123:
his own role in the success was overlooked and he complained publicly of the perceived slight. Nevertheless, the growers pressured Riley to send
Koebele on another expedition in 1891 to collect additional predatory insects from New Zealand, Australia and other Pacific islands. The friction between Riley and the Californians continued and he eventually ordered Coquillet and Koeble back to Washington. Instead, Koebele elected to resign his post and go to work for the
47:
20:
139:. Focusing on the biological control of insects that were harmful to the sugarcane industry, he traveled extensively looking for useful insects in Australia, Ceylon, China, Japan, Fiji, and Mexico. As a result of these trips he introduced numerous insects into Hawaii and had varying degrees of success in controlling
155:
In 1908 Koebele returned to
Germany in hopes of recovering from ill health and failing eyesight. For a time he continued to work for the planters' association, but poor health and then the outbreak of World War One forced him to remain in Germany. After the war his health continued to decline until
122:
The introduction of vedalia beetles to combat cottony cushion scale is generally recognized as the first instance of successful biological control. Koebele in particular was hailed as a hero and the growers association awarded him with a gold watch and diamond earrings for his wife. Riley felt that
118:
Coquillett placed the vedalia beetles on an infested orange tree enclosed in a tent. In a few months, the beetles had multiplied prolifically and devoured the scale insects. When the tent was opened, the beetles spread to adjoining trees and soon the entire orchard was free of the cottony cushion
102:
Back in
Washington, Riley had noted the curious fact that citrus trees in Australia were largely unaffected by the cottony cushion scale even though the insect was native to the region. He suspected that natural predators of the scale insects held them in check. In 1888 Riley sent Koebele to
119:
scale. As word of the dramatic results spread, citrus growers from throughout the state came to gather the insects and release them into their orchards. The beetles spread rapidly and by 1890 California was almost entirely free of the pest.
75:) that originated in South America but had become a serious pest for cotton growers in the United States. The following year Koebele traveled to Brazil where he studied cotton pests and collected a large number of insect specimens.
58:, Germany, in 1853. There are no details about his early life but in 1873 he immigrated to the United States, settled in New York, and became a naturalized citizen in 1880. By this time he was a member of the
66:, the noted federal entomologist, was impressed by these skills and offered Koebele a job at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Koebele promptly accepted the offer and moved to Washington, D.C. in 1881.
152:. Koebele collected and released several insects from Mexico that used lantana as a host. The results were encouraging but he did not completely succeed in eradicating the weed in Hawaii.
87:
where he studied local insect pests and evaluated the effectiveness of various insecticides. At this time the
California citrus industry was facing an economic crisis brought about by the
519:
95:), an invasive insect that had established itself in California orchards several years earlier. Koebele was soon focused on this pest, working alongside another federal entomologist,
146:
In addition to pioneering the use biological control on insect pests, Koebele is credited with the first attempt to apply biological control to an invasive plant species,
136:
312:
281:
124:
509:
365:
59:
446:
337:
514:
115:). Koebele captured hundreds of these insects and shipped them back to Coquillett in California for further evaluation.
99:, to find a remedy. Insecticides had little effect and growers resorted to pulling up infested trees and burning them.
442:
253:
96:
63:
35:
135:
For the next several years
Koebele worked in Hawaii, first for the provisional government and then for the
88:
504:
499:
412:
320:
84:
31:
71:
273:
266:
69:
Riley sent his new employee to the South in 1882 to study the cotton worm, the larva of a moth (
384:
361:
277:
478:
428:
103:
Australia to investigate. There he found two likely predators of the scale—a parasitic fly (
397:
19:
292:
148:
108:
46:
493:
466:
467:"Some Results of the Introduction of Beneficial Insects in the Hawaiian Islands"
140:
55:
482:
433:
416:
62:
and had demonstrated great skill at preserving and mounting insects.
358:
Tinkering with Eden: A Natural
History of Exotic Species in America
45:
18:
317:
Biological
Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America
338:"Biographical sketch of the work of Albert Koebele in Hawaii"
293:"Highlights in the History of Entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963"
259:(Report). San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.
379:. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 2007.
83:At his request, Koebele was transferred in 1885 to
265:
360:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 118–132.
520:United States Department of Agriculture people
30:(28 February 1853 - 28 December 1924) was an
8:
447:"The Early Work of Albert Koebele in Hawaii"
432:
375:"U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925".
216:
214:
195:
193:
191:
189:
187:
165:
50:Koebele and other entomologists c. 1913
393:
382:
7:
319:. Cornell University. Archived from
137:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
14:
272:. Rutgers University. pp.
125:Hawaiian provisional government
471:Journal of Economic Entomology
421:Journal of Economic Entomology
60:Brooklyn Entomological Society
1:
454:The Hawaiian Planters' Record
345:The Hawaiian Planters' Record
156:he died on 28 December 1924.
34:and a pioneer in the use of
536:
254:Albert Koebele (1853-1924)
291:Pemberton, C. E. (1964).
97:Daniel William Coquillett
465:Swezey, Otto H. (1915).
38:to manage insect pests.
264:Mallis, Arnold (1971).
64:Charles Valentine Riley
510:American entomologists
336:Swezey, O. H. (1925).
268:American Entomologists
51:
24:
105:Cryptochaetum iceryae
89:cottony cushion scale
49:
32:economic entomologist
22:
16:American entomologist
515:German entomologists
483:10.1093/jee/8.5.450a
434:10.1093/jee/18.3.556
313:"Rodolia cardinalis"
54:Koebele was born in
85:Alameda, California
36:biological controls
356:Todd, Kim (2002).
311:Shelton, Anthony.
131:Hawaiian sugarcane
113:Rodolia cardinalis
72:Alabama argillacea
52:
25:
443:Perkins, R. C. L.
392:Missing or empty
79:California citrus
527:
486:
461:
451:
438:
436:
417:"Albert Koebele"
401:
395:
390:
388:
380:
371:
352:
342:
332:
330:
328:
323:on 15 March 2016
307:
297:
287:
271:
260:
258:
239:
236:
230:
227:
221:
218:
209:
206:
200:
197:
182:
179:
173:
170:
535:
534:
530:
529:
528:
526:
525:
524:
490:
489:
464:
449:
441:
411:
408:
406:Further reading
391:
381:
374:
368:
355:
340:
335:
326:
324:
310:
300:Pacific Insects
295:
290:
284:
263:
256:
251:
248:
243:
242:
238:Pemberton, 1964
237:
233:
228:
224:
219:
212:
207:
203:
198:
185:
180:
176:
171:
167:
162:
133:
93:Icerya purchasi
81:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
533:
531:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
492:
491:
488:
487:
477:(5): 450–456.
462:
439:
427:(3): 556–562.
407:
404:
403:
402:
372:
366:
353:
333:
308:
288:
282:
261:
252:Abdoun, Hany.
247:
244:
241:
240:
231:
222:
210:
201:
183:
174:
164:
163:
161:
158:
149:Lantana camara
132:
129:
109:vedalia beetle
80:
77:
43:
40:
28:Albert Koebele
23:Albert Koebele
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
532:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
460:(4): 359–364.
459:
455:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Howard, L. O.
410:
409:
405:
399:
386:
378:
373:
369:
363:
359:
354:
351:(4): 364–368.
350:
346:
339:
334:
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:(4): 689–729.
305:
301:
294:
289:
285:
283:0-8135-0686-7
279:
275:
270:
269:
262:
255:
250:
249:
245:
235:
232:
226:
223:
217:
215:
211:
205:
202:
196:
194:
192:
190:
188:
184:
178:
175:
169:
166:
159:
157:
153:
151:
150:
144:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
76:
74:
73:
67:
65:
61:
57:
48:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
474:
470:
457:
453:
424:
420:
376:
357:
348:
344:
325:. Retrieved
321:the original
316:
303:
299:
267:
234:
225:
220:Swezey, 1925
204:
199:Mallis, 1971
181:Ancestry.com
177:
168:
154:
147:
145:
134:
121:
117:
112:
104:
101:
92:
82:
70:
68:
53:
42:Early career
27:
26:
505:1924 deaths
500:1853 births
327:10 February
494:Categories
394:|url=
367:0393323242
246:References
208:Todd, 2002
107:) and the
141:sugarcane
56:Waldkirch
445:(1925).
415:(1925).
385:cite web
377:Ancestry
229:Shelton
143:pests.
364:
280:
274:351–55
172:Abdoun
450:(PDF)
341:(PDF)
296:(PDF)
257:(PDF)
160:Notes
398:help
362:ISBN
329:2016
278:ISBN
479:doi
429:doi
496::
473:.
469:.
458:29
456:.
452:.
425:18
423:.
419:.
389::
387:}}
383:{{
349:29
347:.
343:.
315:.
302:.
298:.
276:.
213:^
186:^
127:.
485:.
481::
475:8
437:.
431::
400:)
396:(
370:.
331:.
304:6
286:.
111:(
91:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
