Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein

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highly trained, cannot grasp the universe. We are in the position of a little child, entering a huge library whose walls are covered to the ceiling with books in many different tongues. The child knows that someone must have written those books. It does not know who or how. It does not understand the languages in which they are written. The child notes a definite plan in the arrangement of the books, a mysterious order, which it does not comprehend, but only dimly suspects. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of the human mind, even the greatest and most cultured, toward God. We see a universe marvelously arranged, obeying certain laws, but we understand the laws only dimly. Our limited minds cannot grasp the mysterious force that sways the constellations. I am fascinated by Spinoza's Pantheism. I admire even more his contributions to modern thought. Spinoza is the greatest of modern philosophers, because he is the first philosopher who deals with the soul and the body as one, not as two separate things.

626:, Einstein immensely enjoyed the Catholic religion courses which he received at the school. The teachers at his school were liberal and generally made no distinction among students' religions, though some harbored an innate but mild antisemitism. Einstein later recalled an incident involving a teacher who particularly liked him, "One day that teacher brought a long nail to the lesson and told the students that with such nails Christ had been nailed to the Cross by the Jews" and that "Among the children at the elementary school anti-Semitism was prevalent...Physical attacks and insults on the way home from school were frequent, but for the most part not too vicious." Einstein noted, "That was at a Catholic school; how much worse the antisemitism must be in other Prussian schools, one can only imagine." He would later in life recall that "The religion of the fathers, as I encountered it in Munich during religious instruction and in the synagogue, repelled rather than attracted me." 723:"But what makes me shudder is that the Catholic Church is silent. One doesn't need to be a prophet to say, 'The Catholic Church will pay for this silence...I do not say that the unspeakable crimes of the Church for 2,000 years had always the blessing of the Vatican, but it vaccinated its believers with the idea: We have the true God, and the Jews have crucified Him.' The Church sowed hate instead of love, though the ten commandments state: Thou shalt not kill" (August 1943). "With a few exceptions, the Roman Catholic Church has stressed the value of dogma and ritual, conveying the idea theirs is the only way to reach heaven. I don't need to go to Church to hear if I'm good or bad; my heart tells me this" (August 1943). "I don't like to implant in youth the Church's doctrine of a personal God, because that Church has behaved so inhumanly in the past 2,000 years... Consider the hate the Church manifested against the Jews and then against the 939:

consciousness is perhaps the foremost task of education. The foundation of morality should not be made dependent on myth nor tied to any authority lest doubt about the myth or about the legitimacy of the authority imperil the foundation of sound judgment and action." "I do not believe that a man should be restrained in his daily actions by being afraid of punishment after death or that he should do things only because in this way he will be rewarded after he dies. This does not make sense. The proper guidance during the life of a man should be the weight that he puts upon ethics and the amount of consideration that he has for others." "I cannot conceive of a personal God who would directly influence the actions of individuals, or would directly sit in judgment on creatures of his own creation. I cannot do this in spite of the fact that mechanistic

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body, although feeble souls harbor such thoughts through fear or ridiculous egotisms." "A God who rewards and punishes is inconceivable to him for the simple reason that a man's actions are determined by necessity, external and internal, so that in God's eyes he cannot be responsible, any more than an inanimate object is responsible for the motions it undergoes. Science has therefore been charged with undermining morality, but the charge is unjust. A man's ethical behavior should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hopes of reward after death. It is therefore easy to see why the churches have always fought science and persecuted its devotees."

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human beings and which stands before us like a great, eternal riddle, at least partially accessible to our inspection and thinking. The contemplation of this world beckoned as a liberation, and I soon noticed that many a man whom I had learned to esteem and to admire had found inner freedom and security in its pursuit. The mental grasp of this extra-personal world within the frame of our capabilities presented itself to my mind, half consciously, half unconsciously, as a supreme goal. Similarly motivated men of the present and of the past, as well as the insights they had achieved, were the friends who could not be lost. The road to this paradise was not as comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has shown itself reliable, and I have never regretted having chosen it.

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to a supernatural being. However, it must be admitted that our actual knowledge of these laws is only imperfect and fragmentary, so that, actually, the belief in the existence of basic all-embracing laws in nature also rests on a sort of faith. All the same this faith has been largely justified so far by the success of scientific research. But, on the other hand, everyone who is seriously involved in the pursuit of science becomes convinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of the universe—a spirit vastly superior to that of man, and one in the face of which we with our modest powers must feel humble. In this way the pursuit of science leads to a religious feeling of a special sort, which is indeed quite different from the religiosity of someone more naive.”

487:, and held that cosmic religion was necessary for science. For Einstein, "science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind." He told William Hermanns in an interview that "God is a mystery. But a comprehensible mystery. I have nothing but awe when I observe the laws of nature. There are not laws without a lawgiver, but how does this lawgiver look? Certainly not like a man magnified." He added with a smile "some centuries ago I would have been burned or hanged. Nonetheless, I would have been in good company." Einstein devised a theology for the cosmic religion, wherein the rational discovery of the secrets of nature is a religious act. His religion and his philosophy were integral parts of the same package as his scientific discoveries. 372:, particularly as it pertained to a system of everlasting reward and punishment. In a 1915 letter to the Swiss physicist Edgar Meyer, Einstein wrote, "I see only with deep regret that God punishes so many of His children for their numerous stupidities, for which only He Himself can be held responsible; in my opinion, only His nonexistence could excuse Him." He also stated, "I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the objects of his creation, whose purposes are modeled after our own — a God, in short, who is but a reflection of human frailty. Neither can I believe that the individual survives the death of his body, although feeble souls harbor such thoughts through fear or ridiculous egotisms." 720:. Hasn't Hitler promised to smash the Bolsheviks in Russia? The Church will bless its Catholic soldiers to march alongside the Nazis" (March 1930). "I predict that the Vatican will support Hitler if he comes to power. The Church since Constantine has always favoured the authoritarian State, as long as the State allows the Church to baptize and instruct the masses" (March 1930). "So often in history the Jews have been the instigators of justice and reform whether in Spain, Germany or Russia. But no sooner have they done their job than their 'friends', often blessed by the Church, spit in their faces" (August 1943). 694:

in Germany I had an oral conversation with a newspaper man about these matters. Since then my remarks have been elaborated and exaggerated nearly beyond recognition. I cannot in good conscience write down the statement you sent me as my own. The matter is all the more embarrassing to me because I, like yourself, I am predominantly critical concerning the activities, and especially the political activities, through history of the official clergy. Thus, my former statement, even if reduced to my actual words (which I do not remember in detail) gives a wrong impression of my general attitude."

357:(1935), "I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls. Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvellous structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavour to comprehend a portion, be it ever so tiny, of the reason that manifests itself in nature." 187:, a discussion of the relationship between Jewish revelation and the modern world. On January 3, 1954, Einstein sent the following reply to Gutkind: "The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honourable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. .... For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions." In 2018 his letter to Gutkind was sold for $ 2.9 million. 1117:'s scientific work, though not his philosophical work. He said "Mach was as good a scholar of mechanics as he was a deplorable philosopher". However, Einstein's early epistemological views were deeply influenced by Mach. In his "Autobiographical Notes," he writes: "I see Mach's greatness in his incorruptible skepticism and independence; in my younger years, however, Mach's epistemological position also influenced me very greatly, a position which today appears to me to be essentially untenable." 3145:, as virtually an axiom for any future fundamental physics. ... Schopenhauer stressed the essential structuring role of space and time in individuating physical systems and their evolving states. This view implies that difference of location suffices to make two systems different in the sense that each has its own real physical state, independent of the state of the other. For Schopenhauer, the mutual independence of spatially separated systems was a necessary a priori truth. 338:, 3 January 1954, a year and three and a half months before his death, wrote: "The word God is for me nothing but the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of venerable but still rather primitive legends. No interpretation, no matter how subtle, can (for me) change anything about this. For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstition. I cannot see anything 'chosen' about them ." 1076:

Hume's clear message seems crushing: the sensory raw material, the only source of our knowledge, through habit may lead us to belief and expectation but not to the knowledge and still less to the understanding of lawful relations. Then Kant took the stage with an idea which, though certainly untenable in the form in which he put it, signified a step towards the solution of Hume's dilemma: if we have definitely assured knowledge, it must be grounded in reason itself.

211:(1954) Einstein stated, "In their struggle for the ethical good, teachers of religion must have the stature to give up the doctrine of a personal God, that is, give up that source of fear and hope which in the past placed such vast power in the hands of priests." In December 1922 Einstein said the following on the idea of a saviour, "Denominational traditions I can only consider historically and psychologically; they have no other significance for me. 3954: 1936:"Das Wort Gott ist für mich nichts als Ausdruck und Produkt menschlicher Schwächen, die Bibel eine Sammlung ehrwürdiger aber doch reichlich primitiver Legenden. Keine noch so feinsinnige Auslegung kann (für mich) etwas daran ändern. Für mich ist die unverfälschte jüdische Religion wie alle anderen Religionen eine Incarnation des primitiven Aberglaubens. kann ich nichts „Auserwähltes“ an ihm wahrnehmen." 1138: 445:, Einstein expanded on his religiosity, "A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms — it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude; in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man." 893:

instinctual needs. Whereas Einstein accepts that the gratification of basic needs is a legitimate and indispensable goal, he regards it nevertheless as an elementary goal. The transition of the human mind from its initial and infantile state of disconnectedness (selfishness) to a state of unity with the universe, according to Einstein, requires the exercise of four types of

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group the Jews are not merely a means for turning the resentment of the people away from themselves, the oppressors; they see the Jews as a nonassimilable element that cannot be driven into uncritical acceptance of dogma, and that, therefore as long as it exists at all—threatens their authority because of its insistence on popular enlightenment of the masses.”

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saw science as an antagonist of the first two styles of religious belief, but as a partner in the third. He maintained, "even though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other" there are "strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies" as aspirations for truth derive from the religious sphere. He continued:

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that what is impenetrable to us really exists, manifesting itself as the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty, which our dull faculties can comprehend only in their most primitive forms—this knowledge, this feeling, is at the center of true religiousness. In this sense, and in this sense only, I belong to the rank of devoutly religious men."

1152: 172:, often describing this view as "naïve" and "childlike". In a 1947 letter he stated that "It seems to me that the idea of a personal God is an anthropological concept which I cannot take seriously." In a letter to Beatrice Frohlich on 17 December 1952, Einstein stated, "The idea of a personal God is quite alien to me and seems even naïve." 849:, but I hope that someone will discover a more realistic way, or rather a more tangible basis than it has been my lot to find. Even the great initial success of the quantum theory does not make me believe in the fundamental dice game, although I am well aware that some of our younger colleagues interpret this as a consequence of senility. 315:, Einstein was more inclined to denigrate atheists than religious people. Einstein said in correspondence, "he fanatical atheists...are like slaves who are still feeling the weight of their chains which they have thrown off after hard struggle. They are creatures who—in their grudge against the traditional ' 1034:; in 1944 he said "If one reads Hume’s books, one is amazed that many and sometimes even highly esteemed philosophers after him have been able to write so much obscure stuff and even find grateful readers for it. Hume has permanently influenced the development of the best philosophers who came after him." 1088:

views on the independence of spatially separated systems influenced Einstein, who called him a genius. In their view it was a necessary assumption that the mere difference in location suffices to make two systems different, with each having its own real physical state, independent of the state of the

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When asked for more precise responses in 1954, Einstein replied: "About God, I cannot accept any concept based on the authority of the Church. As long as I can remember, I have resented mass indoctrination. I do not believe in the fear of life, in the fear of death, in blind faith. I cannot prove to

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Einstein characterized himself as "devoutly religious" in the following sense, "The most beautiful emotion we can experience is the mystical. It is the power of all true art and science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead. To know

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Scientific research is based on the idea that everything that takes place is determined by laws of nature, and therefore this holds for the actions of people. For this reason, a research scientist will hardly be inclined to believe that events could be influenced by a prayer, i.e. by a wish addressed

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who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings". Einstein believed the problem of God was the "most difficult in the world"—a question that could not be answered "simply with yes or no". He conceded that "the problem

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as a teenager. However Philip Stamp states that this is contradicted by some of his own claims. In 1949, Einstein said that he "did not grow up in the Kantian tradition, but came to understand the truly valuable which is to be found in his doctrine, alongside of errors which today are quite obvious,

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In a conversation with Ugo Onufri in 1955, with regards to nature's purpose he said, "I have never imputed to Nature a purpose or goal, or anything that could be understood as anthropomorphic." In a 1947 letter he stated, "I feel also not able to imagine some will or goal outside the human sphere."

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Einstein's conversations with William Hermanns were recorded over a 34-year correspondence. In the conversations Einstein makes various statements about the Christian Churches in general and the Catholic Church in particular: "When you learn the history of the Catholic Church, you wouldn't trust the

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he expressed his belief that "if one purges the Judaism of the Prophets and Christianity as Jesus Christ taught it of all subsequent additions, especially those of the priests, one is left with a teaching which is capable of curing all the social ills of humanity." Later in a 1943 interview Einstein

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In 1938, Einstein discussed “the hatred of the Jews by those who shun popular enlightenment. More than anything else in the world, they fear the influence of men of intellectual independence. I see in this the essential cause for the savage hatred of Jews raging in present-day Germany. To the Nazi

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to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people. As far as my experience goes, they are also no better than other human groups, although they are protected from the worst cancers by a lack of power. Otherwise I cannot see

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A person who is religiously enlightened appears to me to be one who has, to the best of his ability, liberated himself from the fetters of his selfish desires and is preoccupied with thoughts, feelings and aspirations to which he clings because of their super-personal value. It seems to me that what

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priest had caused Einstein to convert from atheism. Einstein replied, "I have never talked to a Jesuit priest in my life and I am astonished by the audacity to tell such lies about me. From the viewpoint of a Jesuit priest I am, of course, and have always been an atheist. ... It is always misleading

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It is quite clear to me that the religious paradise of youth, which was thus lost, was a first attempt to free myself from the chains of the 'merely personal,' from an existence dominated by wishes, hopes, and primitive feelings. Out yonder there was this huge world, which exists independently of us

1585:"Das Wort Gott ist für mich nichts als Ausdruck und Produkt menschlicher Schwächen, die Bibel eine Sammlung ehrwürdiger aber doch reichlich primitiver Legenden.... Für mich ist die unverfälschte jüdische Religion wie alle anderen Religionen eine Incarnation des primitiven Aberglaubens." Transcribed 892:

And yet, Einstein maintains that whether or not a particular human life is meaningful depends on how the individual conceives of his or her own life with respect to the lives of fellow human beings. A primitive human being in this regard is one whose life is entirely devoted to the gratification of

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with Hitler. Since when can one make a pact with Christ and Satan at the same time?" (August 1943). "The Church has always sold itself to those in power, and agreed to any bargain in return for immunity." (August 1943) "If I were allowed to give advice to the Churches," Einstein continued, "I would

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On 11 November 1950 the Rev. Cornelius Greenway of Brooklyn wrote a letter to Einstein which had also quoted his alleged remarks about the Church. Einstein responded, "I am, however, a little embarrassed. The wording of the statement you have quoted is not my own. Shortly after Hitler came to power

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It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration

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coupled with the impression that youth is intentionally being deceived by the state through lies; it was a crushing impression. Mistrust of every kind of authority grew out of this experience, a skeptical attitude toward the convictions that were alive in any specific social environment—an attitude

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of our human aspirations." All the aspirations "exist in a healthy society as powerful traditions" which "come into being not through demonstration but through revelation, through the medium of powerful personalities. One must not attempt to justify them, but rather to sense their nature simply and

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Einstein explained his view on the relationship between science, philosophy and religion in his lectures of 1939 and 1941: "Science can only be created by those who are thoroughly imbued with the aspiration towards truth and understanding. This source of feeling, however, springs from the sphere of

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With regard to punishment by God, Einstein stated, "I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the objects of his creation, whose purposes are modeled after our own — a God, in short, who is but a reflection of human frailty. Neither can I believe that the individual survives the death of his

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found that the statement was mentioned in an unpublished letter from 1947. In the letter to Count Montgelas, Einstein explained that the original comment was a casual one made to a journalist regarding the support of "a few churchmen" for individual rights and intellectual freedom during the early

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An understanding of causality was fundamental to Einstein's ethical beliefs. In Einstein's view, "the doctrine of a personal God interfering with natural events could never be refuted, in the real sense, by science," for religion can always take refuge in areas that science can not yet explain. It

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clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals and constantly to strengthen and extend their effect. If one conceives of religion and science according to these definitions then a conflict between them appears impossible. For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be...

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concept of God. The third style, which Einstein deemed most mature, originates in a deep sense of awe and mystery. He said, the individual feels "the sublimity and marvelous order which reveal themselves in nature ... and he wants to experience the universe as a single significant whole." Einstein

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Einstein stated, "My views are near those of Spinoza: admiration for the beauty of and belief in the logical simplicity of the order which we can grasp humbly and only imperfectly. I believe that we have to content ourselves with our imperfect knowledge and understanding and treat values and moral

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Your question is the most difficult in the world. It is not a question I can answer simply with yes or no. I am not an Atheist. I do not know if I can define myself as a Pantheist. The problem involved is too vast for our limited minds. May I not reply with a parable? The human mind, no matter how

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Hume saw that concepts which we must regard as essential, such as, for example, causal connection, cannot be gained from material given to us by the senses. This insight led him to a sceptical attitude as concerns knowledge of any kind. Man has an intense desire for assured knowledge. That is why

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I do not believe in free will. Schopenhauer's words: 'Man can do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wills,' accompany me in all situations throughout my life and reconcile me with the actions of others, even if they are rather painful to me. This awareness of the lack of free will keeps me

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as religious personalities. Accordingly a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance of those super-personal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation ... In this sense religion is the age-old endeavor of mankind to become

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pastor sent Einstein a letter asking if he had felt assured about attaining everlasting life with the Creator. Einstein replied, "I do not believe in immortality of the individual, and I consider ethics to be an exclusively human concern with no superhuman authority behind it." This sentiment was

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Only the Church stood squarely across the path of Hitler's campaign for suppressing truth. I never had any special interest in the Church before, but now I feel a great affection and admiration because the Church alone has had the courage and persistence to stand for intellectual truth and moral

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but he was not anti-semitic. And like Einstein he was a pacifist. At the time of the interview Einstein was informed that Viereck was not Jewish, but stated that Viereck had "the psychic adaptability of the Jew," making it possible for Einstein to talk to him "without barrier." Viereck began by

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Einstein considered that Kant’s "denial of the objectivity of space can (...) hardly be taken seriously". He also believed that "if Kant had known what is known to us today of the natural order, I am certain that he would have fundamentally revised his philosophical conclusions. Kant built his

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Einstein acknowledged however that positivist thinkers, such as Ernst Mach, had a deep influence on him in his early years. Regarding relativity theory, he writes: "the whole direction of thought of this theory conforms with Mach's..." After Mach's positivism proved itself unfruitful in theory

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Scientific research can reduce superstition by encouraging people to think and view things in terms of cause and effect. Certain it is that a conviction, akin to religious feeling, of the rationality and intelligibility of the world lies behind all scientific work of a higher order. This firm

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On the importance of ethics he wrote, "The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life. To make this a living force and bring it to clear

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Einstein spoke about his reasons for using the word "religious" to describe his spiritual feelings, "I can understand your aversion to the use of the term 'religion' to describe an emotional and psychological attitude which shows itself most clearly in Spinoza. (But) I have not found a better

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and Schopenhauer. Einstein described, concerning the personal importance of Schopenhauer for him, Schopenhauer's words as "a continual consolation in the face of life’s hardships, my own and others’, and an unfailing wellspring of tolerance." Although Schopenhauer's works are known for their

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you that there is no personal God, but if I were to speak of him, I would be a liar. I do not believe in the God of theology who rewards good and punishes evil. My God created laws that take care of that. His universe is not ruled by wishful thinking but by immutable laws." William Miller of

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added, "Dr. Einstein didn't mean only the Catholic church, but all churches." When the convert mentioned that family members had been gassed by the Nazis, Einstein replied that "he also felt guilty—adding that the whole Church, beginning with the Vatican, should feel guilt." (September 1948)

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really seriously. He has no use for the religion of fear and equally little for social or moral religion. A God who rewards and punishes is inconceivable to him for the simple reason that a man's actions are determined by necessity, external and internal, so that in God's eyes he cannot be

69:, or a "religious nonbeliever." In other interviews, he stated that he thought that there is a "lawgiver" who sets the laws of the universe. Einstein also stated he did not believe in life after death, adding "one life is enough for me." He was closely involved in his lifetime with several 2630: 943:

has, to a certain extent, been placed in doubt by modern science. My religiosity consists in a humble admiration of the infinitely superior spirit that reveals itself in the little that we, with our weak and transitory understanding, can comprehend of reality. Morality is of the highest

921:, he stated that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity." He was an honorary associate of the British humanist organization the 36: 861:, one of his lifelong friends. Einstein wrote to the family: "Now he has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me. That signifies nothing. For us believing physicists the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion." 436:

was Einstein's belief that in the "struggle for the ethical good, teachers of religion must have the stature to give up the doctrine of a personal God, that is, give up that source of fear and hope" and cultivate the "Good, the True, and the Beautiful in humanity itself."

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In December 1952, he commented on what inspires his religiosity, "My feeling is religious insofar as I am imbued with the insufficiency of the human mind to understand more deeply the harmony of the universe which we try to formulate as 'laws of nature.'" In a letter to

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Einstein expressed his admiration for the Ancient Greek philosophers, pointing out that he had been far more interested in them than in science. He also noted; "The more I read the Greeks, the more I realize that nothing like them has ever appeared in the world since.”

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In response to a Catholic convert who asked "Didn't you state that the Church was the only opponent of Communism?" Einstein replied, "I don't have to emphasise that the Church at last became a strong opponent of National Socialism, as well." Einstein's secretary

135:... I came—though the child of entirely irreligious (Jewish) parents—to a deep religiousness, which, however, reached an abrupt end at the age of twelve. Through the reading of popular scientific books I soon reached the conviction that much in the stories of the 482:

in 1955. The belief system recognized a "miraculous order which manifests itself in all of nature as well as in the world of ideas," devoid of a personal God who rewards and punishes individuals based on their behavior. It rejected a conflict between

293:, Einstein said, "In view of such harmony in the cosmos which I, with my limited human mind, am able to recognize, there are yet people who say there is no God. But what really makes me angry is that they quote me for the support of such views." 308:. I am convinced that a vivid consciousness of the primary importance of moral principles for the betterment and ennoblement of life does not need the idea of a law-giver, especially a law-giver who works on the basis of reward and punishment." 3025:

Einstein, Albert (1973). Albert Einstein to Armin Weiner, September 18, 1930, unpublished letter from the Archives of the Burndy Library in Norwalk, Connecticut, cited by Holton, Gerald J. "Where is Reality? The Answers of Einstein." In

383:. Einstein stated, "The man who is thoroughly convinced of the universal operation of the law of causation cannot for a moment entertain the idea of a being who interferes in the course of events — that is, if he takes the hypothesis of 538:, to which Einstein replied "We Jews have been too eager to sacrifice our idiosyncrasies in order to conform." Einstein was then asked to what extent he was influenced by Christianity. "As a child I received instruction both in the 301:

to use anthropomorphical concepts in dealing with things outside the human sphere—childish analogies. We have to admire in humility the beautiful harmony of the structure of this world—as far as we can grasp it, and that is all."

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of religious indoctrination received in youth. I prefer an attitude of humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual understanding of nature and of our own being." In an interview published by the German poet

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From Schopenhauer he had learned to regard the independence of spatially separated systems as, virtually, a necessary a priori assumption ... Einstein regarded his separation principle, descended from Schopenhauer's

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belief, a belief bound up with a deep feeling, in a superior mind that reveals itself in the world of experience, represents my conception of God. In common parlance this may be described as "pantheistic" (Spinoza).

614:. He also received Jewish religious education at home, but he did not see a division between the two faiths, as he perceived the "sameness of all religions". Einstein was equally impressed by the stories of the 821:

and science "are dependent upon each other. Epistemology without contact with science becomes an empty scheme. Science without epistemology is—insofar as it is thinkable at all—primitive and muddled."

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are useful in determining truth. Einstein maintained that people validly use certain ideas and values, such as intuition or religious faith, which cannot be proven with direct observation or logic.

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From a young age he had an interest in philosophy. Einstein said about himself: "As a young man I preferred books whose content concerned a whole world view and, in particular, philosophical ones.

256:, who reveals himself in the harmony of all that exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fate and the doings of mankind." He expanded on this in answers he gave to the Japanese magazine 707:

magazine's quotation of him. However, Einstein continued, "I made this statement during the first years of the Nazi regime—much earlier than 1940—and my expressions were a little more moderate."

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television program aired a manuscript expert, Catherine Williamson, authenticating a 1943 letter from Einstein in which he confirms that he "made a statement which corresponds approximately" to

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is important is the force of this superpersonal content ... regardless of whether any attempt is made to unite this content with a Divine Being, for otherwise it would not be possible to count

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asking Einstein if he considered himself a German or a Jew, to which Einstein responded, "It's possible to be both." Viereck moved along in the interview to ask Einstein if Jews should try to

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causes fear, and the fearful invent supernatural beings analogous to themselves. The desire for love and support create a social and moral need for a supreme being; both these styles have an

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as referring to the best people. "I have always believed that Jesus meant by the Kingdom of God the small group scattered all through time of intellectually and ethically valuable people."

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here, among other things, and I am beginning to comprehend the enormous suggestive power that emanated from the fellow, and still does. Once you concede to him merely the existence of

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is a childlike one. You may call me an agnostic, but I do not share the crusading spirit of the professional atheist whose fervor is mostly due to a painful act of liberation from the

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You believe in a God who plays dice, and I in complete law and order in a world which objectively exists, and which I in a wildly speculative way, am trying to capture. I firmly

3869: 323:." Although he did not believe in a personal God, he indicated that he would never seek to combat such belief because "such a belief seems to me preferable to the lack of any 735:, the tacit consent of Hitler's actions while the Jews and the Poles dug their own graves and were slaughtered. And Hitler is said to have been an altar boy!" (August 1943). 1105:

remembered, "He often sat with one of the well-worn Schopenhauer volumes, and as he sat there, he seemed so pleased, as if he were engaged with a serene and cheerful work."

198:. Dispentiere had declared himself an atheist and was disappointed by a news report which had cast Einstein as conventionally religious. Einstein replied on 24 March 1954: 3480: 3184:

A Peek behind the Veil of Maya: Einstein, Schopenhauer, and the Historical Background of the Conception of Space as a Ground for the Individuation of Physical Systems

2661:

A Peek behind the Veil of Maya: Einstein, Schopenhauer, and the Historical Background of the Conception of Space as a Ground for the Individuation of Physical Systems

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development, he considered that positivism was still useful, commenting that: "It cannot give birth to anything living, it can only exterminate harmful vermin."

634: 1494: 833:

who believed that human behavior was completely determined by causal laws. For that reason, he refused the chance aspect of quantum theory, famously telling

3282: 1956: 577:." Einstein lamented, "Sometimes I think it would have been better if Jesus had never lived. No name was so abused for the sake of power!" In his 1934 book 3425: 3899: 4000: 3455: 3315: 484: 74: 3939: 1805: 1068:, you are trapped. Anyway it is nice to read him, even if it is not as good as his predecessor Hume's work. Hume also had a far sounder instinct." 641:

of the origins of the cosmos and pioneer in applying Einstein's theory of general relativity to cosmology. Einstein proposed Lemaitre for the 1934

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Einstein stressed that, "I seriously doubt that Jesus himself said that he was God, for he was too much a Jew to violate that great commandment:

448:

In 1936 Einstein received a letter from a young girl in the sixth grade. She had asked him, with the encouragement of her teacher, if scientists

471:

expression than 'religious' for the trust in the rational nature of reality that is, at least to a certain extent, accessible to human reason."

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added, "It is quite possible that we can do greater things than Jesus, for what is written in the Bible about him is poetically embellished."

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tell them to begin with a conversion among themselves, and to stop playing power politics. Consider what mass misery they have produced in

61:

who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve. He clarified, however, that, "I am not an

276:

Einstein said people could call him an agnostic rather than an atheist, stating: "I have repeatedly said that in my opinion the idea of a

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that humans observe the qualities objects have on them (greenness, coldness, hardness, etc.) and not the actual objects themselves.

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Einstein believed that when trying to understand nature one should engage in both philosophical enquiry and enquiry through the

110:

clearly. The highest principles for our aspirations and judgments are given to us in the Jewish-Christian religious tradition."

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who was present at this meeting described Einstein as looking like a "living saint" and speaking with "angelic indifference."

4005: 864:

Einstein had admitted to a fascination with philosopher Spinoza's deterministic version of pantheism. American philosopher

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that has never again left me, even though, later on, it has been tempered by a better insight into the causal connections.

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Einstein, A. (1950). Out of my later years. Philosophical library, Inc. Chapter 47. Why do they hate the jews?, p 229

1590: 3521: 2291: 578: 441: 353: 3430: 3355: 2691: 3678: 3637: 398: 3581: 3420: 1485: 986:, a philosophical system that declares that only those statements that are verifiable through direct observation or 402:

about his beliefs. With the title "Religion and Science," Einstein distinguished three human impulses which develop

3605: 2232: 1854: 169: 3460: 3440: 3513: 888:

from taking myself and my fellow men too seriously as acting and deciding individuals, and from losing my temper.

1662: 876:" to distinguish the views of those who hold similar positions to Spinoza's deterministic version of pantheism. 219:

Einstein had explored the idea that humans could not understand the nature of God. In an interview published in

190:

On 22 March 1954, Einstein received a letter from Joseph Dispentiere, an Italian immigrant who had worked as an

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Albert Einstein's "God Letter" fetches US $ 2,400,000 at Christie's New York auction house on 4 December 2018

1945:

Albert Einstein's "God Letter" fetches US $ 2,400,000 at Christie's New York auction house on 4 December 2018

3914: 1489: 1003: 566: 369: 2704: 1572: 1557: 3846: 3754: 3726: 3629: 3488: 3259: 3253:

The Reason for Life: What They Believe: Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy

717: 619: 3015:. Vol. V, ”The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell”. ”Remarks on Bertrand Russell’s Theory of Knowledge”. 3919: 3879: 3719: 3668: 3663: 3589: 3400: 3380: 3370: 678: 335: 93: 54: 2429: 610:

had been closed in 1872 for want of students, and in the absence of an alternative Einstein attended a

17: 3798: 3747: 3740: 3693: 3365: 3338: 3115: 1054:, Einstein said that he was starting to discover this "truly valuable" in Kant: "I am reading Kant's 551: 249: 161: 3234: 2811:

THE REASON FOR LIFE: According to Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy

1097: 1085: 987: 940: 873: 732: 630: 535: 316: 1293: 3761: 3645: 3465: 3348: 3343: 3078: 2985: 1636: 1061: 865: 320: 304:

In a 1950 letter to M. Berkowitz, Einstein stated that "My position concerning God is that of an

3621: 388:

responsible, any more than an inanimate object is responsible for the motions it goes through."

1422: 406:: fear, social or moral concerns, and a cosmic religious feeling. A primitive understanding of 3852: 3162: 2971: 2900: 2882: 2758: 2726: 2636: 2601: 2589: 2574: 2308: 2287: 2220: 2140: 2128: 2104: 2021: 1925: 1821: 1797: 1779: 1631: 1452: 1335: 1311: 1290: 1271: 1227: 1221: 1197: 1157: 699: 690:

rule of Hitler and that, according to Einstein, the comment had been drastically exaggerated.

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Einstein, Albert; Besso, Michele (1979). Albert Einstein to Michele Besso, May 13, 1917. In

2065: 1989: 1617:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 342, cites Einstein Archives 33-337. 1191: 1102: 971: 967: 906: 897:: freedom from self, freedom of expression, freedom from time, and freedom of independence. 811: 739: 547: 467: 403: 297: 176: 165: 70: 3267: 1586: 1575: 3840: 3822: 3772: 3537: 3445: 3390: 3360: 3324: 2997: 2493: 1582: 1143: 1093: 1042:

Some sources maintain that Einstein read the three Critiques at the age of 16 and studied

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freedom. I am forced thus to confess that what I once despised I now praise unreservedly.

3215:(Third edition ed.). Library of Living Philosophers 7. La Salle, Ill: Open Court. p. 11. 3119: 2795: 1900: 1792: 1538: 529:, Einstein spoke of his feelings about Christianity. Born in Germany, Viereck supported 35: 3597: 3375: 642: 588: 474:

Einstein frequently referred to his belief system as "cosmic religion" and authored an

426: 422: 253: 1692: 330:

Einstein, in a one-and-a-half-page hand-written German-language letter to philosopher

227:(1930), Einstein responded to a question about whether or not he defined himself as a 3974: 3816: 3786: 3673: 3082: 1043: 931:

magazine, was famously seen at the top of his reading pile at the time of his death.

858: 778: 756: 743: 570: 509: 1464: 296:

In 1945 Guy Raner, Jr. wrote a letter to Einstein, asking him if it was true that a

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Translated with Notes and an Introduction by Pierre Speziali. Paris: Hermann. p. 68

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Einstein, Albert (1970). "Autobiographical Notes". In Schilpp, Paul Arthur (ed.).

2849: 2781:" where, "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions." 1558:"Childish superstition: Einstein's letter makes view of religion relatively clear" 3138:– via University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage. 2895: 2094: 868:, in seeking to distinguish deterministic views with his own belief of free will 241:

obligations as a purely human problem—the most important of all human problems."

3929: 3613: 3435: 1850: 1742: 1017:. Now that the foundation has been undermined, the structure no longer stands." 869: 854: 830: 768: 376: 305: 140: 119: 66: 2837:

The Gathering of Infidels: A Hundred Years of the Rationalist Press Association

2771:

Searching for an Adequate God: A Dialogue Between Process and Free Will Theists

1137: 3934: 3273: 3074: 2497: 1133: 1114: 1031: 983: 834: 629:

Einstein met several times and collaborated with the Belgian priest scientist

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like all others is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the

195: 2096:

Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture

857:

was illustrated in a letter of condolence responding to news of the death of

562:. His personality pulsates in every word. No myth is filled with such life." 2451: 837:: "God does not play dice with the universe." In letters sent to physicist 799: 686: 407: 384: 380: 361: 228: 191: 89: 2018:

Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism

1765:

G. S. Viereck, Glimpses of the Great (Macauley, New York, 1930) p. 372-373.

3058: 375:

Part of Einstein's tension with the Abrahamic afterlife was his belief in

130:, Einstein wrote that he had gradually lost his faith early in childhood: 88:

himself stated "I'm not an atheist, and I don't think I can call myself a

1666: 1051: 838: 728: 258: 3030:, pp. 55. Edited by UNESCO. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1971. Reprinted in 1601:

Copies of this letter are also located in the Albert Einstein Archives:

3277: 724: 594:

In the last year of his life he said "If I were not a Jew I would be a

500: 347: 281: 62: 3128: 2778: 2755:

E = Einstein: His Life, His Thought, and His Influence on Our Culture

1670: 1071:

Einstein explained the significance of Kant's philosophy as follows:

760: 738:"Yes" Einstein replied vehemently, "It is indeed human, as proved by 659: 607: 595: 555: 543: 530: 475: 449: 365: 123: 1663:"Does God Exist? Einstein's 'God Letter' Does, And It's Up For Sale" 139:

could not be true. The consequence was a positively fanatic orgy of

1525:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 217. Einstein Archives 203:

for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.

118:

Einstein was raised by secular Jewish parents and attended a local

3293: 2163:

Don Howard, Lesson no. 22, "Cosmic Religion and Jewish Identity",

2093:

Galison, Peter; Holton, Gerald James; Schweber, Silvan S. (2008).

795: 752: 559: 539: 136: 34: 2966:

Einstein, Albert; Dyson, Freeman (2010). Calaprice, Alice (ed.).

3283:"Einstein's "I don't believe in God" letter has sold on eBay..." 2215:

Goldsmith, Maurice, Alan Mackay, James Woudhuysen, eds. (2013).

2123:

Goldsmith, Maurice, Alan Mackay, James Woudhuysen, eds. (2013).

1957:"Einstein's "I don't believe in God" letter has sold on eBay..." 504: 3297: 673:

The quotation has since been repeatedly cited by defenders of

3261:

Einstein on Cosmic Religion and Other Opinions and Aphorisms

2099:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 1220:

Einstein, Albert (11 October 2010). Calaprice, Alice (ed.).

554:, to which he replied, "Unquestionably! No one can read the 546:. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure of 499:

dated 3 January 1954, Einstein wrote in German, "For me the

478:

article on the subject in 1954, which later became his book

1486:"Einstein's God: Just What Did Einstein Believe About God?" 1092:

In Einstein's Berlin study three figures hung on the wall:

77:, and held that cosmic religion was necessary for science. 3032:

Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein

2004:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 201. 853:

Einstein's emphasis on 'belief' and how it connected with

2839:, Prometheus Books, New York. ISBN 978-1591021964. p138. 841:, Einstein revealed his belief in causal relationships: 452:. Einstein replied in the most elementary way he could: 3268:

The Genius of Einstein: The Science, His Brain, the Man

1009:

structure upon the foundations of the world outlook of

396:

In 1930 Einstein published a widely discussed essay in

289:, Einstein stated, "I am not an Atheist." According to 105:

does not open the door directly to… what should be the

2711:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2019. 3566:

Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie

3011:

Albert, Einstein (1944). Schilpp, Paul Arthur (ed.).

2165:

Albert Einstein: Physicist, Philosopher, Humanitarian

1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1776:

Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives

677:. An investigation of the quotation by mathematician 3034:. Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 55. 2794:. New York: Jewish National and University Library, 1859:

Bonhams sale, 14 Mar 2019, Eric C. Carens collection

1196:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. 970:

was "relatively simple" to disprove. He agreed with

571:

Hear O Israel, the Eternal is our God and He is one!

3862: 3771: 3702: 3656: 3553: 3479: 3331: 2167:, Course No. 8122, The Teaching Company, LLC, 2009. 2769:David Ray, John B. Cobb, Clark H. Pinnock (2000). 2385:Einstein and the Poet. In Search of the Cosmic Man 2323:. New York: Random House Value Publishing, p. 339. 2268:Einstein and the Poet: In Search of the Cosmic Man 2181:Einstein and the Poet. In Search of the Cosmic Man 1752:; Originally published in Albert Einstein (1929). 1385: 1383: 1381: 1308:Einstein and the poet: in search of the cosmic man 637:. Lemaître is known as the first proponent of the 49:have been widely studied and often misunderstood. 3499:Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement 1693:"Albert Einstein's 'God letter' sells for $ 2.9m" 1656: 1654: 1552: 1550: 2927:Letter to a Brooklyn minister November 20, 1950. 2826:(Trans.: Sonja Bergmann) New York (crown). p. 31 1257:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 218. 3161:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 367. 2805: 2803: 2753:Goldsmith, Donald and Marcia Bartusiak (2006). 2723:The Night Is Large: Collected Essays, 1938-1995 2632:Is He or Isn't He? A Response to God's Not Dead 1625: 1623: 1364: 1362: 1073: 454: 200: 3506:Relativity: The Special and the General Theory 2584: 2582: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 1423:"Albert Einstein, Science and Religion (1939)" 1412:. New York: The Macaulay Company, pp. 372-373. 1281: 1279: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1215: 1213: 550:." Einstein was then asked if he accepted the 3309: 3186:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 87. 3101:"Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science" 2777:Volume 10 refers to this view as an "extreme 2663:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 92. 2545: 2543: 2541: 2445: 2443: 2262: 2260: 2243: 2241: 1836:. New York: World Publishing Company, p. 425. 1504: 1502: 1345: 1343: 1030:Einstein was an admirer of the philosophy of 731:with their crimes, the burning stakes of the 97:involved is too vast for our limited minds". 73:groups. Einstein rejected a conflict between 8: 3114:(12). American Institute of Physics: 34–40. 2773:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p. 177. 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2175: 2173: 2159: 2157: 2155: 1901:Einstein and Religion: physics and theology. 1632:"Einstein Letter on God Sells for $ 404,000" 1289:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 3094: 3092: 2970:. Princeton University Press. p. 395. 2940:. Kansas City: Andrews & McMeel, p. 86. 2790:Elkana, Yehuda and Adi Ophir, eds. (1979). 2741:. London: University College London Press, 1918:Einstein and Religion: physics and theology 1744:Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology 1721:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1226:. Princeton University Press. p. 325. 917:. For the seventy-fifth anniversary of the 806:Relationship between science and philosophy 645:, which he received from the Belgian King. 346:On 17 July 1953 a woman who was a licensed 3316: 3302: 3294: 2414:Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy 2363: 2361: 2012: 2010: 1748:Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1480: 1478: 1404: 1402: 1310:. Brookline Village: Branden. p. 60. 3127: 2953:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2923:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2899:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2654: 2652: 2479:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2307:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2080:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016:Rowe, David and Robert Schulmann (2007). 1972:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1920:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1564:(May 13). Concerns have been raised over 1451:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 913:. He served on the advisory board of the 794:, David Hume, Mach, to some extent Kant, 3940:Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists 2379: 2377: 2344: 2342: 1774:Holton, G. J. and Yehuda Elkana (1997). 1540:Choose Life: The Biblical Call to Revolt 1512:. New York: New American Library, p. 95. 1294:Letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950. 1050:In one of Einstein's letters in 1918 to 2709:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2387:. Brookline Village MA: Branden Books, 2270:. Brookline Village MA: Branden Books, 2233:"Einstein's pacifist dilemma revealed." 2183:. Brookline Village MA: Branden Books, 1904:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1182: 558:without feeling the actual presence of 3684:Albert Einstein World Award of Science 3213:Albert-Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist 2993: 2983: 2348:Sachs, Andrew and Peter Jones (1930). 1806:"Einstein believes in 'Spinoza's God'" 1756:. Berlin: Soncino Gesellschaft, p. 9. 1576:Original letter (handwriting, German). 587:Einstein interpreted the concept of a 565:In a conversation with the Dutch poet 101:religion", because "knowledge of what 18:Albert Einstein's religious views 2450:Waterhouse, William C. (2006-01-05). 1353:. New York: Oxford University Press, 944:importance—but for us, not for God." 654:magazine quoted Einstein lauding the 7: 3225:Tucci., Nicolo (November 15, 1947). 1495:July 2, 1945 letter to Guy Raner Jr. 919:New York Society for Ethical Culture 829:Like Spinoza, Einstein was a strict 3713:Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel 3426:Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations 3396:Einstein relation (kinetic theory) 3013:The Library of Living Philosophers 2705:"Einstein's Philosophy of Science" 2412:Holder, R.D. and S Mitton (2013). 2247:Viereck, George Sylvester (1929). 2205:American National Biography Online 1661:Bryner, Jeanna (October 5, 2012). 1408:Viereck, George Sylvester (1930). 1190:Stachel, John (10 December 2001). 1166:Political views of Albert Einstein 915:First Humanist Society of New York 351:also expressed in Einstein's book 31:Political views of Albert Einstein 25: 3574:The Einstein Theory of Relativity 3057:Weinert, Friedel (October 2005). 2813:, Lamsi Publication (pp. 117-119) 2757:. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2452:"Did Einstein Praise the Church?" 2217:Einstein: The First Hundred Years 2125:Einstein: The First Hundred Years 1804:25 April 1929 under the headline 1510:Albert Einstein Creator and Rebel 982:Einstein declared that he was no 925:. Its periodical, today known as 65:", preferring to call himself an 47:Albert Einstein's religious views 4001:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3953: 3952: 3689:Einstein Prize for Laser Science 3099:Howard, Don A. (December 2005). 2809:Dargie, Waltenegus (July 2018). 2692:"Einstein: Philosophical Ideas." 1855:Michael Shermer 13 December 2010 1851:Einstein's Letter of 2 July 1945 1820:. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1793:Einstein: His Life and Universe. 1778:. New York: Dover Publications, 1630:Overbye, Dennis (May 17, 2008). 1334:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1270:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1150: 1136: 872:, coined the distinct typology " 179:, Einstein read the philosopher 3734:Einstein: His Life and Universe 3199:Einstein: His Life and Universe 3159:Einstein: His Life and Universe 2951:Albert Einstein, The Human Side 2921:Albert Einstein, The Human Side 2477:Albert Einstein, The Human Side 2078:Albert Einstein, The Human Side 1988:. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1332:Einstein: His Life and Universe 1268:Einstein: His Life and Universe 1171:Religious views of Isaac Newton 602:Views of the Christian churches 3356:Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc) 2896:The Expanded Quotable Einstein 2881:. New York: Ballantine Books, 2792:Einstein 1879-1979: Exhibition 2416:. New York: Springer Science, 2305:The Ultimate Quotable Einstein 2249:"What Life Means to Einstein," 2002:The Expanded Quotable Einstein 1970:Albert Einstein the Human Side 1849:. New York: J. Wiley, p. 344. 1796:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1719:Albert Einstein the Human Side 1615:The Ultimate Quotable Einstein 1544:New York: Henry Schuman Press. 1523:The Expanded Quotable Einstein 1287:The Ultimate Quotable Einstein 1255:The Expanded Quotable Einstein 1223:The Ultimate Quotable Einstein 711:William Hermanns conversations 164:regarding the existence of an 1: 3991:Religious views by individual 2494:"1943 Albert Einstein Letter" 1469:Saturday Review of Literature 1465:"Notes for an Autobiography." 923:Rationalist Press Association 901:Humanism and moral philosophy 658:for its role in opposing the 635:Catholic University of Leuven 552:historical existence of Jesus 519:In an interview published by 2775:The Encyclopedia of Religion 2629:Somers, Cliff (2016-11-11). 2401:Albert Einstein: a biography 2369:Albert Einstein: a biography 2334:Albert Einstein: a biography 2321:Einstein: The Life and Times 2219:. New York: Pergamon Press. 2127:. New York: Pergamon Press. 1834:Einstein: The Life and Times 1484:Gilmore, Michael R. (1997). 122:public elementary school in 3679:Albert Einstein Peace Prize 3456:Unsuccessful investigations 3276:- talk by Walter Isaacson, 2938:The Private Albert Einstein 2694:Retrieved 14 February 2017. 2573:Hermanns, William (1983). 2532:Hermanns, William (1983). 2286:. New York: Bonanza Books, 2146:. New York: Citadel Press, 2064:. New York: Citadel Press, 399:The New York Times Magazine 360:Einstein was averse to the 244:On 24 April 1929, Einstein 215:Pantheism and Spinoza's God 57:". He did not believe in a 4022: 3606:Picasso at the Lapin Agile 3544:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 3416:Bose–Einstein correlations 3143:principium individuationis 2968:Ultimate Quotable Einstein 2600:Hermanns, William (1983). 2588:Hermanns, William (1983). 2561:Hermanns, William (1983). 2549:Hermanns, William (1983). 2520:Hermanns, William (1983). 2508:Hermanns, William (1983). 2492:Antiques Roadshow (2008). 2475:Dukas, Helen, ed. (1981). 2430:"Religion: German Martyrs" 2399:Fölsing, Albrecht (1997). 2383:Hermanns, William (1983). 2367:Fölsing, Albrecht (1997). 2332:Fölsing, Albrecht (1997). 2266:Hermanns, William (1983). 2179:Hermanns, William (1983). 1372:. New York: Random House, 1306:Hermanns, William (1983). 1001: 622:. According to biographer 612:Catholic elementary school 606:The only Jewish school in 175:Prompted by his colleague 170:God of Abrahamic religions 28: 3948: 3514:The Meaning of Relativity 3197:Isaacson, Walter (2007). 3157:Isaacson, Walter (2007). 3075:10.1017/S0031819105000483 2893:Calaprice, Alice (2000). 2403:. London: Penguin, p. 41. 2371:. London: Penguin, p. 16. 2319:Clark, Ronald W. (1995). 2303:Calaprice, Alice (2011). 2282:Einstein, Albert (1954). 2139:Einstein, Albert (1956). 2060:Einstein, Albert (2006). 2044:"Religion and Science,"] 2041:Einstein, Albert (1930). 2000:Calaprice, Alice (2000). 1984:Einstein, Albert (1999). 1882:Isaacson, Walter (2007). 1832:Clark, Ronald W. (1971). 1816:Einstein, Albert (2010). 1790:Isaacson, Walter (2008). 1556:Randerson, James (2008). 1521:Calaprice, Alice (2000). 1508:Hoffmann, Banesh (1972). 1463:Einstein, Albert (1949). 1447:Baierlein, Ralph (1992). 1389:Calaprice, Alice (2005). 1368:Einstein, Albert (1995). 1330:Isaacson, Walter (2008). 1285:Calaprice, Alice (2010). 1266:Isaacson, Walter (2008). 1253:Calaprice, Alice (2000). 681:and Barbara Wolff of the 252:in German: "I believe in 3905:Albert Einstein Archives 3835:Bernhard Caesar Einstein 3582:Relics: Einstein's Brain 3530:The Evolution of Physics 3411:Bose–Einstein statistics 3406:Bose–Einstein condensate 3386:Einstein field equations 3270:- World Science Festival 3045:Correspondance 1903-1955 2721:Gardner, Martin (1996). 2336:. London: Penguin, p. 15 2076:Einstein, Albert (2013) 1613:Alice Calaprice (2011). 1393:. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1296:Einstein Archive 59-215. 1193:Einstein from 'B' to 'Z' 1021:Opinions on philosophers 911:Ethical Culture movement 527:George Sylvester Viereck 311:According to biographer 287:George Sylvester Viereck 221:George Sylvester Viereck 3915:Einstein Papers Project 3431:Einstein–de Haas effect 2908:New York Times Magazine 2877:Seldes, George (1996). 2141:"Science and Religion," 2046:New York Times Magazine 1349:Dowbiggin, Ian (2003). 1004:Transcendental Idealism 998:Transcendental Idealism 909:and a supporter of the 817:Einstein believed that 567:Willem Frederik Hermans 272:Agnosticism and atheism 160:Einstein expressed his 3847:Thomas Martin Einstein 3755:Introducing Relativity 3727:Einstein for Beginners 3630:Einstein and Eddington 3421:Einstein–Cartan theory 3256:- by Waltenegus Dargie 2905:"Religion and Science" 2690:Stamp, Philip (2014). 2458:. The Skeptics Society 2352:. Taylor and Francis, 1959:, 23 Oct 2012, io9.com 1537:Gutkind, Eric (1952). 1078: 890: 851: 746:), who was behind the 670: 459: 432: 269: 238: 205: 192:experimental machinist 152: 146: 128:Autobiographical Notes 43: 4006:Criticism of religion 3920:Einstein refrigerator 3910:Einstein's Blackboard 3789:(second wife; cousin) 3720:Einstein and Religion 3669:Albert Einstein Medal 3664:Albert Einstein Award 3522:The World as I See It 3461:Wave–particle duality 3441:Bohr–Einstein debates 3401:Cosmological constant 3381:Equivalence principle 3371:Einstein coefficients 3227:"The Great Foreigner" 3028:Science and Synthesis 2949:Dukas, Helen (1981). 2936:Bucky, Peter (1992). 2919:Dukas, Helen (1981). 2822:Einstein, A. (1954). 2252:Saturday Evening Post 2062:The World As I See It 1986:The World as I See It 1968:Dukas, Helen (1981). 1845:Brian, Denis (1996). 1717:Dukas, Helen (1981). 1410:Glimpses of the Great 1002:Further information: 885: 843: 786:Philosophical beliefs 763:." (September 1948). 679:William C. Waterhouse 665: 580:The World as I See It 442:The World as I See It 418: 379:and his rejection of 354:The World as I See It 336:Princeton, New Jersey 264: 233: 225:Glimpses of the Great 147: 133: 53:stated "I believe in 38: 3996:Criticism of atheism 3986:Religion and science 3799:Hans Albert Einstein 3748:I Am Albert Einstein 3694:Einstein Prize (APS) 3366:Photoelectric effect 3339:Theory of relativity 3264:- by Albert Einstein 3182:Don, Howard (1997). 2737:Adams, John (1995). 2659:Don, Howard (1997). 2612:Miller, Pat (1955). 2231:Ito, Shingo (2005). 1916:Jammer, Max (2002). 1898:Jammer, Max (2002). 1884:"Einstein and Faith" 1741:Jammer, Max (2011). 1573:English translation. 1391:The Einstein Almanac 485:science and religion 321:music of the spheres 250:Herbert S. Goldstein 75:science and religion 3451:Thought experiments 3120:2005PhT....58l..34H 3059:"Einstein and Kant" 2910:(9 Nov. 1930): 3-4. 2835:Cooke, Bill (2004) 2635:. Page Publishing. 2614:"Death of a Genius" 2254:(Oct. 26): 17, 110. 1673:on December 7, 2013 1081:Arthur Schopenhauer 883:; in 1932 he said: 874:Classical pantheism 392:Cosmic spirituality 317:opium of the people 214: 3900:Things named after 3762:Subtle is the Lord 3585:(1994 documentary) 3577:(1923 documentary) 3569:(1922 documentary) 3466:Gravitational wave 3349:General relativity 3344:Special relativity 2879:The Great Thoughts 2824:Ideas and Opinions 2428:Anonymous (1940). 2284:Ideas and Opinions 2144:Ideas and Opinions 1889:169 (April 5): 47. 1818:Ideas And Opinions 1802:The New York Times 1725:Einstein Archives 1637:The New York Times 1581:2013-12-09 at the 1449:Newton to Einstein 1370:Ideas And Opinions 1047:only quite late." 966:Einstein believed 866:Charles Hartshorne 531:National Socialism 480:Ideas and Opinions 319:'—cannot bear the 209:Ideas and Opinions 44: 3968: 3967: 3870:Awards and honors 3853:Siegbert Einstein 3741:Einstein's Cosmos 3285:, 23 October 2012 3129:10.1063/1.2169442 2903:Albert Einstein, 2854:Humanist Heritage 2850:"Albert Einstein" 2437:36 (Dec. 23): 38. 2110:978-0-691-13520-5 1699:. 4 December 2018 1317:978-0-8283-1873-0 1233:978-1-4008-3596-6 1203:978-0-8176-4143-6 1158:Philosophy portal 700:Antiques Roadshow 683:Einstein Archives 439:In his 1934 book 168:god, such as the 92:... I believe in 81:Religious beliefs 16:(Redirected from 4013: 3956: 3955: 3855:(distant cousin) 3849:(great-grandson) 3811:Hermann Einstein 3793:Lieserl Einstein 3471:Tea leaf paradox 3318: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3239: 3238: 3233:. Archived from 3222: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3069:(314): 585–593. 3054: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2963: 2957: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2891: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2798: 2788: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2751: 2745: 2735: 2729: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2484: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2447: 2438: 2426: 2420: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2356: 2346: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2301: 2295: 2290:Originally from 2280: 2274: 2264: 2255: 2245: 2236: 2229: 2223: 2213: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2177: 2168: 2161: 2150: 2137: 2131: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2090: 2084: 2074: 2068: 2058: 2052: 2039: 2024: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1914: 1908: 1896: 1890: 1880: 1861: 1847:Einstein: A Life 1843: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1788: 1782: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1739: 1733: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1669:. Archived from 1658: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1627: 1618: 1570: 1554: 1545: 1535: 1529: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1497: 1493:5 (2): 64; also 1482: 1473: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1419: 1413: 1406: 1397: 1387: 1376: 1366: 1357: 1347: 1338: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1303: 1297: 1283: 1274: 1264: 1258: 1251: 1238: 1237: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1187: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1103:Konrad Wachsmann 972:Bertrand Russell 907:secular humanist 812:natural sciences 740:Cardinal Pacelli 671: 631:Georges Lemaître 620:Passion of Jesus 575:not two or three 468:Maurice Solovine 433: 404:religious belief 231:. He explained: 177:L. E. J. Brouwer 153: 21: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4010: 3981:Albert Einstein 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3944: 3895:Religious views 3890:Political views 3858: 3843:(granddaughter) 3841:Evelyn Einstein 3829:Robert Einstein 3823:Eduard Einstein 3767: 3704: 3698: 3652: 3622:Einstein's Gift 3556: 3549: 3490:Annus mirabilis 3475: 3446:Teleparallelism 3391:Einstein radius 3361:Brownian motion 3327: 3325:Albert Einstein 3322: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3134: 3132: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2982: 2978: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2892: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2801: 2789: 2785: 2768: 2764: 2752: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2619:38 (May 2): 62. 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2487: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2427: 2423: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2382: 2375: 2366: 2359: 2350:Albert Einstein 2347: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2258: 2246: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2178: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2138: 2134: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2075: 2071: 2059: 2055: 2040: 2027: 2015: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1915: 1911: 1897: 1893: 1881: 1864: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1815: 1811: 1789: 1785: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1740: 1736: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1583:Wayback Machine 1568: 1555: 1548: 1536: 1532: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1500: 1483: 1476: 1462: 1458: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1400: 1388: 1379: 1367: 1360: 1348: 1341: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1284: 1277: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1241: 1234: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1144:Religion portal 1142: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1113:Einstein liked 1111: 1083: 1040: 1028: 1023: 1006: 1000: 980: 964: 959: 950: 905:Einstein was a 903: 881:incompatibilist 879:He was also an 827: 808: 788: 713: 664: 656:Catholic Church 639:big bang theory 624:Walter Isaacson 604: 512:' about them." 501:Jewish religion 495:In a letter to 493: 491:Jewish identity 417: 412:anthropomorphic 394: 344: 313:Walter Isaacson 291:Prince Hubertus 274: 217: 166:anthropomorphic 158: 132: 116: 114:Early childhood 86:Albert Einstein 83: 51:Albert Einstein 40:Albert Einstein 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4019: 4017: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3633:(2008 TV film) 3626: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3598:Young Einstein 3594: 3590:Insignificance 3586: 3578: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3538:Why Socialism? 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In his 90:pantheist 3959:Category 3885:Memorial 3831:(cousin) 3819:(sister) 3813:(father) 3807:(mother) 3705:Einstein 3540:" (1949) 3501:" (1905) 2456:eSkeptic 1697:BBC News 1667:NBC News 1579:Archived 1130:See also 1064:a priori 1052:Max Born 895:freedoms 839:Max Born 729:Crusades 648:In 1940 618:and the 334:, dated 306:agnostic 223:'s book 183:'s book 120:Catholic 71:humanist 67:agnostic 3863:Related 3557:culture 3332:Physics 3278:FORA.tv 3116:Bibcode 2901:p. 216. 2883:p. 134. 2759:p. 187. 2727:p. 430. 2602:p. 132. 2590:p. 119. 2575:p. 105. 2309:p. 337. 2235:July 5. 2221:p. 100. 2129:p. 192. 1822:p. 262. 1780:p. 309. 1527:59-797. 1490:Skeptic 1336:p. 461. 1291:p. 340. 1272:p. 390. 1098:Maxwell 1094:Faraday 1089:other. 847:believe 725:Muslims 556:Gospels 427:Spinoza 348:Baptist 282:fetters 63:atheist 3773:Family 3657:Prizes 3638:Genius 3546:(1955) 3533:(1938) 3525:(1934) 3517:(1922) 3509:(1916) 3494:(1905) 3492:papers 3165: 3081: 2974: 2955:p. 66. 2925:p. 95. 2796:p. 48. 2779:monism 2743:p. 17. 2639: 2563:p. 66. 2551:p. 65. 2534:p. 63. 2522:p. 46. 2418:p. 10. 2389:p. 32. 2354:p. 32. 2272:p. 62. 2185:p. 60. 2148:p. 26. 2107: 1974:p. 39. 1857:; cf. 1853:; cf. 1750:p. 75. 1731:59-495 1727:59-454 1723:p. 43. 1609:, and 1433:22 May 1395:p. 91. 1374:p. 62. 1355:p. 41. 1314: 1230: 1200: 1015:Newton 1011:Kepler 761:Russia 727:, the 608:Munich 596:Quaker 573:' and 544:Talmud 510:chosen 423:Buddha 366:Heaven 298:Jesuit 248:Rabbi 246:cabled 124:Munich 42:, 1921 3880:House 3875:Brain 3825:(son) 3801:(son) 3481:Works 3104:(PDF) 3079:S2CID 2498:Video 2481:p. 94 2292:WAISI 2066:p. 7. 1990:p. 5. 1922:p. 51 1906:p. 97 1599:here. 1591:here. 1569:' 796:Plato 753:Spain 660:Nazis 560:Jesus 540:Bible 259:Kaizō 137:Bible 3614:I.Q. 3163:ISBN 2998:help 2972:ISBN 2865:2023 2739:Risk 2637:ISBN 2434:Time 2105:ISBN 2050:3-4. 1926:149. 1887:Time 1729:and 1705:2018 1679:2012 1645:2012 1597:and 1595:here 1589:and 1587:here 1435:2022 1312:ISBN 1228:ISBN 1198:ISBN 1044:Kant 1013:and 759:and 705:Time 651:Time 522:Time 450:pray 425:and 370:Hell 368:and 107:goal 3124:doi 3071:doi 802:." 685:in 598:." 194:in 3977:: 3229:. 3122:. 3112:58 3110:. 3106:. 3091:^ 3077:. 3067:80 3065:. 3061:. 2990:: 2988:}} 2984:{{ 2856:. 2852:. 2802:^ 2725:. 2707:. 2669:^ 2651:^ 2581:^ 2540:^ 2454:. 2442:^ 2376:^ 2360:^ 2341:^ 2259:^ 2240:^ 2172:^ 2154:^ 2103:. 2101:37 2028:^ 2009:^ 1924:, 1865:^ 1695:. 1665:. 1653:^ 1634:. 1622:^ 1605:, 1571:s 1560:, 1549:^ 1501:^ 1477:^ 1425:. 1401:^ 1380:^ 1361:^ 1342:^ 1278:^ 1242:^ 1212:^ 1096:, 814:. 798:, 755:, 662:: 103:is 3536:" 3497:" 3317:e 3310:t 3303:v 3171:. 3126:: 3118:: 3085:. 3073:: 3000:) 2980:. 2867:. 2645:. 2483:. 2465:. 2294:. 2113:. 1746:. 1707:. 1681:. 1647:. 1542:. 1437:. 1320:. 1236:. 1206:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein

Index