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information to be gleaned from intermittent air reconnaissance. Frequent bad flying weather over the winter and the precedent of new German defences being built behind existing fortifications, during the Somme battle, led
British military intelligence to misinterpret the information. In late December 1916, reports from witnesses led the British and French to send air reconnaissance sorties further to the south and in mid-January 1917, British intelligence concluded that a new line was being built from Arras to Laon. By February, the line was known to be near completion and by 25 February, local withdrawals on the British Fifth Army front in the Ancre valley and prisoner interrogation led the British to anticipate a gradual German withdrawal to the new line.
1644:, found them unoccupied. The British began a slow follow-up but unreadiness, the decrepitude of the local roads and the German advantage of falling back on prepared lines behind rearguards of machine-gunners, meant that the Germans completed an orderly withdrawal. The new defences were built on a reverse slope with positions behind the defences, from which artillery observers could see the front position, experience having showed that infantry equipped with machine-guns needed a field of fire only a few hundred yards/meters deep. Unfortunately for the Germans, General
1607:
for
Germany because of the scorched-earth policy but is also thought to be one of the shrewdest defensive operations of the war. During periods of fine weather in October 1916, British reconnaissance flights had reported new defences being built far behind the Somme front; on 9 November a formation of eight photographic reconnaissance aircraft and eight escorts reported a new line of defences from Bourlon Wood north to Quéant, Bullecourt, the Sensée river, Héninel and the German third line near Arras. Two other lines closer to the front were observed as they were dug (
298:
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1290:, comprehensively destroyed by the Germans before the retirement. The Germans planned to waste the land; villages demolished, bridges blown, roads and railways dug up, wells tainted and the population carried off. The British and French armies would have to repeat the preparations for another offensive, after the retirement made preparations to resume the offensive on the Somme redundant. Every day's delay of an Entente offensive in France gave more time for the U-boat offensive to work; even if the Franco-British managed to attack, the
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1478:(10 March) took place before the main German withdrawal began. British attacks had taken place against exhausted German troops holding poor defensive positions left over from the fighting in 1916; some German troops had low morale and showed an unusual willingness to surrender. British attacks in the action of Miraumont and anticipation of further attacks led Rupprecht on 18 March to order a withdrawal.
1597:
1606:
By evacuating the Noyon and
Bapaume salients, the Germans shortened their front by 25 mi (40 km). Fourteen fewer German divisions were needed for line holding; Allied plans for their spring offensive were seriously disrupted. The operation is considered to have been a propaganda disaster
1487:
from
Essarts to Le Transloy on 22 February. The retirement caused some surprise to the British, despite the interception of wireless messages from 20 to 21 February. A second German withdrawal took place on 11 March, during a preparatory British bombardment and was not noticed by the British until
1429:
began on 16 March, because of the damage to the prestige of the German Empire and the deleterious effects on the discipline of his troops. The demolitions made a desert of 579 sq mi (1,500 km) of territory and
Rupprecht contemplated resignation, then relented, for fear that it might
1283:
would generate reserves by shortening the front and the defensive strength of the new positions, built in depth, on reverse positions, behind wide belts of barbed wire and studded with machine-gun nests, would allow divisions to hold a wider frontage. Before the
British and French could attack the
1218:
An offensive was considered as an alternative, if enough reserves could be assembled in the New Year and a staff study suggested that seventeen divisions might be made available but that this was far too few to have decisive effect in the west. Alternatives, such as a shorter withdrawal, were also
1142:
took place between
February 9 and March 20, 1917, after months of preparation. The German retreat shortened the Western front by 25 mi (40 km). The withdrawal to the chord of the Bapaume and Noyon salients provided 13 to 14 extra divisions for the German strategic reserve, that was being
1622:
In 2004, James Beach wrote that some authorities hold that
British aerial reconnaissance failed to detect the construction of the Hindenburg Line or the German preparations for the troop withdrawal. Evidence of German intentions was collected but German deception measures caused unremarkable
1648:
and
Colonel Kramer from OHL ignored the new thinking and in much of the new position, they put artillery observation posts in the front line or in front of it and the front position was on forward slopes, near crests or at the rear of long reverse slopes.
1258:(November 28 â December 6, 1916) and the beginning of the winter lull in France, optimism at OHL that the retreat was unnecessary rose but was then deflated by the French attack at Verdun on December 15. During January 1917 the resumption of
1559:, Commander-in-Chief of the French armies since December 1916, approved only a limited attack to capture the German front position; a potential opportunity to turn the German withdrawal into a rout was lost. The withdrawal took place from
1327:), had opposed a withdrawal to avoid a blow to the morale of the men who had fought to defend the Somme front. Subordinate commanders on the Somme doubted the ability of their men to withstand another offensive. The commander of the
4723:
1253:
changed during the winter of 1916â1917 and comprised positive and negative reasons. At first it was seen by OHL as a last resort, if pressure on the Somme front became overwhelming. After the
Central Powers' success in the
473:
2025:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (repr. Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
588:
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French civilians in the region were transported to work elsewhere in occupied France, while children, mothers and the elderly were left behind with minimal rations. On 4 March, Général
1525:
Alberich began on 9 February 1917 in the area to be abandoned. Railways and roads were dug up, trees were felled, water wells were polluted, towns and villages were demolished and many
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466:
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1205:(First Quartermaster General) ordered the building of a new defensive line, east of the Somme battlefront, from Arras to Laon. Ludendorff was unsure as to whether retreating to the
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with a retirement of about 25 mi (40 km), giving up more French territory than that gained by the Allies from September 1914 until the beginning of the operation.
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on 1 February 1917 offered the possibility of driving Britain out of the war. To win in the west, the German armies would have only to avoid defeat; a retirement to the
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2291:]. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 Die militÀrischen Operationen zu Lande . Vol. XII. Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn.
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was a costly failure. German withdrawals on the Ancre spread south, beginning with a retirement from the salient around St Pierre Vaast Wood.
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ordered that the intervening ground be devastated and the retirement to begin on 9 February; Below and the 2nd Army commander,
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1977:. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914â1918. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
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empty between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit and strongly held on either flank. A British attack on Bucquoy at the north end of
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numbered only 154 divisions against 190 Allied divisions, many of which were larger. A move back to the Hindenburg Line (
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canvassed but the lack of manpower made the decision to retire unavoidable, since even with reinforcements from the
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1619:) from Ablainzevelle to the west of Bapaume and Roquigny, with a branch from Achiet-le-Grand to Beugny and Ytres.
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The 1st Army withdrew of about 3 mi (4.8 km) on a 15 mi (24 km) front of the 1st Army to the
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2023:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras
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2311:
Foley, R. T. (2007). "The Other Side of the Wire: The German Army in 1917". In Dennis, P.; Grey, G. (eds.).
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The Other Side of the Wire: With the XIV Reserve Corps: The Period of transition 2 July 1916 â August 1917
1640:
The first intimation of a German withdrawal occurred when British patrols probing German outposts towards
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2069:. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press.
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1375:(since 17 December 1916), had been overruled by a consensus of their leaders and subordinates.
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was planned as a strategic withdrawal to new positions on the shorter and more easily defended
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The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
2049:
2046:
A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914â1918
2030:
2004:
1978:
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1215:) was desirable, since it might diminish the morale of German soldiers and civilians.
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river valley, on the northern flank of the Somme battlefield of 1916. The Action of
3933:
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1968:
260:
1972:
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new defences, they would have to rebuild the communications between the Somme and
2550:
4144:
4049:
3747:
3175:
2596:
2018:
1138:
was reluctant to order the withdrawal and hesitated until the last moment. The
1530:
2561:
German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in Arras sector - history and museum
2523:
2296:
2212:
2141:
1413:) had preferred a deeper retreat to fortifications incorporating cities like
111:
98:
3939:
3706:
2442:
1526:
1467:
1082:
166:
2401:
The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne
2315:. Loftus, NSW: Australian History Military Publications. pp. 155â178.
2001:
Haig's Enemy: Crown Prince Rupprecht and Germany's War on the Western Front
2492:
The Encyclopaedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History
4199:
2495:
1686:
1410:
2420:
Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914â18
1418:
1235:) would shorten the front by 25â28 mi (40â45 km) and require
2560:
2048:(repr. London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
1090:
1555:), advocated an attack while the Germans were preparing to retreat.
1354:) was persuaded by Fuchs and others to advocate a move back to the
4367:
2216:
1625:
1595:
1475:
1463:
1447:
1422:
1414:
1298:
1114:
1106:
2026:
566:
4724:
Military operations of World War I involving the United Kingdom
2569:
1143:
assembled to defend the Aisne front against the Franco-British
570:
455:
2565:
2306:– via Die digitale Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek.
2551:
Operation Alberich, German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line
2154:
Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914â1918
2556:
Spears, E. Prelude to Victory (1939) via Internet Archive
2365:(repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2437:
Smith, L.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, A. (2003).
1430:
suggest a rift between Bavaria and the rest of Germany.
1601:
Map of the Western Front after Operation Alberich, 1917
1425:
Salient into a wasteland when the final demolitions to
2156:(2nd pbk. ed.). London: Penguin Random House UK.
4719:
Military operations of World War I involving Germany
2244:"Robert Georges Nivelle (1856â1924), French General"
2175:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). Connecticut: Faber.
4652:
4573:
4512:
4474:
4418:
4407:
4311:
4283:
4231:
4153:
4127:
4079:
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2778:
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2173:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
442:
425:
402:
388:
377:
366:
358:
348:
340:
327:
2200:British Intelligence and the German Army 1914â1918
1910:
1886:
1862:
1304:Western front 1915â1916, Somme battlefront in blue
2468:. Vol. III (1st ed.). Warwick: Helion.
2003:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1147:, preparations for which were barely concealed.
3542:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
2518:. Vol. XII. London: The Times. 1914â1921.
1247:German army thinking about a withdrawal to the
34:
1462:attacked the German 1st Army positions in the
1458:From 11 January to 13 March 1917, the British
27:German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, 1917
2581:
2339:(General Books ed.). London: Hugh Rees.
1974:The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917
1575:and Fifth Army followed up and conducted the
582:
467:
8:
2490:Tucker, S. C.; Roberts, P. M., eds. (2005).
2382:Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917
2207:(PhD thesis). London: University of London.
2093:The First World War: The War to End All Wars
1684:
1678:
1670:
1614:
1608:
1542:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1482:
1453:German retirements Somme, JanuaryâMarch 1917
1392:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1332:
1322:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1263:
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1206:
1200:
1191:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1118:
433:
41:
2091:Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003).
1474:(25 February â 2 March) and the Capture of
1444:Operations on the Ancre, JanuaryâMarch 1917
1440:German defensive preparations in early 1917
1394:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern
1351:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern
435:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern
4415:
4124:
4029:
3969:
3078:
2886:
2680:
2588:
2574:
2566:
589:
575:
567:
474:
460:
452:
324:
31:
2546:The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
2336:Cavalry Studies: Strategical and Tactical
1571:During the German withdrawal the British
485:11 January â 13 March
3831:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
4729:Battles of World War I involving France
4208:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
2136:(1st ed.). London: Jonathan Cape.
1874:
1798:
1722:
1710:
1703:
1658:
533:(German retreat to the Hindenburg Line)
71:New front line after Operation Alberich
18:Alberich (World War I German operation)
2403:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
2313:1917: Tactics, Training and Technology
1786:
1734:
483:Operations on the Ancre
4161:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3497:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1946:
1934:
1922:
1898:
1850:
1838:
1810:
1691:, a race of dwarfs, is an antagonist.
1324:1. Armee/Armeeoberkommando 1/A.O.K. 1
1171:as head of the Supreme Army Command (
7:
4565:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
2363:Douglas Haig and the First World War
1834:
1822:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
141:Noyon and Bapaume salients abandoned
4494:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
3288:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2439:France and the Great War, 1914â1918
3227:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2284:Die KriegsfĂŒhrung im FrĂŒhjahr 1917
1389:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
25:
2384:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
2281:Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (2012) .
1635:, to impede the British follow-up
1470:(17â18 February), Capture of the
3590:Second Battle of the Piave River
3212:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1911:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003
1887:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003
1863:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003
1631:Mine crater in the road through
1409:armies (from the Somme front to
1296:expected to defeat the attempt.
308:
296:
284:
266:
254:
242:
230:
206:
188:
173:
159:
65:
4661:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3861:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1360:and on 4 February, the Kaiser,
1346:Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria
430:Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria
4484:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
4343:Deportations from East Prussia
4140:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
2464:Whitehead, R. J. (June 2018).
1223:, the German army in the west
1:
4395:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2289:Warfare in the Spring of 1917
2197:Beach, James Michael (2004).
2114:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
1202:Erster Generalquartiermeister
1179:) at the end of August 1916,
4550:SazonovâPalĂ©ologue Agreement
3849:Estonian War of Independence
3517:Southern Palestine offensive
2515:The Times History of the War
1160:Soon after taking over from
4744:Western Front (World War I)
4504:USA against Austria-Hungary
3903:Turkish War of Independence
3855:Latvian War of Independence
3580:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
3171:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1397:, comprising the 1st Army,
1274:a big defensive advantage.
1260:unrestricted U-boat warfare
1101:had been formed during the
1059:Western Front tactics, 1917
4770:
4587:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
4135:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
3595:Second Battle of the Marne
3482:Second battle of the Aisne
3351:Second Battle of Champagne
3192:German invasion of Belgium
2447:Cambridge University Press
2112:The German Army at Cambrai
1437:
1113:and from Saint-Quentin to
353:Noyon and Bapaume salients
83:9 February â 20 March 1917
4693:
4368:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3897:Irish War of Independence
3640:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3625:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3237:First Battle of the Marne
2603:
1239:fewer divisions to hold.
606:
493:
414:â 20 March 1917
406:9 February 1917
332:
220:
149:
75:
64:
52:
4520:Constantinople Agreement
3813:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
3676:Co-belligerent conflicts
3645:Second Romanian campaign
3615:Third Transjordan attack
3326:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
3232:Battle of Grand Couronné
1577:Capture of Bapaume, 1917
1539:Louis Franchet d'EspĂšrey
4583:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4535:BulgariaâGermany treaty
3843:Greater Poland Uprising
3743:National Protection War
3620:MeuseâArgonne offensive
3570:German spring offensive
3565:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3341:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
3316:Second Battle of Artois
3197:Battle of the Frontiers
2361:Harris, J. P. (2009) .
1673:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1544:Groupe d'armées du Nord
1434:Operations on the Ancre
947:German spring offensive
4608:Paris Peace Conference
4596:UkraineâCentral Powers
4390:Massacres of Albanians
4358:Late Ottoman genocides
4165:Bulgarian occupations
3873:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3837:HungarianâRomanian War
3655:Naval Victory Bulletin
3650:Armistice with Germany
3600:Hundred Days Offensive
3527:Battle of La Malmaison
3477:Second battle of Arras
3444:Battle of Transylvania
3298:Second Battle of Ypres
3166:Sarajevo assassination
3055:South African Republic
2422:. Stroud: Spellmount.
2171:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
2063:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
2044:James, E. A. (1990) .
1685:
1679:
1671:
1637:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1543:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1455:
1393:
1384:Crown Prince Rupprecht
1368:General der Kavallerie
1366:
1356:
1350:
1333:
1323:
1311:General der Infanterie
1310:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1249:
1231:
1225:
1207:
1201:
1193:General der Infanterie
1192:
1181:
1173:
1164:General der Infanterie
1162:
1128:
1119:
1089:military operation in
1078:
434:
381:Quartermaster-General
303:Crown Prince Rupprecht
221:Commanders and leaders
43:(Unternehmen Alberich)
42:
4618:Treaty of St. Germain
4591:RussiaâCentral Powers
4545:SykesâPicot Agreement
4373:Pontic Greek genocide
4348:Destruction of Kalisz
4324:Eastern Mediterranean
3885:PolishâLithuanian War
3667:Armistice of Belgrade
3630:Armistice of Salonica
3560:Operation Faustschlag
3507:Third Battle of Oituz
3429:Baranovichi offensive
3397:Lake Naroch offensive
3371:Battle of Robat Karim
3346:VistulaâBug offensive
3321:Battles of the Isonzo
3252:First Battle of Ypres
2494:. Santa Barbara, CA:
2380:Nicholls, J. (2005).
1633:Athies, Pas-de-Calais
1629:
1599:
1581:Occupation of PĂ©ronne
1451:
1373:Georg von der Marwitz
1302:
1175:Oberste Heeresleitung
4749:February 1917 events
4613:Treaty of Versailles
4329:Mount Lebanon famine
4244:in the United States
4212:Russian occupations
3926:TurkishâArmenian War
3867:PolishâUkrainian War
3807:UkrainianâSoviet War
3754:Central Asian Revolt
3537:Armistice of FocÈani
3267:Battle of Sarikamish
3217:Battle of Tannenberg
2613:Military engagements
2418:Simpson, A. (2006).
2399:Sheldon, J. (2015).
2242:Rickard, J. (2001).
2110:Sheldon, J. (2009).
1533:were planted. About
1514:Unternehmen Alberich
1344:, chief of staff of
1169:Erich von Falkenhayn
1079:Unternehmen Alberich
1054:French Army mutinies
1049:1914 Christmas truce
819:Hohenzollern Redoubt
372:Rupprecht von Bayern
344:Strategic withdrawal
4680:They shall not pass
4603:Treaty of Bucharest
4560:Treaty of Bucharest
4499:USA against Germany
4476:Declarations of war
4180:German occupations
4093:British casualties
3952:SovietâGeorgian War
3879:Egyptian Revolution
3819:Armeno-Georgian War
3683:Somaliland campaign
3635:Armistice of Mudros
3512:Battle of Caporetto
3502:Battle of MÄrÄÈeÈti
3472:Zimmermann telegram
3467:February Revolution
3412:Battle of the Somme
3336:Bug-Narew Offensive
3311:Battle of Gallipoli
3303:Sinking of the RMS
3095:Scramble for Africa
3089:Franco-Prussian War
2745:Sinai and Palestine
1949:, pp. 138â139.
1937:, pp. 190â195.
1925:, pp. 317â318.
1765:, pp. 148â149.
1753:, pp. 149â150.
1741:, pp. 148â149.
1683:, the chief of the
1579:(17 March) and the
1553:Northern Army Group
1535:125,000 able-bodied
1317:, commander of the
1277:A move back to the
1256:Battle of Bucharest
1188:Paul von Hindenburg
1183:Generalfeldmarshall
1103:Battle of the Somme
1043:Associated articles
760:Hartmannswillerkopf
620:Invasion of Belgium
531:Associated articles
108: /
4640:Treaty of Lausanne
4555:Paris Economy Pact
4489:UK against Germany
4419:Entry into the war
4385:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
4104:Ottoman casualties
3914:Franco-Turkish War
3794:Post-War conflicts
3778:Russian Revolution
3760:Invasion of Darfur
3725:Kelantan rebellion
3713:Kurdish rebellions
3689:Mexican Revolution
3522:October Revolution
3487:Kerensky offensive
3462:Capture of Baghdad
3439:Monastir offensive
3424:Brusilov offensive
3262:Battle of Kolubara
3101:Russo-Japanese War
2221:uk.bl.ethos.416459
2134:Prelude to Victory
2130:Spears, Sir Edward
2095:. Oxford: Osprey.
1853:, pp. 94â110.
1841:, pp. 94â110.
1638:
1616:Riegel II Stellung
1604:
1567:British operations
1456:
1307:
1071:Operation Alberich
539:Operation Alberich
328:Operation Alberich
38:Operation Alberich
4754:March 1917 events
4739:Conflicts in 1917
4706:
4705:
4689:
4688:
4673:The Golden Virgin
4667:Mutilated victory
4648:
4647:
4628:Treaty of Trianon
4623:Treaty of Neuilly
4530:Damascus Protocol
4403:
4402:
4363:Armenian genocide
4320:Allied blockades
4292:Belgian refugees
4075:
4074:
3985:Strategic bombing
3961:
3960:
3946:Franco-Syrian War
3920:Greco-Turkish War
3908:Anglo-Turkish War
3891:PolishâSoviet War
3825:German Revolution
3801:Russian Civil War
3784:Finnish Civil War
3610:Battle of Megiddo
3585:Battle of Goychay
3532:Battle of Cambrai
3492:Battle of MÄrÄÈti
3407:Battle of Jutland
3387:Erzurum offensive
3242:Siege of PrzemyĆl
3222:Siege of Tsingtao
3207:Battle of Galicia
3137:Second Balkan War
3125:Italo-Turkish War
3082:Pre-War conflicts
3068:
3067:
2958:Portuguese Empire
2874:
2873:
2836:German New Guinea
2818:Asian and Pacific
2505:978-1-85109-420-2
2475:978-1-911512-47-9
2456:978-0-521-66631-2
2429:978-1-86227-292-7
2410:978-1-78346-345-9
2391:978-1-84415-326-8
2372:978-0-521-89802-7
2346:978-0-217-96199-8
2322:978-0-9803-7967-9
2182:978-0-8371-5029-1
2163:978-0-141-04203-9
2121:978-1-84415-944-4
2102:978-1-84176-738-3
2076:978-1-84342-413-0
2055:978-0-948130-18-2
2036:978-0-89839-180-0
2010:978-0-19-967046-8
1999:Boff, J. (2018).
1984:978-0-7022-1710-4
1646:Ludwig von Lauter
1610:Riegel I Stellung
1521:German withdrawal
1501:Riegel I Stellung
1495:Riegel I Stellung
1484:Riegel I Stellung
1357:Siegfriedstellung
1329:XIV Reserve Corps
1287:Siegfriedstellung
1280:Siegfriedstellung
1265:Siegfriedstellung
1250:Siegfriedstellung
1232:Siegfriedstellung
1208:Siegfriedstellung
1145:Nivelle Offensive
1129:Siegfriedstellung
1067:
1066:
893:Nivelle offensive
667:Trouée de Charmes
564:
563:
450:
449:
378:Commanded by
323:
322:
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
4761:
4633:Treaty of SĂšvres
4525:Treaty of London
4416:
4194:Northeast France
4125:
4097:Parliamentarians
4030:
3992:Chemical weapons
3970:
3731:Senussi campaign
3701:Muscat rebellion
3695:Maritz rebellion
3663:
3605:Vardar offensive
3434:Battle of Romani
3402:Battle of Asiago
3392:Battle of Verdun
3356:Kosovo offensive
3131:First Balkan War
3079:
2978:Russian Republic
2887:
2681:
2623:Economic history
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2509:
2479:
2460:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2326:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2250:. Archived from
2231:
2229:
2227:
2186:
2167:
2145:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2059:
2040:
2014:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1618:
1612:
1562:
1546:
1536:
1516:
1507:
1504:on the night of
1503:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1427:scorch the earth
1396:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1342:Hermann von Kuhl
1336:
1326:
1313:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1252:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1197:Erich Ludendorff
1195:
1186:
1178:
1167:
1156:Winter 1916â1917
1136:Erich Ludendorff
1122:
1105:in 1916 between
1006:St Quentin Canal
601:
591:
584:
577:
568:
498:Ancre operations
488:
476:
469:
462:
453:
437:
426:Executed by
421:
419:
413:
411:
383:Erich Ludendorff
325:
313:
312:
311:
301:
300:
291:Erich Ludendorff
289:
288:
287:
271:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
245:
235:
234:
233:
216:
212:
210:
209:
198:
194:
192:
191:
183:
179:
177:
176:
165:
163:
162:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
112:49.500°N 2.833°E
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
77:
76:
69:
45:
32:
21:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4685:
4644:
4576:
4569:
4540:Treaty of Darin
4508:
4470:
4426:Austria-Hungary
4412:
4399:
4380:Rape of Belgium
4307:
4279:
4227:
4221:Western Armenia
4216:Eastern Galicia
4149:
4123:
4087:
4086:Civilian impact
4085:
4071:
4028:
3957:
3789:
3719:Ovambo Uprising
3671:
3657:
3546:
3448:
3375:
3293:Battle of ĆomĆŒa
3276:
3272:Christmas truce
3247:Race to the Sea
3180:
3142:
3064:
3035:Austria-Hungary
3011:
2946:Empire of Japan
2883:
2881:
2870:
2854:U-boat campaign
2840:
2812:
2774:
2726:
2672:
2653:Popular culture
2599:
2594:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2512:
2506:
2489:
2486:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2436:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2398:
2392:
2379:
2373:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:Further reading
2266:
2257:
2255:
2254:on 9 March 2009
2241:
2238:
2225:
2223:
2196:
2193:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2043:
2037:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1967:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:, p. 118;
1733:
1729:
1725:, pp. 4â5.
1721:
1717:
1713:, pp. 1â4.
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1669:'s opera cycle
1664:
1660:
1655:
1636:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1569:
1560:
1541:, commander of
1534:
1523:
1518:
1505:
1489:
1454:
1446:
1438:Main articles:
1436:
1391:, commander of
1386:
1381:
1334:Generalleutnant
1315:Fritz von Below
1305:
1268:would give the
1245:
1236:
1213:Hindenburg Line
1190:and his deputy
1158:
1153:
1125:Hindenburg Line
1095:First World War
1068:
1063:
1040:
844:Vimy Ridge 1916
721:Race to the Sea
689:1st St. Quentin
611:
602:
597:
595:
565:
560:
556:Hindenburg Line
532:
528:
489:
486:
484:
482:
480:
417:
415:
409:
407:
397:Hindenburg Line
367:Planned by
354:
319:
315:Fritz von Below
309:
307:
295:
285:
283:
277:
273:Henry Rawlinson
267:
265:
255:
253:
243:
241:
231:
229:
207:
205:
204:
201:
189:
187:
186:
174:
172:
171:
160:
158:
137:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:Picardy, France
70:
59:First World War
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:1917 in France
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4575:Peace treaties
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4461:United Kingdom
4458:
4453:
4451:Ottoman Empire
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4353:Sack of Dinant
4350:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:United Kingdom
4298:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4261:
4255:POW locations
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4055:United Kingdom
4052:
4050:Ottoman Empire
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4024:Trench warfare
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3976:
3974:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3737:Volta-Bani War
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Zeebrugge Raid
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3366:Battle of Loos
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Black Sea raid
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:Historiography
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:Bosnian Crisis
3110:
3107:Tangier Crisis
3104:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Ottoman Empire
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3017:Central Powers
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:British Empire
2995:United Kingdom
2992:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2973:Russian Empire
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2891:Entente Powers
2884:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2859:North Atlantic
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2770:Central Arabia
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2732:Middle Eastern
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Historiography
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2540:External links
2538:
2536:
2535:
2510:
2504:
2485:
2484:Encyclopaedias
2482:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2455:
2434:
2428:
2415:
2409:
2396:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2308:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2248:History of War
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1969:Bean, C. E. W.
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1913:, p. 112.
1903:
1891:
1889:, p. 119.
1879:
1867:
1865:, p. 111.
1855:
1843:
1837:, p. 60;
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1789:, p. 328.
1779:
1777:, p. 150.
1767:
1755:
1743:
1727:
1715:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1630:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1568:
1565:
1557:Robert Nivelle
1522:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1492:Patrols found
1452:
1435:
1432:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1303:
1244:
1243:German debates
1241:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1036:Lys and Escaut
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
883:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
783:
782:
772:
767:
765:Neuve Chapelle
762:
757:
746:
745:
740:
738:Winter actions
735:
734:
733:
728:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Grand Couronné
698:
693:
692:
691:
686:
681:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
617:
607:
604:
603:
596:
594:
593:
586:
579:
571:
562:
561:
559:
558:
553:
552:
551:
546:
527:
526:
525:
524:
519:
514:
501:
500:
494:
491:
490:
481:
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
448:
447:
444:
440:
439:
427:
423:
422:
404:
400:
399:
390:
386:
385:
379:
375:
374:
370:Field Marshal
368:
364:
363:
360:
356:
355:
352:
350:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
330:
329:
321:
320:
318:
317:
305:
293:
280:
278:
276:
275:
263:
251:
239:
237:Robert Nivelle
226:
223:
222:
218:
217:
202:
200:
199:
184:
181:United Kingdom
169:
155:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
133:
132:
131:German success
129:
125:
124:
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
62:
61:
50:
49:
47:
46:
39:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4766:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4466:United States
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4067:United States
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:Convoy system
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:Naval warfare
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3772:Kaocen revolt
3770:
3767:
3766:Easter Rising
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Great Retreat
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Battle of Cer
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:Agadir Crisis
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3007:United States
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:French Empire
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2867:
2866:Mediterranean
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:Naval warfare
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:Italian Front
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:Eastern Front
2708:
2706:
2705:Western Front
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Puppet states
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:, p. 16.
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:, p. 60.
1824:
1819:
1816:
1813:, p. 15.
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1488:the night of
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1221:Eastern Front
1216:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:Saint-Quentin
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Meuse-Argonne
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:
950:
949:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Passchendaele
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
809:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
787:2nd Champagne
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:1st Champagne
753:
752:
751:
750:
744:
741:
739:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:Great Retreat
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
610:
605:
600:
599:Western Front
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
572:
569:
557:
554:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
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534:
523:
520:
518:
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477:
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458:
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405:
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387:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:Western Front
331:
326:
316:
306:
304:
299:
294:
292:
282:
281:
279:
274:
264:
262:
252:
250:
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228:
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197:
185:
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170:
168:
157:
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154:
153:
148:
140:
135:
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130:
127:
126:
121:
117:49.500; 2.833
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
68:
63:
60:
56:
55:Western Front
51:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
30:
19:
4678:
4671:
4659:
4266: /
4198:
4033:Conscription
3997:Cryptography
3934:Iraqi Revolt
3361:Siege of Kut
3304:
2882:participants
2831:German Samoa
2765:South Arabia
2527:. Retrieved
2514:
2491:
2465:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2335:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2288:
2283:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:the original
2247:
2224:. Retrieved
2205:london.ac.uk
2204:
2199:
2172:
2153:
2133:
2111:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2065:
2045:
2022:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1875:Rickard 2001
1870:
1858:
1846:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1801:, p. 5.
1799:Sheldon 2009
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1730:
1723:Sheldon 2009
1718:
1711:Sheldon 2009
1706:
1661:
1639:
1621:
1605:
1583:(18 March).
1570:
1561:16â20 March,
1548:
1524:
1490:12/13 March.
1480:
1457:
1387:
1308:
1276:
1246:
1217:
1159:
1133:
1070:
1069:
1042:
1041:
1001:Saint-Mihiel
969:Belleau Wood
952:
940:
939:
930:La Malmaison
886:
885:
874:
873:
839:Kink Salient
807:
806:
802:Gas: Wieltje
748:
747:
608:
538:
530:
529:
517:The Thilloys
503:
502:
333:Part of the
261:Hubert Gough
249:Douglas Haig
150:Belligerents
53:Part of the
29:
4296:Netherlands
4273:Switzerland
4154:Occupations
4145:Spanish flu
3922:(1919â1922)
3916:(1918â1921)
3910:(1918â1923)
3899:(1919â1921)
3893:(1919â1921)
3887:(1919â1920)
3863:(1918â1920)
3857:(1918â1920)
3851:(1918â1920)
3833:(1918â1920)
3815:(1918â1920)
3809:(1917â1921)
3803:(1917â1921)
3750:(1916-1918)
3748:Arab Revolt
3739:(1915â1917)
3733:(1915â1917)
3721:(1914-1917)
3715:(1914â1917)
3709:(1914â1921)
3703:(1913â1920)
3691:(1910â1920)
3685:(1900â1920)
3658: [
3176:July Crisis
3097:(1880â1914)
2760:Mesopotamia
2638:Home fronts
2597:World War I
2302:16 November
1787:Watson 2015
1735:Spears 1939
1531:booby traps
1506:13/14 March
1338:Georg Fuchs
1093:during the
1021:2nd Cambrai
859:Boar's Head
849:Mont Sorrel
136:Territorial
115: /
4713:Categories
4513:Agreements
4313:War crimes
4189:Luxembourg
4082:Casualties
2953:Montenegro
2788:South West
2668:Technology
2658:Propaganda
2648:Opposition
2529:6 November
2258:30 January
2226:4 December
2150:Watson, A.
1990:18 January
1956:References
1947:Wynne 1976
1935:Beach 2004
1923:Jones 2002
1899:James 1990
1851:Falls 1992
1839:Falls 1992
1811:James 1990
1687:Nibelungen
1573:Third Army
1529:and other
1527:land mines
1460:Fifth Army
1362:Wilhelm II
1226:(Westheer)
1151:Background
1140:retirement
1081:) was the
834:Wulverghem
797:3rd Artois
775:2nd Artois
743:1st Artois
418:1917-03-20
410:1917-02-09
393:Retirement
4410:Diplomacy
4117:Olympians
4040:Australia
4007:Logistics
3940:Vlora War
3869:(1918â19)
3845:(1918â19)
3839:(1918â19)
3827:(1918â19)
3774:(1916â17)
3756:(1916â17)
3707:Zaian War
3697:(1914â15)
3417:first day
3305:Lusitania
3133:(1912â13)
3127:(1911â12)
3115:(1908â09)
3109:(1905â06)
3091:(1870â71)
2880:Principal
2740:Gallipoli
2643:Memorials
2628:Geography
2618:Aftermath
2524:475617679
2443:Cambridge
2333:(2009) .
2297:719270698
2213:500051492
2152:(2015) .
2142:459267081
2021:(1992) .
2019:Falls, C.
1971:(1982) .
1835:Bean 1982
1823:Bean 1982
1775:Boff 2018
1763:Boff 2018
1751:Boff 2018
1739:Boff 2018
1699:Footnotes
1587:Aftermath
1468:Miraumont
1127:(German:
1083:code name
1016:5th Ypres
996:2nd Somme
974:2nd Marne
964:3rd Aisne
913:The Hills
908:2nd Aisne
869:Fromelles
864:1st Somme
814:The Bluff
780:HĂ©buterne
770:2nd Ypres
731:1st Ypres
711:1st Aisne
706:1st Marne
679:Le Cateau
657:Charleroi
642:Frontiers
512:Miraumont
389:Objective
362:1916â1917
167:Australia
4698:Category
4285:Refugees
4251:Italians
4240:Germans
4200:Ober Ost
3980:Aviation
3074:Timeline
3045:Bulgaria
2826:Tsingtao
2803:Togoland
2750:Caucasus
2685:European
2677:Theatres
2496:ABC-CLIO
2352:23 March
2331:Haig, D.
2236:Websites
2132:(1939).
1680:Alberich
1592:Analysis
1472:Thilloys
1411:Flanders
1319:1st Army
1293:Westheer
1271:Westheer
1237:13 to 14
1134:General
1120:Alberich
1099:salients
1026:Courtrai
981:Soissons
920:Messines
887:Alberich
696:Maubeuge
652:Ardennes
647:Lorraine
615:Moresnet
349:Location
88:Location
4436:Germany
4336:Germany
4264:Germany
4184:Belgium
4169:Albania
4128:Disease
4108:Sports
4060:Ireland
3973:Warfare
3966:Aspects
3154:Origins
3147:Prelude
3050:Senussi
3030:Germany
3025:Leaders
2963:Romania
2904:Belgium
2899:Leaders
2798:Kamerun
2780:African
2715:Romania
2693:Balkans
2608:Outline
1419:Cambrai
1379:Prelude
991:Ailette
959:The Lys
953:Michael
935:Cambrai
829:Hulluch
824:St Eloi
716:Antwerp
549:PĂ©ronne
544:Bapaume
504:Actions
446:Success
443:Outcome
416: (
408: (
395:to the
359:Planned
214:Germany
138:changes
103:02°50âČE
100:49°30âČN
57:of the
4456:Russia
4431:France
4259:Canada
4174:Serbia
4045:Canada
4002:Horses
3954:(1921)
3948:(1920)
3942:(1920)
3936:(1920)
3928:(1920)
3881:(1919)
3875:(1919)
3821:(1918)
3786:(1918)
3780:(1917)
3768:(1916)
3762:(1916)
3727:(1915)
3139:(1913)
3121:(1911)
3103:(1905)
3060:Darfur
2985:Serbia
2968:Russia
2931:Greece
2919:France
2909:Brazil
2755:Persia
2698:Serbia
2522:
2502:
2472:
2453:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2369:
2343:
2319:
2295:
2219:
2211:
2191:Theses
2179:
2160:
2140:
2118:
2099:
2073:
2052:
2033:
2007:
1981:
1667:Wagner
1199:, the
1097:. Two
1091:France
1087:German
1075:German
1031:Sambre
986:Amiens
854:Verdun
684:Ătreux
630:Dinant
211:
196:France
193:
178:
164:
128:Result
4653:Other
4446:Japan
4441:Italy
4268:camps
4112:Rugby
3662:]
2941:Japan
2936:Italy
2914:China
2808:North
2287:[
2274:Books
2217:EThOS
2082:4 May
1962:Books
1653:Notes
1642:Serre
1476:Irles
1464:Ancre
1423:Noyon
1415:Lille
1115:Noyon
1107:Arras
1085:of a
898:Arras
881:Ancre
635:Namur
625:LiĂšge
522:Irles
4233:POWs
3552:1918
3454:1917
3380:1916
3281:1915
3185:1914
2990:Siam
2793:East
2531:2013
2520:OCLC
2500:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2354:2014
2341:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2304:2013
2293:OCLC
2260:2009
2228:2013
2209:OCLC
2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2138:OCLC
2116:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2084:2015
2071:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2027:HMSO
2005:ISBN
1992:2020
1979:ISBN
1613:and
1442:and
1417:and
1405:and
1109:and
941:1918
903:Vimy
875:1917
808:1916
792:Loos
749:1915
726:Yser
662:Mons
609:1914
487:1917
403:Date
341:Type
80:Date
1665:In
1549:GAN
1407:7th
1403:6th
1399:2nd
1131:).
4715::
3660:It
2498:.
2449:.
2445::
2441:.
2246:.
2215:.
2203:.
2029:.
1677:,
1551:,
1401:,
1331:,
1117:.
1077::
4084:/
2589:e
2582:t
2575:v
2533:.
2508:.
2478:.
2459:.
2432:.
2413:.
2394:.
2375:.
2356:.
2325:.
2262:.
2230:.
2185:.
2166:.
2144:.
2124:.
2105:.
2086:.
2058:.
2039:.
2013:.
1994:.
1877:.
1547:(
1348:(
1321:(
1211:(
1073:(
590:e
583:t
576:v
475:e
468:t
461:v
438:)
432:(
420:)
412:)
20:)
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