219:
258:, some American officials believed that a propaganda program was essential to convey the United States and its culture and politics to the world, and to offset negative Soviet propaganda against the US. With heightened fears about the influence of communism, some Americans believed that the films produced by the Hollywood movie industry, when critical of American society, damaged its image in other countries. The USIA "exist as much to provide a view of the world to the United States as it to give the world a view of America". Films produced by the USIA could by law not be screened publicly within the United States due to the
36:
48:
1085:'... in a separate category, the 'non-profit, grantee corporations' Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and Radio Free Asia (RFA). Although it is claimed that this arm's-length structure acts as 'a firewall, protecting editors and reporters from government and congressional censorship' this is something of a fiction as the broadcasters are funded by Congress and expected to serve clear foreign policy purposes-which they do, in the case of the surrogates in particular, with missionary zeal.'
291:
311:
independent voices would be more persuasive." The USIA used various forms of media, including "personal contact, radio broadcasting, libraries, book publication and distribution, press motion pictures, television, exhibits, English-language instruction, and others". Through these different forms, the United States government distributed its materials more easily and engaged a greater concentration of people.
251:
international engagement to
American citizens and institutions by helping them build strong long-term relationships with their counterparts overseas; and to advise the President and U.S. government policy-makers on the ways in which foreign attitudes would have a direct bearing on the effectiveness of U.S. policies. The Department of State provided foreign policy guidance.
355:). USIA would mount exhibitions in its libraries overseas to reach people in other countries. "Fulbrighters" were grant recipients under the USIA educational and cultural exchange program. To ensure that those grant programs would be fair and unbiased, persons of educational and cultural expertise in the grant subject areas selected the grantee recipients.
243:. USIA was also responsible for the overseas administration of the exchange of persons program formerly conducted by IIA. The USIA was the largest full-service public relations organization in the world, spending over $ 2 billion per year to highlight the views of the U.S. while diminishing those of the
404:
Finally, the USIA-operated foreign press centers in
Washington, New York, and Los Angeles to "assist resident and visiting foreign journalists". In other major American cities, such as Chicago, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, and Seattle, the USIA worked cooperatively with other international press centers.
250:
Its stated goals were to explain and advocate U.S. policies in terms that are credible and meaningful in foreign cultures; to provide information about the official policies of the United States, and about the people, values and institutions which influence those policies; to bring the benefits of
455:
When dismantled, the agency budget was $ 1.109 billion. After reductions of staff in 1997, the agency had 6,352 employees, of which almost half were civil service employees in the United States (2,521). About 1,800 of these employees worked in international broadcasting, while approximately 1,100
393:
information service, was intended to provide, in the words of the agency "both time-sensitive and in-depth information in five languages", incorporating full transcripts of speeches, Congressional testimony, articles by
Administration officials, and materials providing analysis of key issues. The
310:
From the beginning, President Dwight
Eisenhower said that "audiences would be more receptive to the American message if they were kept from identifying it as propaganda. Avowedly propagandistic materials from the United States might convince few, but the same viewpoints presented by the seemingly
281:
The agency regularly conducted research on foreign public opinion about the United States and its policies, in order to inform the president and other key policymakers. It conducted public opinion surveys throughout the world. It issued a variety of reports to government officials, including a
230:
established the United States
Information Agency on August 1, 1953, during the postwar tensions with the communist world known as the Cold War. The USIA's mission was "to understand, inform and influence foreign publics in promotion of the national interest, and to broaden the dialogue between
231:
Americans and U.S. institutions, and their counterparts abroad". The USIA was established "to streamline the U.S. government's overseas information programs, and make them more effective". It operated all of the foreign information activities formerly carried out by the
Department of State's
209:
recalled in his 1995 memoir that "the U.S. government ran a full-service public relations organization, the largest in the world, about the size of the twenty biggest U.S. commercial PR firms combined. Its full-time professional staff of more than 10,000, spread out among some 150 countries,
265:
Within the US, the USIA was intended to assure
Americans that "he United States was working for a better world". Abroad, the USIA tried to preserve a positive image of the U.S. regardless of negative depictions from communist propaganda. One notable example was
371:
By the time the agency was reorganized in 1999, the educational and informational efforts encompassed a wide range of activities, outside of broadcasting. These were focused in four areas, the agency produced extensive electronic and printed materials.
472:(BBG). This continues to operate independently from the State Department. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, some commentators characterized United States international broadcasters, such as Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe, and Voice of America as
210:
burnished
America‘s image and trashed the Soviet Union 2,500 hours a week with a 'tower of babble' comprised of more than 70 languages, to the tune of over $ 2 billion per year". The USIA was "the biggest branch of this propaganda machine."
201:
Since the merger of USIA with the
Department of State, public diplomacy and public affairs sections at U.S. missions have carried on this work. When USIA was abolished in 1999, USIS posts once again were operated by the Department of State.
870:
These commentaries were prepared by a group of USIA editors (...) A long-running commentary on economic developments was attributed for many years to a fictional Guy Sims Fitch, whose views were often cited authoritatively in overseas
331:
The first division dealt with broadcasting information, both in the United States and around the world. The radio was one of the most widely used forms of media at the onset of the Cold War, as television was not widely available. The
340:. Voice of America was intended as an unbiased and balanced "Voice from America", as originally broadcast during World War II. The VOA was used to "tell America's stories ... to information deprived listeners behind the
362:
The fourth division dealt with the motion picture service. After the USIA failed in its effort to collaborate with
Hollywood filmmakers to portray America in a positive light, the agency began producing their own documentaries.
358:
The USIA's third division included press services. Within its first two decades, the "USIA publishe sixty-six magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, totaling almost 30 million copies annually, in twenty-eight languages".
218:
397:
Second, the agency ran a "Speakers and Specialists Program", sending Americans abroad for various public speaking and technical assistance roles. These speakers were referred to as "American Participants" or "AmParts".
154:
worldwide since World War II became the field operations offices of the USIA. In 1978, USIA was merged with the Bureau of Educational Cultural Affairs of the Department of State into a new agency called the
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85:
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448:, abolished the U.S. Information Agency effective October 1, 1999. Its information and cultural exchange functions were folded into the Department of State under the newly created
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4413:
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3982:
2098:
1258:
Papers of Abbott Washburn (Special Assistant to the Director of the USIA, 1953 & Deputy Director of the USIA, 1953–1961), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
468:(in Eastern Europe), Radio Free Asia, and Radio Liberty (in Russia and other areas of the former Soviet Union), were consolidated as an independent entity under the
408:
Beginning with the 1958 Brussels World Fair, the USIA directed the design, construction, and operation of the U.S. pavilions representing the United States at major
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The Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Division G of the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999,
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344:". By 1967, the VOA was broadcasting in 38 languages to up to 26 million listeners. In 1976 VOA gained its "Charter", requiring its news to be balanced.
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Third, the agency operated more than 100 "Information Resource Centers" abroad. These included some public-access libraries in developing countries.
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The U.S. is propagandizing the world with a jumble of wasteful, redundant radio and TV programs – Voice of America, Radio Free This-and-That.
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unfavorably and the United States positively. Articles reflecting the views promoted by the USIA were frequently published under fictitious
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814:
617:
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1943:
931:
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Cull, Nicholas J. "The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989",
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Tobia, Simona "Advertising America. The United States Information Service in Italy (1945–1956)", LED Edizioni Universitarie,
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at The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration website. Page reviewed 25 November 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
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1983:
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608:
Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War: An Insider's Account
421:
262:. This restriction also meant that Americans could not view the material even for study at the National Archives.
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Premises For Propaganda: The United States Information Agency's Operating Assumptions in the Cold War
729:
227:
222:
A propaganda poster produced by USIA, exhorting Northern Vietnamese residents to move South, in 1954.
1161:
Taking Off the Soft Power Lens: The United States Information Service in Cold War Belgium, 1950–1958
333:
259:
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assigned USIA's cultural exchange and non-broadcasting intelligence functions to the newly created
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2014:
2004:
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1545:
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The second division of the USIA consisted of libraries and exhibits. The Smith–Mundt Act and the
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3437:
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worked on the agency's educational and informational programs, such as the Fulbright program.
352:
2618:
1234:
Jane Barlow and Witaly Osins, ballet teachers who worked in postwar Japan, and their students
652:
Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War
4052:
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3977:
3636:
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461:
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270:. This secretly funded project created newsreels in Mexico during the 1950s that portrayed
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The Information Machine: The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy
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consisting of about 1,000 members of the work force. Broadcasting functions, including
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1949:
1609:
974:
647:
341:
299:
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244:
206:
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163:). Use of the name United States Information Agency (USIA) was restored in 1982.
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3313:
2812:
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1936:
1921:
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both authorized international cultural and educational exchanges (including the
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2009:
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2318:
1236:, Pan-Asian Journal of Sports & Physical Education, Vol.3(Sep), 2012.
255:
1196:
Sorensen, Thomas C. "Word War: The Story of American Propaganda" (1968)
800:
779:
767:
Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad
4340:
4317:
4283:
3924:
3252:
2948:
2148:
2019:
1438:
1411:
1349:
819:
668:
314:
Four main divisions were established when the USIA began its programs.
3803:
2986:
2588:
275:
3125:
3058:
844:
Inventing public diplomacy: the story of the U.S. Information Agency
3772:
2382:
815:"Meet Guy Sims Fitch, a Fake Writer Invented by the US Government"
289:
217:
2283:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
780:"New Empire into Old: Making Mexican Newsreels the Cold War Way."
282:
twice-daily report on foreign media commentary around the world.
4273:
4211:
4125:
4062:
3873:
3751:
3746:
3716:
3442:
3374:
3135:
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3078:
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1495:
450:
Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
180:
under secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs
2622:
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1876:
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1631:
1328:
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3182:
3038:
3013:
2745:
394:
Agency also ran a number of websites to transmit information.
1186:
Kiehl, William P. (ed.) "America's Dialogue with the World",
577:
Records of the United States Information Agency (RG 306) page
919:
The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War
1223:
United States Information Agency, Commemoration Booklet
1174:
Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World
1247:
Records of the United States Information Agency (USIA)
1680:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
933:
The United States Information Agency: A Commemoration
2549:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
713:(Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company, 1957).
594:
at Federal Register website. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
4310:
4266:
4257:
3760:
3542:
3533:
3334:
3293:
2666:
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2477:
2465:
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2258:
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2107:
2076:
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2040:
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1997:
1971:
1959:
1899:
1887:
1789:
113:
103:
78:
70:
62:
57:
1652:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
1275:is available for free viewing and download at the
1126:"'Public Diplomacy': An Old Art, a New Profession"
605:
422:
194:. USIA's broadcasting functions were moved to the
4409:Anti-communist organizations in the United States
4399:United States government propaganda organizations
2204:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1756:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1047:"Mapping US Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century"
769:. 2006. University Press of Kansas. Lawrence, KS.
367:Non-broadcast educational and information efforts
157:United States International Communications Agency
4379:Defunct agencies of the United States government
2099:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
736:(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968).
1226:Public Diplomacy: Looking Forward, Looking Back
787:, Vol. 28, No. 5, November 2004, pp. 703-748.
2634:
2412:Election denial movement in the United States
1298:
921:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000).
8:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
524:Bureau of International Information Programs
205:Former USIA director of TV and film service
28:
4374:1999 disestablishments in the United States
1102:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
1052:Australian Journal of International Affairs
663:Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953, 67
336:authorized information programs, including
19:"USIA" redirects here. For other uses, see
4389:Government agencies disestablished in 1999
4263:
3539:
2663:
2641:
2627:
2619:
2507:
2116:
2084:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1884:
1873:
1786:
1694:
1628:
1325:
1305:
1291:
1283:
680:
678:
676:
587:
585:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
515:, an Academy Award-winning documentary by
761:
759:
705:
703:
536:, initial, acting, director of the agency
506:Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques
247:, through about 150 different countries.
4369:1953 establishments in the United States
4001:
2437:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
939:. USIA. 1999. p. 38. Archived from
643:
641:
639:
637:
233:International Information Administration
166:In 1999, prior to the reorganization of
4414:American propaganda during the Cold War
4384:Government agencies established in 1953
2236:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
725:
723:
721:
719:
711:Ethics and United States Foreign Policy
654:1995. Arcade Publishing, Inc. New York.
550:
108:Federal government of the United States
3398:
2363:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
2154:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1751:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
27:
4404:Public relations in the United States
3680:
3563:
2088:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
751:National Film Preservation Foundation
592:United States Information Agency page
529:Foreign Broadcast Information Service
7:
612:. New York: Arcade Pub. p. xi.
486:WORLDNET Television and Film Service
237:Technical Cooperation Administration
3961:
2358:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1568:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
1098:"The Charles Guggenheim Collection"
139:which operated from 1953 to 1999.
91:Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
52:Logo of the U.S. Information Agency
40:Seal of the U.S. Information Agency
4200:
1829:Misinformation related to abortion
1272:Answering Soviet Propaganda (1964)
813:Novak, Matt (September 27, 2016).
427:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
198:, which had been created in 1994.
14:
4394:United States Department of State
3842:
3822:
3665:
3553:
2046:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1659:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
192:International Broadcasting Bureau
144:United States Information Service
3832:
2599:United States Information Agency
1878:Operations and events by country
793:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00447.x
379:Speakers and Specialists Program
125:United States Information Agency
46:
34:
29:United States Information Agency
3991:
3456:
3446:
3216:
2199:Information war against Ukraine
1746:International Jewish conspiracy
1714:Congo Free State propaganda war
491:Committee on Public Information
470:Broadcasting Board of Governors
196:Broadcasting Board of Governors
133:United States government agency
3951:
3591:
3408:
3226:
3206:
2427:Information Operations Roadmap
2337:Psychological Warfare Division
1907:Chinese information operations
1856:Water fluoridation controversy
841:Wilson P., Jr, Dizard (2004).
1:
3581:
2534:Active Measures Working Group
2192:during the Russo-Georgian War
2159:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
970:"The Smith-Mundt Act of 1948"
747:The Wall (1962) - Film Notes
353:Fulbright Scholarship Program
2417:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
2094:Fake news in the Philippines
1466:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1229:, Commemorative volume, 1999
382:Information Resource Centers
278:, such as "Guy Sims Fitch".
95:U.S. Agency for Global Media
2651:European Broadcasting Union
2544:Counter Misinformation Team
2539:Counter disinformation unit
1989:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1476:Forgery as covert operation
522:U.S. Department of State's
416:Abolition and restructuring
135:devoted to the practice of
4430:
2554:The Disinformation Project
1984:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1340:Algorithmic radicalization
1253:Archive of agency Web site
1166:Journal of Belgian History
1016:Columbia Journalism Review
519:, commissioned by the USIA
349:Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
18:
2517:
2506:
2471:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2447:Tobacco industry playbook
2378:CIA Kennedy assassination
1883:
1872:
1704:
1693:
1638:
1627:
1511:Manipulation (psychology)
1335:
1324:
1263:January 14, 2009, at the
1130:Virginia Quarterly Review
1065:10.1080/10357710120095252
988:10.1080/10402659808426214
150:) posts operating out of
45:
33:
2559:East StratCom Task Force
2373:9/11 conspiracy theories
1370:List of cognitive biases
1249:in the National Archives
1045:Smyth, Rosaleen (2001).
849:Lynne Rienner Publishers
474:United States propaganda
458:Foreign service officers
318:Broadcasting information
184:U.S. Department of State
16:Former government agency
2485:Public opinion brigades
2442:Niger uranium forgeries
2432:Litter boxes in schools
1802:COVID-19 misinformation
1724:Free energy suppression
1633:Books and documentaries
1407:Euphemistic misspeaking
1011:"A Babel of Broadcasts"
2231:2016 Brexit referendum
1580:Scientific fabrication
1491:Historical negationism
1169:42 (Dec. 2012), 10–49.
1009:Hopkins, Mark (1999).
604:Snyder, Alvin (1995).
464:, Radio and TV Marti,
327:Motion picture service
321:Libraries and exhibits
307:
302:, in 1965, during the
241:Mutual Security Agency
223:
2527:Fact-checking website
2332:Operation Mass Appeal
2314:Clockwork Orange plot
1824:Mental illness denial
1719:Climate change denial
1536:Psychological warfare
1506:Internet manipulation
1471:Firehose of falsehood
1397:Disinformation attack
512:Nine from Little Rock
385:Foreign press centers
293:
221:
168:intelligence agencies
21:USIA (disambiguation)
1666:Who's Who in the CIA
228:Dwight D. Eisenhower
142:Previously existing
2368:Conspiracy theories
2309:Double-Cross System
2278:Conspiracy theories
2139:Operation INFEKTION
1927:Internet Water Army
1781:Strategy of tension
1646:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1531:Post-truth politics
1232:Yoshida, Yukihiko,
688:. USIA. August 1998
686:"USIA: an overview"
496:Crusade for Freedom
391:The Washington File
376:Information service
286:Media and divisions
30:
2264:HIV/AIDS denialism
2241:Trolls from Olgino
2015:Paid news in India
2005:Fake news in India
1819:HIV/AIDS denialism
1673:Merchants of Doubt
1546:Military deception
1521:Media manipulation
1360:Circular reporting
917:Friedman, Norman,
784:Diplomatic History
517:Charles Guggenheim
501:Cultural diplomacy
308:
224:
188:independent agency
79:Superseding agency
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4253:
4252:
3529:
3528:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2452:Operation Shocker
2254:
2253:
2134:K-1000 battleship
1965:Operation Neptune
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1689:
1688:
1623:
1622:
1615:Yellow journalism
1563:counterpropaganda
1444:List of fallacies
1377:Conspiracy theory
1345:Alternative facts
1219:978-88-7916-400-9
1209:978-3-530-82750-7
1155:978-0-521-81997-8
765:Osgood, Kenneth.
709:Lefever, Ernest.
466:Radio Free Europe
239:, as well as the
121:
120:
4421:
4264:
4202:
4003:
3993:
3963:
3953:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3682:
3667:
3593:
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3565:
3555:
3540:
3458:
3448:
3410:
3400:
3228:
3218:
3208:
2664:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2508:
2327:MMR autism fraud
2210:On US elections
2144:Operation Toucan
2117:
1885:
1874:
1839:anti-vaccination
1787:
1734:Holocaust denial
1709:Bermuda Triangle
1695:
1629:
1558:black propaganda
1526:Potemkin village
1451:False accusation
1427:list of websites
1326:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1277:Internet Archive
1159:Gerits, Frank, “
1124:Bardos, Arthur,
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1094:
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1087:
1042:
1036:
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956:
955:
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951:
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922:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
897:"USIA Factsheet"
893:
874:
873:
867:
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838:
832:
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827:
810:
804:
776:
770:
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695:
693:
682:
671:
661:
655:
645:
632:
631:
611:
601:
595:
589:
580:
574:
462:Voice of America
447:
446:October 21, 1998
428:
424:
338:Voice of America
294:USIA library in
137:public diplomacy
117:Washington, D.C.
86:State Department
50:
38:
31:
4429:
4428:
4424:
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4357:
4348:
4306:
4259:
4249:
3756:
3535:
3525:
3330:
3289:
2659:
2653:
2649:Members of the
2647:
2617:
2608:
2513:
2494:
2473:
2461:
2346:
2342:Zinoviev letter
2292:
2266:
2250:
2174:Post-Soviet era
2168:
2129:Active Measures
2112:
2103:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1993:
1967:
1955:
1895:
1893:Jihadunspun.com
1879:
1860:
1785:
1761:New World Order
1729:Genocide denial
1700:
1685:
1634:
1619:
1541:Memetic warfare
1331:
1320:
1311:
1269:The short film
1265:Wayback Machine
1243:
1121:
1119:Further reading
1116:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1008:
1007:
1003:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
946:on June 7, 2011
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936:
930:
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925:
916:
912:
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900:
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894:
877:
863:
861:
859:
851:. p. 159.
840:
839:
835:
825:
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807:
777:
773:
764:
757:
744:
740:
730:Robert E. Elder
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369:
334:Smith–Mundt Act
288:
260:Smith–Mundt Act
216:
99:
93:
89:
74:October 1, 1999
58:Agency overview
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2463:
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2429:
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2422:Habbush letter
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2304:Bell Pottinger
2300:
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2297:United Kingdom
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1968:
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1961:
1960:Czechoslovakia
1957:
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1932:PLA Unit 61398
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1821:
1816:
1811:
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1809:
1807:by governments
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1644:Disinformation
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1365:Cognitive bias
1362:
1357:
1355:Cherry picking
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1318:misinformation
1314:Disinformation
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1287:
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1242:
1241:External links
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1059:(3): 421–444.
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982:(4): 619–624.
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540:Leo P. Ribuffo
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534:Arthur Kimball
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431:105–277 (text)
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324:Press services
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214:Stated mission
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172:George W. Bush
152:U.S. embassies
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2564:FactCheck.org
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1456:False dilemma
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1192:0-9764391-1-5
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1182:1-888363-74-6
1179:
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1172:Snow, Nancy,
1171:
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1145:0-02-904390-5
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1135:Bogart, Leo,
1134:
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871:publications.
864:September 27,
860:
858:9781588262882
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826:September 27,
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648:Snyder, Alvin
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619:1-55970-321-0
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268:Project Pedro
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170:by President
169:
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83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4260:participants
4219:
4199:
4000:
3990:
3960:
3950:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3679:
3664:
3590:
3580:
3562:
3552:
3455:
3445:
3407:
3397:
3225:
3215:
3205:
2598:
2324:
2259:South Africa
2246:Web brigades
2182:Cyberwarfare
2164:Useful idiot
2113:Soviet Union
2058:Fintas Group
1950:Global Times
1948:
1917:cyberwarfare
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1610:Whataboutism
1605:Urban legend
1575:Quote mining
1271:
1233:
1225:
1173:
1164:
1136:
1129:
1105:. Retrieved
1092:
1084:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1032:
1020:
1014:
1004:
979:
975:Peace Review
973:
960:
948:. Retrieved
941:the original
932:
926:
918:
913:
901:. Retrieved
869:
862:. Retrieved
843:
836:
824:. Retrieved
818:
808:
782:
778:Fein, Seth.
774:
766:
741:
733:
710:
692:November 24,
690:. Retrieved
659:
651:
607:
599:
510:
454:
419:
407:
403:
400:
396:
390:
388:
370:
361:
357:
346:
342:Iron Curtain
330:
313:
309:
300:South Africa
296:Johannesburg
280:
264:
253:
249:
245:Soviet Union
225:
207:Alvin Snyder
204:
200:
186:and the now
176:Bill Clinton
174:, President
165:
160:
156:
147:
143:
141:
128:
124:
122:
114:Headquarters
104:Jurisdiction
25:
4161:TFM/JOAU-FM
2457:Yellow rain
2077:Philippines
1937:Spamouflage
1922:Little Pink
1776:Rothschilds
1766:Red mercury
1481:Gaslighting
1432:Lying press
1402:Doublespeak
966:Snow, Nancy
436:, 112
410:world Expos
254:During the
66:August 1953
4363:Categories
2584:PolitiFact
2512:Opposition
2388:Sandy Hook
2187:on Estonia
2121:Soviet era
2034:Team Jorge
2010:Godi-media
1771:Reptilians
1741:Illuminati
1600:Truthiness
1590:Social bot
1553:Propaganda
1486:Half-truth
1461:False flag
847:. London:
546:References
444:, enacted
226:President
3534:Associate
3294:Suspended
2579:NewsGuard
2574:Logically
2569:Full Fact
2466:Venezuela
2400:Fake news
2288:AK Trolls
1979:Funkspiel
1501:Infodemic
1417:Fake news
1392:Denialism
1387:Deception
1107:April 10,
1081:153524399
1073:1035-7718
1029:0010-194X
1023:(2): 44.
996:1040-2659
950:April 18,
903:April 18,
304:apartheid
272:Communism
71:Dissolved
4302:TV5Monde
4289:Euronews
4258:Approved
2964:KRO-NCRV
2944:AVROTROS
2604:USAFacts
2594:StopFake
2490:Force 47
2395:COVID-19
2319:Euromyth
2070:Peñabots
1944:COVID-19
1849:COVID-19
1834:Vaccines
1699:Examples
1585:Smearing
1261:Archived
968:(1998).
801:24914821
628:32430655
480:See also
442:2681-761
256:Cold War
131:) was a
4318:Abertis
4284:Cellnex
4267:Current
4216:UAERTVD
3786:AMÉRICA
3588:CBC/SRC
3543:Current
3536:members
3141:SRG SSR
2949:BNNVARA
2667:Current
2660:members
2478:Vietnam
2149:Seat 12
2020:OpIndia
1972:Germany
1439:Fallacy
1412:Factoid
1350:Big lie
820:Gizmodo
423:Pub. L.
276:bylines
182:at the
4311:Former
4131:SABTVS
4033:PANTEL
3761:Former
3569:ACORAB
3335:Former
3121:RTVSLO
2987:PowNed
2658:Active
2589:Snopes
2405:online
2325:Lancet
2271:Turkey
2109:Russia
2065:Mexico
2053:Kuwait
2029:Israel
1888:Canada
1844:autism
1790:Health
1422:online
1217:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1153:
1143:
1079:
1071:
1027:
994:
899:. USIA
855:
799:
667:
626:
616:
440:
429:
190:, the
63:Formed
4293:JPMRD
4002:(PNG)
3900:GLOBO
3773:ABERT
3697:ORTAS
3463:NERIT
3379:GRMC
3326:VGTRK
3131:SMRTV
3007:Zwart
2959:HUMAN
2866:İCTI
2741:ARMTV
2383:QAnon
2041:Korea
1998:India
1900:China
1814:Ebola
1330:Types
1077:S2CID
944:(PDF)
937:(PDF)
797:JSTOR
665:Stat.
438:Stat.
434:(PDF)
161:USICA
4345:URTI
4341:SNTC
4336:RTRN
4331:RETE
4326:MEBC
4274:Arte
4240:WGBH
4220:USIA
4212:TVRI
4201:(MR)
4174:TIME
4136:SLBC
4126:SABC
4063:RCTV
4053:QTBC
4028:ORTN
4023:NYPR
4018:NTVC
3992:(NG)
3983:NAEB
3978:NACB
3962:(KR)
3952:(MW)
3933:KBTS
3929:IBTE
3905:GRTS
3881:EURT
3849:CMRT
3843:(LK)
3833:(BB)
3823:(AR)
3795:ATEC
3777:AFMN
3752:WFMT
3747:TVNZ
3742:TEME
3717:RTHK
3702:PART
3681:(US)
3672:NBAB
3666:(MU)
3647:IRIB
3642:ICRT
3637:Free
3613:CGTN
3608:CCTV
3592:(CA)
3582:(CL)
3564:(US)
3554:(AU)
3521:UJRT
3481:RTVS
3471:ORTF
3467:OFRT
3457:(HU)
3447:(FI)
3428:LJBC
3419:ITCA
3409:(IL)
3399:(GB)
3375:ERTT
3360:CRCA
3355:COPE
3310:RDO
3301:BTRC
3243:UKIB
3227:(NO)
3223:TV 2
3217:(DK)
3213:TV 2
3207:(MC)
3168:STVR
3136:SNRT
3104:RTVE
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