60:
564:
415:
1058:
511:. Coming in second to Jonathan is Esmeralda, at 180 years old. Esmeralda is an Aldabra giant tortoise living in the Galapagos Islands. There is a report that a tortoise was kept in the garrison by French explorer Chevalier Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne. The creature lived in the fort for 118 years. It died in 1918 when it became blind and accidentally fell to its death from atop a gun turret.
42:
555:
papers on the genetics of the
Seychelles and Indian Ocean tortoises provide conflicting results. Some studies suggest only one species (with multiple variants) was ever present in the islands, whilst others suggest three distinct, but closely related species. These different views derive from studies of different genes.
523:, but is considered by many researchers to be either synonymous with or only subspecifically distinct from that taxon. This identification is based primarily on morphological characters. Published molecular identifications are unclear with several different indications provided by different data sources.
575:
testing, tortoises of the "extinct" subspecies were identified and acquired by the Nature
Protection Trust of Seychelles for conservation. They were brought to Silhouette Island and the captive-breeding program was initiated in 1997. For several years the female tortoises produced infertile eggs. In
530:
It was apparently extirpated from the wild but is now known only from 37 adults, including 28 captive, and 8 on
Cousine Island, 6 of which were released in 2011 along with 40 captive-bred juveniles. Captive-reared juveniles show that there is a presumed genetic basis to the morphotype and further
592:
island. The Nature
Protection Trust of Seychelles takes consolation from producing a new generation of many young tortoises which will live for at least 100 years. In that time there may be an opportunity to establish pure populations of these tortoises. These animals live longer than short-term
587:
agreed to provide a new home for the
Seychelles tortoises. In April 2011, the Seychelles giant tortoises went to Cousine. If they had been able to release them on Silhouette island, they would have established a separate wild population, now they will be mixed with the Aldabra tortoises that are
554:
to examine the identity of the living tortoises. Examination of museum specimens of the 'extinct' Seychelles subspecies by Dr. Justin
Gerlach and Laura Canning confirmed that some living tortoises exhibited characteristics of the supposedly extinct subspecies. Some recently published scientific
526:
It is a domed grazing subspecies, differing from the
Aldabra tortoise in its broader shape and reduced ossification of the skeleton; it differs also from the other controversial giant tortoise in the Seychelles, the saddle-backed morphotype (Arnold's giant tortoise).
579:
The decision of the
Islands Development Company to evict the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles from Silhouette island by March 2011, and their refusal to permit wild tortoises to live on the island forced them to remove and find new homes for the tortoises.
405:
It was recently rediscovered. Currently, a little over a hundred individuals exist. Many had been reestablished in the wild on forested islands such as
Silhouette, but were evicted in 2011 by the Seychelles Islands Development Company.
474:
Giant tortoises are among the longest-lived animals on the planet. Some individual
Aldabra giant tortoises are thought to be over 200 years of age, but this is difficult to verify because they tend to outlive their human observers.
457:
Like other species of tortoise, the Seychelles giant tortoise is not strictly herbivorous. There have been anecdotal reports of tortoises consuming birds, crabs, and bones. In 2021, a female tortoise on
550:
in the Seychelles, it is occasionally, most recently in 1995, suggested that some Seychelles granitic island tortoises survived in captivity. The report of oddly shaped captive tortoises prompted the
543:
inhabited the Seychelles. Large and slow, the tortoises were reportedly friendly, with little fear of man. Sailors and settlers slaughtered thousands and swiftly drove most populations to extinction.
576:
November 2002 eggs laid by a young female started to hatch. By the time the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles was evicted, they had produced 40 juveniles of the Seychelles giant tortoise.
4368:
4309:
4335:
491:
in 1875. At his death in March 2006 at the Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) Zoo in India, Adwaita is reputed to have reached the longest ever measured
1303:
1492:
1486:
959:
551:
2063:
4378:
4287:
519:
This is a controversial subspecies possibly distinct from the Aldabra giant tortoise. The species is a morphologically distinctive
1114:
4373:
1345:
4096:
3179:
1474:
1468:
1340:
1099:
399:
4340:
4223:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
2032:
turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
1728:
1543:
609:
503:-dwelling Seychelles giant tortoise, is thought to be the oldest living terrestrial animal on Earth since the 2006 death of
1713:
1703:
1365:
4073:
59:
4221:
2031:
768:
4232:
2755:
2139:
1853:
1718:
1370:
1107:
809:
2488:
1708:
1314:
952:
484:
1723:
1480:
1131:
3134:
2056:
1634:
1355:
1324:
1293:
1181:
1390:
1263:
783:"Release of Arnold's giant tortoises Dipsochelys arnoldi on Silhouette island, Seychelles; By Justin Gerlach"
3990:
2003:
1553:
1402:
1396:
1950:
1944:
1902:
4363:
4249:
3962:
2762:
2720:
2360:
1962:
1908:
1602:
1584:
1360:
1298:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1162:
1092:
442:
188:
165:
1938:
1608:
1590:
2706:
2208:
2019:
2013:
1974:
1956:
1920:
1807:
1795:
1764:
1596:
1510:
1443:
1350:
1330:
1245:
1123:
945:
1998:
1980:
1680:
1614:
1578:
1278:
1273:
1932:
3948:
2614:
2238:
1968:
1515:
1251:
1239:
690:
1926:
1914:
1896:
3933:
2292:
2049:
2008:
1801:
1685:
1448:
1222:
496:
1381:
394:
islands, but was hunted in vast numbers by European sailors. By around 1840 it was presumed to be
3340:
3305:
3172:
2970:
2911:
2881:
1825:
1789:
1769:
1675:
1569:
1288:
504:
427:
214:
54:
2889:
2643:
17:
4296:
3883:
2866:
2818:
2809:
2692:
2269:
1830:
1657:
1652:
1420:
1309:
1155:
1150:
708:
563:
547:
492:
459:
205:
3675:
3063:
3038:
2999:
2947:
2678:
2223:
1876:
1746:
1438:
1318:
1074:
698:
479:
was reputedly one of four brought by British seamen from the Seychelles Islands as gifts to
546:
Though generally assumed that the Aldabra giant tortoise was the only one to have survived
265:
4123:
3771:
3500:
3468:
3105:
3014:
2790:
2376:
2121:
1990:
1858:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1334:
857:
694:
4018:
4008:
3905:
3755:
3595:
3297:
3242:
2984:
2919:
2459:
2450:
2419:
2327:
2216:
2130:
1845:
1625:
1558:
1217:
589:
584:
414:
4357:
4198:
4081:
3981:
3970:
3941:
3855:
3739:
3723:
3683:
3617:
3527:
3492:
3436:
3420:
3404:
3378:
3366:
3350:
3328:
3320:
3127:
2838:
2671:
2532:
2479:
2427:
1835:
1738:
1084:
1017:
540:
508:
422:
The three Aldabra-Seychelles giant tortoise subspecies can be distinguished based on
383:
151:
131:
727:
4301:
4133:
4058:
4034:
3551:
3428:
3412:
3388:
3289:
3234:
3158:
3074:
3048:
2962:
2873:
2852:
2776:
2741:
2551:
2517:
2384:
2300:
2246:
1868:
1780:
1459:
1173:
1023:
500:
488:
480:
782:
4272:
4322:
4281:
4111:
4066:
3912:
3897:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3779:
3659:
3643:
3627:
3543:
3535:
3484:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3312:
3264:
3187:
3112:
2977:
2933:
2859:
2845:
2797:
2654:
2572:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2411:
2353:
2345:
2262:
2254:
2201:
2191:
1817:
1667:
1209:
1142:
237:
920:
41:
4190:
4103:
4089:
4050:
3827:
3747:
3715:
3699:
3667:
3605:
3578:
3559:
3476:
3281:
3201:
3194:
3142:
3119:
3029:
2896:
2628:
2435:
2368:
2285:
2277:
2180:
2171:
1502:
1430:
1066:
1011:
1005:
737:
703:
678:
520:
391:
378:
121:
878:
758:
4182:
4042:
4026:
3955:
3919:
3869:
3862:
3787:
3763:
3707:
3651:
3358:
3150:
3098:
3056:
2769:
2727:
2635:
2621:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2558:
2403:
2231:
833:
293:
279:
251:
71:
712:
656:
635:
899:
430:
animals may have distorted carapaces and so may be difficult to identify.
4266:
3997:
3926:
3846:
3835:
3731:
3396:
3273:
3165:
3007:
2992:
2954:
2903:
2829:
2734:
2713:
2699:
2685:
2541:
2468:
2337:
2316:
2308:
2090:
1887:
1756:
1525:
1412:
1043:
987:
968:
763:
732:
423:
375:
141:
91:
615:
4314:
4141:
3890:
3795:
3691:
3635:
3215:
3208:
3090:
2940:
2926:
2783:
2748:
2663:
2565:
2105:
2096:
1695:
1644:
999:
993:
476:
395:
101:
4327:
3876:
3519:
2111:
2084:
2072:
981:
111:
81:
4243:
567:
A baby and a possibility for the reestablishment of this subspecies
3083:
2150:
937:
562:
463:
438:
413:
331:
2579:
4247:
2045:
941:
441:; it is usually a brownish-grey color. In comparison, the true
572:
2041:
462:
was recorded deliberately hunting, killing, and eating a
759:"Meet Jonathan, St Helena's 182-year-old giant tortoise"
507:; a 176 year old Galapagos giant tortoise who lived at
4256:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4121:
4007:
3980:
3845:
3615:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3510:
3376:
3338:
3263:
3256:
3225:
3073:
3037:
3028:
2828:
2807:
2653:
2540:
2531:
2478:
2458:
2449:
2394:
2326:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2138:
2129:
2120:
1989:
1885:
1867:
1844:
1816:
1778:
1755:
1737:
1694:
1666:
1643:
1623:
1567:
1524:
1501:
1457:
1429:
1411:
1379:
1272:
1208:
1172:
1141:
1083:
1065:
1032:
657:"The identification of Seychelles giant tortoises"
437:) is broad, flattened on the back and with raised
828:
826:
449:) is a roundly-domed, black-colored subspecies.
402:, a subspecies which shared the same islands.
4220:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
2057:
2030:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
953:
8:
804:
802:
539:Originally, several different subspecies of
495:of 255 years (birth year 1750). As of 2024,
677:Zora, Anna; Gerlach, Justin (August 2021).
4244:
4170:
4163:
3590:
3583:
3260:
3034:
2537:
2455:
2187:
2176:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2064:
2050:
2042:
1036:
960:
946:
938:
531:genetic work is needed to elucidate this.
305:DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1835 — BOUR 1994: 85
40:
31:
702:
630:
628:
626:
624:
593:management and development perspectives.
679:"Giant tortoises hunt and consume birds"
390:It inhabited the large central granitic
852:
850:
602:
1493:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
1487:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
552:Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles
7:
726:BBC News - South Asia (2006-03-23).
728:"'Clive of India's' tortoise dies"
25:
487:in the 18th century, and came to
249:DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1835: 221 (
4288:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
4258:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
1056:
771:from the original on 2014-04-09.
583:The privately managed island of
367:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
348:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
340:Dipsochelys dussumieri hololissa
224:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
198:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
58:
18:Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa
757:Kettle, Sally (13 March 2014).
433:The Seychelles giant tortoise (
372:Seychelles domed giant tortoise
1475:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
1469:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
1341:Santiago Island giant tortoise
858:"Aldabrachelys hololissa, 061"
1:
1294:Chatham Island giant tortoise
616:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
4369:Taxa named by Albert Günther
1361:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise
1356:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise
1346:Pinzón Island giant tortoise
291:DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1835 (
4233:List of Testudines families
1854:Flat-backed spider tortoise
1729:Speke's hinge-back tortoise
1719:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
1544:Goode's thornscrub tortoise
1371:Western Santa Cruz tortoise
1351:Sierra Negra giant tortoise
1299:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise
4395:
4379:Reptiles described in 1877
1714:Home's hinge-back tortoise
1709:Forest hinge-back tortoise
1704:Bell's hinge-back tortoise
1366:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise
1315:Hood Island giant tortoise
1304:Fernandina Island tortoise
1054:
535:Extinction and rediscovery
485:British East India Company
35:Seychelles giant tortoise
4216:
2147:
2079:
2028:
1724:Natal hinge-back tortoise
1289:Cerro Azul giant tortoise
1132:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
1039:
976:
834:"Tortoise reintroduction"
704:10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.088
362:Seychelles giant tortoise
220:
213:
194:
187:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
1635:Hesperotestudo percrassa
1391:Cheirogaster bacharidisi
1325:Santa Fe Island tortoise
1310:Floreana Island tortoise
1264:Chelonoidis sombrerensis
1182:African spurred tortoise
636:"Moving giant tortoises"
618:. Accessed 05 June 2015.
1554:Sonoran Desert tortoise
400:Arnold's giant tortoise
321:FRITZ & HAVAS, 2006
302:Dipsochelys elephantina
4374:Reptiles of Seychelles
1481:Réunion giant tortoise
1403:Cheirogaster schafferi
1397:Cheirogaster gymnesica
1234:Chelonoidis alburyorum
1228:Yellow-footed tortoise
1200:Centrochelys vulcanica
1194:Centrochelys burchardi
1188:Centrochelys atlantica
1163:Astrochelys rogerbouri
1093:Aldabra giant tortoise
611:Aldabrachelys gigantea
568:
443:Aldabra giant tortoise
419:
418:Living adult specimens
297:) ROTHSCHILD 1915: 433
283:) ROTHSCHILD 1897: 407
27:Subspecies of tortoise
2014:Spur-thighed tortoise
1951:Stylemys nebrascensis
1945:Stylemys karakolensis
1903:Stylemys calaverensis
1808:Megalochelys sondaari
1796:Megalochelys cautleyi
1765:Asian forest tortoise
1511:Burmese star tortoise
1331:Pinta Island tortoise
1124:Aldabrachelys abrupta
566:
426:shape, however, many
417:
370:), also known as the
326:Dipsochelys hololissa
310:Dipsochelys hololissa
2004:Kleinmann's tortoise
1963:Stylemys oregonensis
1909:Stylemys canetotiana
1603:Hadrianus schucherti
1585:Hadrianus majusculus
1516:Indian star tortoise
1258:Chelonoidis sellovii
1252:Chelonoidis monensis
1240:Chelonoidis cubensis
318:Geochelone hololissa
255:) — GÜNTHER 1877: 21
235:GÜNTHER, 1875: 296 (
180:A. g. hololissa
2009:Marginated tortoise
1939:Stylemys frizaciana
1802:Megalochelys margae
1686:Travancore tortoise
1609:Hadrianus utahensis
1591:Hadrianus octonaria
1279:Chelonoidis complex
1223:Red-footed tortoise
695:2021CBio...31.R989Z
263:GÜNTHER, 1877: 39 (
246:Testudo elephantina
3341:Nanhsiungchelyidae
3306:Macrocephalochelys
2020:Testudo brevitesta
1999:Hermann's tortoise
1975:Stylemys uintensis
1957:Stylemys neglectus
1921:Stylemys conspecta
1826:Geometric tortoise
1790:Megalochelys atlas
1770:Impressed tortoise
1681:Forsten's tortoise
1676:Elongated tortoise
1597:Hadrianus robustus
1274:Galápagos tortoise
1246:Chelonoidis lutzae
569:
499:, a 192-year-old,
420:
277:SCHWEIGGER, 1812 (
49:A living specimen
4351:
4350:
4250:Taxon identifiers
4241:
4240:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3252:
3251:
3024:
3023:
2527:
2526:
2445:
2444:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2039:
2038:
2034:. Key: †=extinct.
1981:Stylemys undabuna
1831:Serrated tortoise
1615:Hadrianus vialovi
1579:Hadrianus corsoni
1449:Speckled padloper
1421:Angulate tortoise
1156:Radiated tortoise
1151:Angonoka tortoise
1052:
1051:
879:"Giant tortoises"
689:(16): R989–R990.
548:over-exploitation
398:, along with the
358:
357:
352:
344:
336:
322:
314:
306:
298:
284:
270:
260:Testudo hololissa
256:
242:
232:Testudo hololissa
228:
16:(Redirected from
4386:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4304:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4245:
4171:
4164:
3676:Chupacabrachelys
3591:
3584:
3261:
3039:Carettochelyidae
3035:
2538:
2456:
2188:
2177:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
1933:Stylemys emiliae
1877:Leopard tortoise
1747:Pancake tortoise
1658:Greater padloper
1075:Russian tortoise
1060:
1059:
1037:
962:
955:
948:
939:
932:
931:
929:
927:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
854:
845:
844:
842:
840:
830:
821:
820:
818:
816:
806:
797:
796:
794:
792:
787:
779:
773:
772:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
723:
717:
716:
706:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
632:
619:
607:
350:
342:
328:
320:
312:
304:
290:
288:Testudo daudinii
276:
274:Testudo gigantea
262:
248:
234:
226:
200:
166:A. gigantea
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4334:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4252:
4242:
4237:
4204:
4147:
4124:Sahonachelyidae
4117:
4003:
3976:
3841:
3772:Phosphatochelys
3611:
3565:
3506:
3501:Terlinguachelys
3469:Pneumatoarthrus
3372:
3334:
3248:
3221:
3069:
3020:
2824:
2803:
2791:Siebenrockiella
2649:
2523:
2474:
2441:
2390:
2377:Mesodermochelys
2322:
2183:
2154:
2116:
2075:
2070:
2040:
2035:
2024:
1985:
1969:Stylemys pygmea
1881:
1863:
1859:Spider tortoise
1840:
1812:
1774:
1751:
1733:
1690:
1662:
1653:Common padloper
1639:
1619:
1563:
1549:Gopher tortoise
1539:Desert tortoise
1534:Bolson tortoise
1520:
1497:
1453:
1425:
1407:
1375:
1335:Lonesome George
1268:
1204:
1168:
1137:
1115:A. g. hololissa
1079:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1041:Species of the
1028:
972:
966:
936:
935:
925:
923:
921:"Tortoise news"
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
855:
848:
838:
836:
832:
831:
824:
814:
812:
808:
807:
800:
790:
788:
785:
781:
780:
776:
756:
755:
751:
742:
740:
725:
724:
720:
683:Current Biology
676:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
654:
650:
640:
638:
634:
633:
622:
608:
604:
599:
561:
537:
517:
472:
455:
435:A. g. hololissa
412:
209:
202:
196:
183:
169:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4332:
4319:
4306:
4293:
4278:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4227:
4226:. † = extinct.
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4019:Albertwoodemys
4013:
4011:
4009:Podocnemididae
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3906:Lomalatachelys
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3756:Labrostochelys
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3596:Araripemydidae
3588:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3298:Emarginachelys
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3243:Sinaspideretes
3238:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2920:Hesperotestudo
2915:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2810:Platysternidae
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2460:Dermatemydidae
2453:
2451:Kinosternoidea
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2420:Procolpochelys
2415:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2328:Dermochelyidae
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2217:Carolinochelys
2212:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1927:Stylemys copei
1923:
1917:
1915:Stylemys capax
1911:
1905:
1899:
1897:Stylemys botti
1892:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1626:Hesperotestudo
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1559:Texas tortoise
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1444:Karoo padloper
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Chaco tortoise
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1108:A. g. daudinii
1103:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
977:
974:
973:
967:
965:
964:
957:
950:
942:
934:
933:
912:
891:
870:
846:
822:
798:
774:
749:
718:
669:
648:
620:
601:
600:
598:
595:
560:
557:
541:giant tortoise
536:
533:
516:
513:
471:
468:
460:Frégate Island
454:
451:
447:A. g. gigantea
411:
408:
356:
355:
354:
353:
345:
337:
323:
315:
307:
299:
285:
271:
257:
243:
229:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
192:
191:
189:Trinomial name
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4391:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Aldabrachelys
4362:
4361:
4359:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4201:
4200:
4199:Tacuarembemys
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:Sahonachelys
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4097:Peltocephalus
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:Lapparentemys
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3982:Pelomedusidae
3979:
3973:
3972:
3971:Yaminuechelys
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:Prochelidella
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:Acanthochelys
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:Kinkonychelys
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3724:Itapecuruemys
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:Eotaphrosphys
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3618:Bothremydidae
3614:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:Argillochelys
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:Santanachelys
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:Desmatochelys
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:Calcarichelys
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:Atlantochelys
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3379:Protostegidae
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:Jiangxichelys
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:Anomalochelys
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3329:Protochelydra
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:Planiplastron
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3128:Drazinderetes
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3064:Carettochelys
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:Malacochersus
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:Aldabrachelys
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:Leucocephalon
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:Banhxeochelys
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Testudinoidea
2530:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:Kinosternidae
2477:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:Protosphargis
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
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2184:(Sea turtles)
2182:
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2017:
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1836:Tent tortoise
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1466:
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1456:
1450:
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1439:Nama padloper
1437:
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1428:
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1125:
1120:
1117:
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1110:
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1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:A. g. arnoldi
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1085:Aldabrachelys
1082:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:Testudinoidea
1016:Superfamily:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
989:
985:
983:
979:
978:
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944:
943:
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922:
916:
913:
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895:
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880:
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871:
859:
853:
851:
847:
835:
829:
827:
823:
811:
805:
803:
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784:
778:
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770:
766:
765:
760:
753:
750:
739:
735:
734:
729:
722:
719:
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710:
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700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
658:
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637:
631:
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558:
556:
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549:
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532:
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522:
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510:
509:Australia Zoo
506:
502:
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486:
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478:
469:
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461:
452:
450:
448:
444:
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436:
431:
429:
425:
416:
409:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
385:
384:Aldabrachelys
381:in the genus
380:
377:
373:
369:
368:
363:
349:
346:
341:
338:
334:
333:
327:
324:
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233:
230:
227:GÜNTHER, 1877
225:
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207:
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199:
193:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
168:
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162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:Aldabrachelys
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Testudinoidea
130:
128:Superfamily:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4257:
4222:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4140:
4132:
4110:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4074:Erymnochelys
4072:
4065:
4059:Cerrejonemys
4057:
4049:
4041:
4035:Brontochelys
4033:
4025:
4017:
3996:
3989:
3969:
3961:
3954:
3949:Pseudemydura
3947:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3604:
3558:
3552:Prionochelys
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3429:Cratochelone
3427:
3419:
3413:Bouliachelys
3411:
3403:
3395:
3389:Alienochelys
3387:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3290:Chelydropsis
3288:
3280:
3272:
3241:
3235:Basilochelys
3233:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3159:Khunnuchelys
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3075:Trionychidae
3062:
3055:
3049:Allaeochelys
3047:
3013:
3006:
3000:Stigmochelys
2998:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2963:Megalochelys
2961:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:Cylindraspis
2872:
2865:
2858:
2853:Centrochelys
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:Testudinidae
2819:Platysternon
2817:
2798:Vijayachelys
2796:
2789:
2782:
2777:Rhinoclemmys
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2742:Melanochelys
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2552:Acherontemys
2550:
2518:Sternotherus
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2467:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2385:Psephophorus
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2315:
2307:
2301:Pacifichelys
2299:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2270:Lepidochelys
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:Gigantatypus
2245:
2239:Eretmochelys
2237:
2230:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2181:Chelonioidea
2149:
2101:
1869:Stigmochelys
1781:Megalochelys
1460:Cylindraspis
1382:Cheirogaster
1174:Centrochelys
1161:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1095:(subspecies:
1042:
1024:Testudinidae
924:. Retrieved
915:
903:. Retrieved
894:
882:. Retrieved
873:
861:. Retrieved
837:. Retrieved
813:. Retrieved
789:. Retrieved
777:
762:
752:
741:. Retrieved
731:
721:
686:
682:
672:
660:. Retrieved
651:
639:. Retrieved
610:
605:
582:
578:
570:
559:Conservation
545:
538:
529:
525:
518:
501:Saint Helena
489:Calcutta Zoo
481:Robert Clive
473:
456:
446:
434:
432:
421:
404:
389:
382:
371:
366:
365:
361:
359:
347:
339:
330:
325:
317:
313:LÜCKER, 2000
309:
301:
292:
287:
278:
273:
264:
259:
250:
245:
236:
231:
223:
197:
195:
179:
178:
174:Subspecies:
164:
152:
142:Testudinidae
29:
4323:iNaturalist
4282:Wikispecies
4112:Stupendemys
4067:Cordichelys
3913:Mesoclemmys
3898:Hydromedusa
3820:Taphrosphys
3812:Sankuchemys
3804:Rhothonemys
3780:Polysternon
3660:Cearachelys
3644:Azabbaremys
3628:Araiochelys
3544:Ctenochelys
3536:Bashuchelys
3485:Rhinochelys
3461:Ocepechelon
3453:Notochelone
3445:Iserosaurus
3313:Macrochelys
3265:Chelydridae
3188:Palaeoamyda
3113:Cyclanorbis
2978:Psammobates
2971:Oligopherus
2934:Indotestudo
2882:Cymatholcus
2860:Chelonoidis
2846:Astrochelys
2655:Geoemydidae
2573:Deirochelys
2511:Staurotypus
2504:Kinosternon
2497:Hoplochelys
2412:Peritresius
2361:Dermochelys
2354:Cosmochelys
2346:Corsochelys
2263:Itilochelys
2255:Glarichelys
2202:Allopleuron
2192:Cheloniidae
2131:Superfamily
1818:Psammobates
1668:Indotestudo
1210:Chelonoidis
1143:Astrochelys
900:"Hatchings"
810:"Tortoises"
588:already on
410:Description
238:nomen nudum
4358:Categories
4191:Caririemys
4104:Podocnemis
4090:Latentemys
4051:Carbonemys
3991:Pelomedusa
3828:Ummulisani
3748:Kurmademys
3716:Inaechelys
3700:Galianemys
3668:Chedighaii
3606:Araripemys
3579:Pleurodira
3560:Toxochelys
3477:Protostega
3282:Chelydrops
3202:Pelodiscus
3195:Pelochelys
3143:Gilmoremys
3120:Cycloderma
3030:Trionychia
2897:Geochelone
2890:Floridemys
2756:Notochelys
2644:Wilburemys
2615:Malaclemys
2469:Dermatemys
2436:Puppigerus
2369:Eosphargis
2286:Miocaretta
2278:Mexichelys
2172:Cryptodira
2112:Testudines
2073:Testudines
1503:Geochelone
1431:Chersobius
1067:Agrionemys
1012:Cryptodira
1010:Suborder:
1006:Testudines
998:Subclass:
743:2014-01-23
738:BBC Online
597:References
521:morphotype
515:Morphotype
464:noddy tern
392:Seychelles
379:subspecies
351:TTWG, 2012
343:TTWG, 2010
122:Cryptodira
118:Suborder:
112:Testudines
4273:Q20721641
4231:See also
4183:Caribemys
4043:Caninemys
4027:Bauruemys
3956:Rheodytes
3920:Myuchelys
3863:Chelodina
3788:Puentemys
3764:Nigeremys
3708:Ilatardia
3652:Bothremys
3359:Basilemys
3173:Nilssonia
3151:Hutchemys
3099:Axestemys
3057:Anosteira
2912:Hadrianus
2770:Pangshura
2728:Malayemys
2693:Geoclemys
2636:Trachemys
2629:Terrapene
2622:Pseudemys
2608:Graptemys
2601:Glyptemys
2594:Emydoidea
2587:Actinemys
2559:Chrysemys
2404:Euclastes
2232:Eochelone
2083:Kingdom:
1570:Hadrianus
980:Kingdom:
493:life span
294:ex errore
280:ex errore
252:ex errore
160:Species:
78:Kingdom:
72:Eukaryota
4267:Wikidata
3998:Pelusios
3963:Rhinemys
3934:Platemys
3927:Phrynops
3847:Chelidae
3836:Zolhafah
3732:Jainemys
3397:Archelon
3274:Chelydra
3166:Lissemys
3008:Stylemys
2993:Solitudo
2955:Manouria
2904:Gopherus
2867:Chersina
2735:Mauremys
2714:Heosemys
2707:Hardella
2700:Geoemyda
2686:Cyclemys
2542:Emydidae
2489:Claudius
2338:Arabemys
2317:Tasbacka
2309:Syllomus
2224:Chelonia
2122:Suborder
2106:Diapsida
2097:Reptilia
2091:Chordata
2089:Phylum:
2085:Animalia
1888:Stylemys
1757:Manouria
1526:Gopherus
1413:Chersina
1044:tortoise
1022:Family:
1000:Anapsida
994:Reptilia
988:Chordata
986:Phylum:
982:Animalia
969:Tortoise
769:Archived
764:BBC News
733:BBC News
713:34428417
497:Jonathan
470:Lifespan
424:carapace
376:tortoise
329:BONIN, (
215:Synonyms
138:Family:
102:Reptilia
92:Chordata
88:Phylum:
82:Animalia
68:Domain:
4315:9240911
4142:Sokatra
3891:Emydura
3796:Rosasia
3692:Foxemys
3636:Arenila
3216:Trionyx
3209:Rafetus
3135:Dogania
3091:Apalone
3015:Testudo
2941:Kinixys
2927:Homopus
2784:Sacalia
2763:Orlitia
2749:Morenia
2664:Batagur
2566:Clemmys
2293:Natator
2209:Caretta
2110:Order:
2095:Class:
1991:Testudo
1696:Kinixys
1645:Homopus
1004:Order:
992:Class:
691:Bibcode
614:at the
590:Cousine
585:Cousine
505:Harriet
483:of the
477:Adwaita
466:chick.
428:captive
396:extinct
374:, is a
208:, 1877)
206:Günther
148:Genus:
108:Order:
98:Class:
4341:936915
4328:540339
4174:
4167:
4160:
3884:Elusor
3877:Elseya
3870:Chelus
3587:
3520:Adocus
3511:
3257:
3226:
3106:Chitra
2808:
2395:
2140:Family
1047:family
1033:Genera
971:family
926:7 June
905:7 June
884:5 June
863:7 June
839:5 June
815:6 June
791:7 June
711:
662:5 June
641:5 June
439:scutes
335:) 2006
4302:5DFY3
3180:Palea
3084:Amyda
2985:Pyxis
2679:Cuora
2151:Genus
2102:Clade
1846:Pyxis
1319:Diego
786:(PDF)
571:With
332:et al
266:part.
4336:ITIS
4310:GBIF
2580:Emys
928:2015
907:2015
886:2015
865:2015
841:2015
817:2015
793:2015
709:PMID
664:2015
643:2015
453:Diet
360:The
4297:CoL
699:doi
573:DNA
4360::
4338::
4325::
4312::
4299::
4284::
4269::
2104::
1333:†(
849:^
825:^
801:^
767:.
761:.
736:.
730:.
707:.
697:.
687:31
685:.
681:.
623:^
387:.
4196:†
4188:†
4180:†
4139:†
4131:†
4122:†
4109:†
4087:†
4079:†
4064:†
4056:†
4048:†
4040:†
4032:†
4024:†
4016:†
3968:†
3939:†
3903:†
3833:†
3825:†
3817:†
3809:†
3801:†
3793:†
3785:†
3777:†
3769:†
3761:†
3753:†
3745:†
3737:†
3729:†
3721:†
3713:†
3705:†
3697:†
3689:†
3681:†
3673:†
3665:†
3657:†
3649:†
3641:†
3633:†
3625:†
3616:†
3603:†
3594:†
3557:†
3549:†
3541:†
3533:†
3525:†
3517:†
3498:†
3490:†
3482:†
3474:†
3466:†
3458:†
3450:†
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