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Department's legal analysis, and told Mora the president had the authority to order the application of torture, not that he should but that the commander in chief had the authority to do so for the safety of the nation. Mora then met with Haynes, and advised him of his opinion that the
Working Group's legal analysis, taken from the Department of Justice legal memorandum, was flawed, and should be put in a drawer and "never... see the light of day again." The Working Group never relied upon the extreme power of the commander in chief as the additional techniques they recommended did not approach what could be construed as torture. The Working Group voted unanimously to send forth the recommended techniques to Secretary Rumsfeld, who adopted the majority of them. The Administration later asked the Justice Department to review the adopted techniques, which they did, finding them consistent with law. John Yoo did not participate in the later analysis.
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inherent right, not bestowed by the state or laws, to personal dignity, including the right to be free of cruelty. It applies to all human beings, not just in
America—even those designated as 'unlawful enemy combatants.' If you make this exception, the whole Constitution crumbles. It's a transformative issue...
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Mora found the brief to be "a wholly inadequate analysis of the law" and that the approved request was "fatally grounded on these serious failures of legal analysis" because it provided no bright line standard for what techniques would be prohibited; the techniques it approved "could produce effects
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To my mind, there's no moral or practical distinction . If cruelty is no longer declared unlawful, but instead is applied as a matter of policy, it alters the fundamental relationship of man to government. It destroys the whole notion of individual rights. The
Constitution recognizes that man has an
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But, according to Mora, contributions from members of the
Working Group began to be rejected if they did not conform to what was already in the OLC memo, and Walker, the head of the Working Group, said of his arguments, "I disagree and moreover I believe disagrees." Mora evaluated the work being
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Walker invited the author of the OLC memo, John Yoo, to meet with the senior DOD lawyers, both uniformed and civilian at the
Pentagon, which Yoo did twice, explaining the cases in detail and the president's authority and responding to all questions. Mora met with Yoo, who defended the Justice
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Mora regarded the OLC memo as lengthy and seemingly sophisticated, but otherwise identical to the Beaver brief he had already argued against. Mora argued against the conclusions of the OLC memo, arguing that the OLC memo was "fundamentally in error" and "virtually useless as guidance... and
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In the following weeks, Mora actively argued with a large number of the most senior lawyers and officials of the military and the
Defense Department that the interrogation techniques that had been approved were unlawful. On January 15, 2003, he received word from
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Besides, my mother would have killed me if I hadn't spoken up. No
Hungarian after Communism, or Cuban after Castro, is not aware that human rights are incompatible with cruelty. The debate here isn't only how to protect the country. It’s how to protect our
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was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice
President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."
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436:. Mora worked actively to establish interrogation guidelines prohibiting coercive interrogation techniques, citing scientific evidence that they were ineffective, as well as legal arguments that they were unlawful.
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After that, Mora never saw a final report of the
Working Group, and assumed that it had been abandoned. He learned otherwise only in May 2004, when he heard it referenced in televised reports on the
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for authorization to apply extraordinary interrogation techniques, including "stress positions, hooding, isolation, 'deprivation of light and auditory stimuli', and use of 'detainee-individual
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reaching the level of torture"; and that "even if the techniques as applied did not reach the level of torture, they almost certainly would constitute 'cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
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prepared by the
Working Group as containing "profound mistakes in its legal analysis" and as "unacceptable". Mora met with DOD General Counsel Haynes who disagreed with Mora's arguments.
198:, where he received his J.D. in 1981. He worked in litigation at a number of firms, until returning to government work. From 1989 to 1993, he served in the administration of President
400:; and an approval of the request by Rumsfeld. The legal brief held that "cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment could be inflicted on the Guantanamo detainees with near impunity".
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dangerous." With Walker's encouragement to share his views, he circulated an opposing draft memo, entitled "Proposed Alternative Approach to Interrogations".
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to "Gitmo-ize" it. Mora is a senior fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
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Two days later, Rumsfeld directed Haynes to establish a Working Group to develop a new set of guidelines for interrogation techniques, headed by
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In 2020, Mora, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President
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Mora described his reaction to learning of the authorization for coercive interrogation techniques in these words:
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Undue Process: An Examination of Detention and Trials of Bagram Detainees in Afghanistan in April 2009 (2009)
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446:(OLC), and told they should follow its guidance. This was the same brief that later became infamous as the "
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However, early in the process, the Working Group was provided with a legal brief from the
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Mora retired from the Federal Government in January 2006. He became the chief counsel for
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had learned that detainees being held there were being subjected to "physical abuse and
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653:"Memorandum from Navy General Counsel Alberto J. Mora to Navy Inspector General"
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Tortured Justice: Using Coerced Evidence to Prosecute Terrorist Suspects (2008)
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523:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2002. pp. 967–968.
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Mora obtained a copy of a request by the commander of JT-170, Major General
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Mora is featured in two documentaries: the 2008 Academy Award-winning
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Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate
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of 1959 when Mora was eight years old. Mora's family relocated to
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How the Pentagon Came to Adopt Criminal Abuse as Official Policy
514:"Biographical and Financial Information Requested of Nominees".
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and professor, is Cuban, and his mother's parents are from
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and other U.S. information services. He also worked as an
626:"Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden"
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Mora and Brant met with Rear Admiral Michael Lohr, the
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Guantanamo List Details Approved Interrogation Methods
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as a foreign service officer at the U.S. embassy in
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206:. He was later appointed three times by President
270:on September 11, 2001, when it was struck by the
322:(NCIS), that NCIS agents at the naval base at
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766:Documents Helped Sow Abuse, Army Report Finds
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418:General Counsel of the Department of Defense
358:Investigation of Joint Task Force techniques
778:, Letter to the editor by Alberto J. Mora,
756:U.S. Struggled Over How Far to Push Tactics
489:For his efforts, Mora was honored with the
1818:General Counsels of the United States Navy
1813:George H. W. Bush administration personnel
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450:", largely written by OLC deputy director
314:In December 2002, Mora received word from
304:Campaign against torture at Guantanamo Bay
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482:, who had also been subsequently sent to
1788:University of Miami School of Law alumni
491:John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award
222:attorney with the prominent law firm of
119:and to try to end the use of torture at
1808:George W. Bush administration personnel
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288:He served on the board of directors of
1693:Research, Development and Acquisitions
689:"Award Recipients: Alberto Mora, 2006"
578:"Intelligence Experts in UA Symposium"
493:in 2006, which is administered by the
1828:American politicians of Cuban descent
1683:Energy, Installations and Environment
880:United States Secretaries of the Navy
408:", and either way would be unlawful.
194:. He left to enter law school at the
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1778:American people of Hungarian descent
1773:Cuban emigrants to the United States
1678:Financial Management and Comptroller
552:"The Internet Movie Database (IMDb)"
320:Naval Criminal Investigative Service
182:From 1975 to 1978 he worked for the
495:John F. Kennedy Library Foundation
364:Judge Advocate General of the Navy
107:(born April 11, 1952) is a former
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1793:Lawyers from Jackson, Mississippi
1726:Research, Engineering and Systems
669:from the original on June 4, 2007
310:Enhanced interrogation techniques
196:University of Miami School of Law
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830:July 25, 2001 – January 1, 2006
776:Tribunals Didn't Rely on Torture
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651:Alberto J. Mora (July 7, 2004).
434:General Counsel of the Air Force
204:United States Information Agency
115:to oppose the legal theories of
1798:American human rights activists
212:Broadcasting Board of Governors
111:. He led an effort within the
1:
1688:Manpower and Reserve Affairs
630:Defending Democracy Together
263:, who is friends with Mora.
243:Council on Foreign Relations
1711:Installations and Logistics
1698:General Counsel of the Navy
826:General Counsel of the Navy
276:American Airlines Flight 77
254:General Counsel of the Navy
109:General Counsel of the Navy
97:General Counsel of the Navy
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1803:Activists from Mississippi
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424:Working Group and Yoo Memo
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202:as general counsel to the
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241:. He is a member of the
693:John F. Kennedy Library
444:Office of Legal Counsel
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252:appointed Mora as the
441:Department of Justice
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308:Further information:
214:, which oversees the
184:U.S. State Department
148:Boston, Massachusetts
129:Taxi to the Dark Side
791:Human Rights First;
785:Human Rights First;
558:on December 25, 2009
379:Secretary of Defense
336:Joint Task Force 170
334:" by members of the
168:Jackson, Mississippi
1768:Lawyers from Boston
801:Government offices
782:, December 13, 2004
780:The Washington Post
770:The Washington Post
760:The Washington Post
749:The Washington Post
740:, February 20, 2006
597:(August 20, 2018).
332:degrading treatment
248:In 2001, President
135:Torturing Democracy
81:University of Miami
61:Massachusetts, U.S.
809:Stephen W. Preston
660:United States Navy
476:Abu Ghraib scandal
392:) to induce stress
318:, director of the
290:Human Rights First
172:Swarthmore College
113:Defense Department
72:Swarthmore College
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833:Succeeded by
772:, August 30, 2004
632:. August 20, 2020
224:Greenberg Traurig
200:George H. W. Bush
146:Mora was born in
105:Alberto José Mora
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154:. His father, a
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1592:F. Roosevelt
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683:
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646:
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629:
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602:
572:
560:. Retrieved
556:the original
546:
534:. Retrieved
516:
509:
488:
473:
464:
460:
456:
448:Torture Memo
438:
427:
410:
402:
398:Diane Beaver
390:fear of dogs
372:
361:
348:
344:
313:
297:Donald Trump
294:
287:
280:
268:the Pentagon
266:Mora was in
265:
247:
229:Mora speaks
228:
208:Bill Clinton
181:
145:
133:
127:
125:
104:
103:
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1758:1952 births
1597:G. Woodbury
1522:Secretaries
1485:Livingstone
1337:Secretaries
1293:Braithwaite
945:L. Woodbury
888:Secretaries
820:(Deputy GC)
610:October 27,
595:Mayer, Jane
316:David Brant
1752:Categories
1430:Middendorf
1223:Middendorf
1035:R Thompson
930:S Thompson
636:August 26,
501:References
484:Abu Ghraib
366:, and Dr.
340:Washington
272:Boeing 757
239:Portuguese
220:Of Counsel
142:Early life
46:1952-04-11
1702:defunct:
1671:Post–1954
1582:Satterlee
1520:Assistant
1440:Macdonald
1375:Whitehair
1345:Forrestal
1140:Forrestal
1085:Bonaparte
950:Dickerson
536:March 30,
470:Aftermath
388:(such as
174:in 1974.
1716:Material
1607:Robinson
1587:Winthrop
1577:Newberry
1530:Pre–1954
1500:Davidson
1455:Goodrich
1385:T. Gates
1360:Sullivan
1355:A. Gates
1298:Del Toro
1208:Ignatius
1193:Connally
1183:T. Gates
1173:Anderson
1163:Matthews
1158:Sullivan
1095:Newberry
1050:Chandler
985:Bancroft
955:Paulding
935:Southard
915:Hamilton
905:Stoddert
838:(Acting)
815:(Acting)
664:Archived
562:June 29,
452:John Yoo
353:values."
283:Wal-Mart
192:Portugal
117:John Yoo
1652:Koehler
1647:Andrews
1627:Compton
1612:Jahncke
1572:Darling
1567:Hackett
1460:Garrett
1445:Woolsey
1425:Sanders
1410:Baldwin
1370:Kimball
1288:Spencer
1273:England
1258:O'Keefe
1253:Garrett
1233:Hidalgo
1228:Claytor
1168:Kimball
1125:Swanson
1105:Daniels
1090:Metcalf
1065:Herbert
1055:Whitney
1030:Robeson
1005:Kennedy
995:Preston
970:Henshaw
386:phobias
231:Spanish
210:to the
160:Hungary
95:former
1662:Fogler
1657:Askins
1642:Kenney
1637:Hensel
1622:Edison
1552:McAdoo
1490:Aviles
1475:Hultin
1470:Danzig
1465:Howard
1450:Murray
1435:Potter
1420:Warner
1405:BeLieu
1390:Franke
1380:Thomas
1365:Kenney
1278:Winter
1268:Danzig
1263:Dalton
1238:Lehman
1218:Warner
1213:Chafee
1188:Franke
1178:Thomas
1130:Edison
1115:Wilbur
1080:Morton
1020:Welles
1015:Toucey
1010:Dobbin
1000:Graham
975:Gilmer
965:Upshur
960:Badger
940:Branch
699:May 8,
695:. 2006
673:May 5,
527:
416:, the
237:, and
235:French
188:Lisbon
178:Career
57:Boston
1562:Allen
1547:Soley
1542:Faxon
1510:Raven
1505:Modly
1480:Pirie
1415:Baird
1395:Bantz
1335:Under
1283:Mabus
1203:Nitze
1198:Korth
1120:Adams
1110:Denby
1100:Meyer
1075:Moody
1060:Tracy
1025:Borie
990:Mason
980:Mason
920:Jones
910:Smith
667:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
521:(PDF)
377:, to
1632:Bard
1495:Work
1350:Bard
1248:Ball
1243:Webb
1135:Knox
1070:Long
1045:Hunt
1040:Goff
701:2007
675:2007
638:2021
612:2019
564:2018
538:2021
525:ISBN
328:Cuba
152:Cuba
132:and
40:Born
1706:Air
1537:Fox
1400:Fay
274:of
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