfish
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546:Cook Inlet Basin
491:survive off the
436:Feeding and diet
380:Alaska Peninsula
356:neutral buoyancy
293:, a diphycercal
212:Alaska blackfish
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179:
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509:sexual maturity
500:Interior Alaska
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338:throughout the
332:vascularization
328:mucosal folding
285:, large, lobed
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62:
53:
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42:
17:
16:Species of fish
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940:(2): 349–351.
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818:(2): 523–538.
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742:(2): 119–125.
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610:Froese, Rainer
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444:, although in
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376:Colville Delta
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246:. It inhabits
231:in the esocid
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115:Actinopterygii
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442:invertebrates
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346:and a purely
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287:pectoral fins
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168:Binomial name
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592:. Retrieved
587:
581:
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489:
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483:Reproduction
439:
411:
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352:swim bladder
313:
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216:
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176:
174:
158:
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145:
18:
1165:NatureServe
1103:iNaturalist
1010:Wikispecies
521:subsistence
446:Bristol Bay
348:hydrostatic
336:capillaries
324:respiratory
299:pelvic fins
266:Description
254:as well as
250:regions of
244:Esociformes
125:Esociformes
58:NatureServe
1252:Categories
876:(1): 144.
565:References
368:Bering Sea
340:epithelium
295:caudal fin
279:dorsal fin
275:morphology
260:Bering Sea
226:freshwater
184:T. H. Bean
962:255783475
954:1877-7252
900:1471-2148
840:0022-1112
756:1051-1733
523:fish for
504:Anchorage
477:caddisfly
469:ostracods
388:Fairbanks
370:islands,
320:esophagus
291:operculum
283:anal fins
262:islands.
201:Range of
153:Species:
91:Kingdom:
85:Eukaryota
1263:Esocidae
1170:2.103403
1121:10347282
1077:FishBase
995:Wikidata
918:26187279
848:24490938
764:83877796
623:FishBase
594:19 April
502:and the
493:yolk sac
473:copepods
462:dipteran
422:muskrats
407:Spawning
258:and the
237:Esocidae
135:Esocidae
131:Family:
105:Chordata
101:Phylum:
95:Animalia
81:Domain:
1230:ZooBank
1222:1020019
1095:5203120
1056:1012685
909:4506597
878:Bibcode
820:Bibcode
426:beavers
414:benthic
384:Chignik
372:Siberia
309:ventral
256:Siberia
222:species
220:) is a
141:Genus:
121:Order:
111:Class:
56: (
54:Secure
1196:357530
1147:202400
1134:162159
1108:218120
1069:124947
1001:Q80838
960:
952:
916:
906:
898:
846:
838:
762:
754:
550:et.al.
525:Native
475:, and
465:larvae
458:snails
418:oxygen
399:rivers
395:swamps
252:Alaska
248:Arctic
233:family
186:, 1880
146:Dallia
1217:WoRMS
1204:Plazi
1183:75939
1154:NAS:
1116:IRMNG
1064:EUNIS
1043:3427L
1030:30303
958:S2CID
760:S2CID
454:algae
430:edema
403:lakes
382:near
344:organ
241:order
239:) of
1178:NCBI
1142:IUCN
1129:ITIS
1090:GBIF
1082:2705
1025:BOLD
950:ISSN
914:PMID
896:ISSN
844:PMID
836:ISSN
752:ISSN
596:2023
450:pike
330:and
281:and
229:fish
210:The
1157:975
1051:EoL
1038:CoL
942:doi
904:PMC
886:doi
828:doi
744:doi
224:of
1254::
1232::
1219::
1206::
1193::
1180::
1167::
1144::
1131::
1118::
1105::
1092::
1079::
1066::
1053::
1040::
1027::
1012::
997::
956:.
948:.
936:.
912:.
902:.
894:.
884:.
874:15
872:.
868:.
856:^
842:.
834:.
826:.
816:84
814:.
802:^
758:.
750:.
740:95
738:.
710:^
688:^
660:^
632:^
620:.
586:.
471:,
467:,
460:,
456:,
424:,
390:.
301:.
964:.
944::
938:6
920:.
888::
880::
850:.
830::
822::
784:.
766:.
746::
618:"
614:"
598:.
584:"
580:"
235:(
214:(
60:)
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