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234:, his work there started with an effort to control athlete's foot at the invitation of prison officials. He found the environment fraught with possibilities, and undertook dozens of experiments there for pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. Between 1951 and 1974, Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to high doses of
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paid
Kligman $ 10,000 to conduct these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their primary source of income, in 1959 acquiring in total $ 73,000 by volunteering to test pills and creams. Little effort was taken to assure the safety of the test subjects, some of whom were
289:, the poorer members of society typically bore the brunt of unethical biomedical research; Kligman's research at Holmesburg prison has become a textbook example of such unethical experimenting, and has been denounced as equivalent to "the barbarity and sadism of Auschwitz and Dachau."
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Albert
Montgomery Kligman was born in Philadelphia on March 17, 1916, the son of Jewish immigrants. His father, born in Ukraine, was a newspaper distributor; his mother, born in England, was a sales clerk. As a child, he was a
255:, and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's payment of subjects had other unintended consequences: the economic power gained by subjects was used by some of them to "coerce sexual favors from other inmates".
118:
Kligman was a prolific scholar and was known for bringing scientific rigor to a field that, at the time, was lacking it. Kligman wrote numerous papers on run-of-the-mill dermatological conditions such as
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Kligman was married three times. He divorced from his first wife and became a widower from his second. He died of a heart attack in
February, 2010, at age 93. He was survived by his third wife.
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While
Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with scientific and ethical norms of the era, nearly 300 subjects tested while in prison sued him, the University of Pennsylvania, and
146:, this innovation earned Kligman significant royalties. He was a generous supporter of the department of dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania and donated over $ 4 million by 1998.
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Beyond the controversies relating to the testing on prisoners, Kligman was found to have discrepancies in the data underlying his experiments. This led to his research being barred by the
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281:, the public reaction to the testing program contributed to the enactment of federal regulations restricting medical studies in prisons. Later commentators, including Senator
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of unethical experimenting on humans. He and others involved were sued for alleged injuries, but the lawsuit was dismissed due to the
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in
Philadelphia, which led to a well-documented scandal years later. The experiments intentionally exposed humans to pathogens and
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https://www.inquirer.com/politics/philadelphia/philadelphia-apology-holmesburg-prison-experiment-albert-kligman-20221006.html
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Acres of skin: human experiments at
Holmesburg Prison: a story of abuse and exploitation in the name of medical science
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Kligman's prisoner testing for the government was not limited to dermatology, extending even to the testing of
552:"Albert M. Kligman dies at 93; dermatologist developed acne, wrinkle treatments and experimented on prisoners"
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in 1942, specializing in the study of fungi. He continued at the
University of Pennsylvania, enrolling in
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Upon graduation, he joined the dermatology faculty as an associate, also signing on at the
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in 1947. He chose dermatology as his specialty in order to apply his expertise in fungi.
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and wrinkles was perhaps their best-known contribution to dermatology. Sold as
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Kligman is best known for having conducted human experiments on prisoners at
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The abuse of man: an illustrated history of dubious medical experimentation
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Handbook of Frauds, Scams, and
Swindles: Failures of Ethics in Leadership
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Perelman School of
Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
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Challenging perspectives: reading critically about ethics and values
73:, developing a love of plants on scouting trips to the countryside.
412:"Albert M. Kligman, dermatologist who patented Retin-A, dies at 93"
379:"Dr. James Fulton, co-creator of Retin-A and acne researcher, dies"
20:
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intentionally exposed to pathogens causing infections, including
127:. He also worked at the intersection of cosmetics and medicine.
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in
Philadelphia. Stemming from early testing of treatments for
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in 1969. Kligman performed human experiments on inmates at
522:. Law and Philosophy Library. Springer. pp. 25–27.
273:. The lawsuit was brought because of violations of the
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Methods for behavioral research: a systematic approach
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Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison
32:(March 17, 1916 – February 9, 2010) was an American
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579:
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351:"Dr. Albert M. Kligman, Dermatologist, Dies at 93"
318:, an account of Kligman's Holmesburg experiments.
519:Textbook of research ethics: theory and practice
447:"Albert M. Kligman, 93, dermatology researcher"
162:Holmesburg Prison § Experiments on inmates
160:For broader coverage of Holmesburg prison, see
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796:Medical controversies in the United States
322:Human experimentation in the United States
277:. Though the suit was dismissed under the
108:Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
649:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 295.
611:Matulich, Serge; David M. Currie (2008).
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214:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:, a major rabbi of the time, he attended
550:Maugh, Thomas H II (February 24, 2010).
477:Science funding: politics and porkbarrel
445:Naedele, Walter F. (February 21, 2010).
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138:and Dr. Gerd Plewig as a treatment for
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410:Loviglio, Joann (February 22, 2010).
349:Gellene, Denise (February 22, 2010).
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776:Pennsylvania State University alumni
156:Unethical dermatological experiments
481:. Transaction Publishers. pp.
786:University of Pennsylvania faculty
238:, the contaminant responsible for
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781:University of Pennsylvania alumni
130:The identification of the use of
87:He went on to receive a Ph.D. in
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196:check for citation inaccuracies
1:
473:Martino, Joseph Paul (1992).
82:Pennsylvania State University
791:American medical researchers
586:. Ardor Scribendi. pp.
294:Food and Drug Administration
76:With financial support from
40:, the acne medication, with
695:Hornblum, Allen M. (1998).
670:Cherulnik, Paul D. (2001).
645:Holdstein, Deborah (2004).
377:J., Elinor (July 8, 2013).
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806:21st-century American Jews
771:Jewish American scientists
617:. CRC Press. p. 144.
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114:Scholarship and inventions
93:University of Pennsylvania
578:Weyers, Wolfgang (2003).
452:The Philadelphia Inquirer
30:Albert Montgomery Kligman
756:American dermatologists
287:Declaration of Helsinki
242:'s toxicity to humans.
151:Human maximisation test
703:. Routledge. pp.
279:statute of limitations
58:statute of limitations
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16:American dermatologist
674:. Sage Publications.
271:Johnson & Johnson
264:Department of Defense
149:Further information:
52:, and later became a
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516:Loue, Sana (2000).
417:The Washington Post
356:The New York Times
260:psychoactive drugs
97:its medical school
27:
766:Jewish physicians
714:978-0-415-91990-6
681:978-0-7619-2199-8
656:978-0-618-21503-4
624:978-1-4200-7285-3
597:978-1-893357-21-1
557:Los Angeles Times
529:978-0-306-46448-5
492:978-1-56000-033-4
228:Holmesburg Prison
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384:Miami Herald
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360:. Retrieved
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244:Dow Chemical
240:Agent Orange
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186:that do not
182:may contain
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42:James Fulton
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751:2010 deaths
746:1916 births
283:Ted Kennedy
740:Categories
328:References
134:along Dr.
60:expiring.
184:citations
132:tretinoin
91:from the
71:Boy Scout
64:Biography
458:March 9,
395:July 27,
308:See also
262:for the
232:ringworm
190:the text
125:dandruff
194:Please
144:Retin-A
38:Retin-A
711:
678:
653:
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594:
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489:
249:herpes
236:dioxin
188:verify
89:botany
50:dioxin
722:2010
709:ISBN
676:ISBN
651:ISBN
632:2010
619:ISBN
592:ISBN
565:2010
537:2010
524:ISBN
500:2010
487:ISBN
460:2021
429:2010
397:2013
364:2010
140:acne
123:and
101:M.D.
588:450
483:309
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