492:
687:
1338:"Mitochondrial haplogroup analyses of the NPR Scythians from this study and those from Rostov-on-Don and Pazyryks from Altai and Inner Mongolia, reveal that, for the most part, the same lineages are found in all three groups and are often singularly represented in each group...Otherwise, mt lineage composition is comparable in all three groups of the Scythian horizon which supports their shared maternal genetic roots founded on the common east and west Eurasian substrate with an input from neighboring populations. The genetic influx of East Eurasian haplotypes might be the result of establishing relationships between migrants with European ancestry and women of east Eurasian origin as was previously proposed by66 in case of Iron Age south Siberian populations."
675:
663:
1139:
narrow forehead of medium height are noted. The woman has broad face and forehead, the height of the forehead is average. Both portraits are characterized by prominent position of eyeballs and large eyes. Man's nose is short, prominent, with convex dorsum. Woman's nose has a wavy dorsum, and is slightly prominent. On the male portrait, the cheekbones are moderate, on the female one — high and prominent. Faces of the «royal» persons are flattened in the upper part, with a certain degree of alveolar prognathism. The lower jaw of the man is medium in size, narrow in the corners. For the woman, some gracility of the lower jaw can be noted.
712:
753:
63:
728:
607:
1528:"Moreover, craniometric data published by Chikisheva (2008) supports the hypothesis that populations of Tuva and Altai were also anthropologically linked to each other. In her study, Chikisheva (2008) focused on cranial variation, tracking affinities with diverse population groups in the Scythian period. According to the research, the population of Tuva was probably related to the Early Scythian population of Northern Altai."
651:
77:
740:
69:
1152:
Samashev, Zainolla; Beisenov, Arman; Berezina, Natalia; Berezin, Yakov; Bíró, András Zsolt; Évinger, Sándor; Bissembaev, Arman; Akhatov, Gaziz; Mamedov, Aslan; Onggaruly, Akhan; Voyakin, Dmitriy; Chotbayev, Aidos; Kariyev, Yeldos; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Djansugurova, Leyla; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (26 March 2021).
491:
1404:"These findings are consistent with the appearance of east Eurasian mitochondrial lineages in the western Scythians during the Iron Age, and imply gene-flow or migration over the Eurasian Steppe belt carrying East Asian/North Siberian ancestry from the East to the West as far as the Don-Volga region in southern Russia."
602:
The Aldy-Bel culture is known through its kurgans. They are rounded or oval mounds of boulders or rock fragments with larger stones at the base, 8 to 12 m across and 1 m height on average, grouped in pairs or occasionally three, located next to each other along a north–south axis. Typically there are
643:
Aldy-Bel art depicts images of animals in tiptoe position and compositions of entwined figures in a form of "mysterious picture". Aldy-Bel art complex is numerous and varied, most typical for the early
Scythian time, reflecting very stable cultural tradition. Among such artistic traits are hoof-type
622:
The kurgans contain mixed types of graves, with logs, stone boxes and dugouts. Burials are mostly solitary. The buried are laid in a crouched position, predominantly on the left side. The main burial is orientated with its head to the west, the others may somewhat deviate depending on their location
593:
royal kurgan is located in the area south of the Uyok ridge and is connected by passages with the main area of the Aldy-Bel culture. The proximity of the Aldy-Bel tribes probably accounted for close ethnic connections of the Arzhan people with the Aldy-Bel people. After the fall of the Arzhan tribal
845:
The Aldy-Bel population was studied craniologically, odontologically, and genetically, enabling researchers to trace population and its changes in time. In terms of physical anthropology, the population of the Aldy-Bel culture, which lived in the mountainous regions of the Altai and Sayan
Mountains
1138:
In anthropological terms, the buried show a peculiar mosaic of
Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. They are characterized by brachycephaly and dome-shaped head, with notably developed rugosity of the supercilium in the man and its absence in the woman. For the man, an average width of the face and a
865:
In the opinion of D.G. Savinov, the broad region from central
Kazakhstan to the Yenisei was affected by migrations not detected in archaeological evidence, mainly from west to east. Some portion of that population, most visible in the Tasmolin culture, merged with the emerging Aldy-Bel culture.
1151:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido
Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
626:
So-called "moustached kurgans" with stone curves, most typical for Early Nomads of
Kazakhstan, are also known in Tuva. Stone structures with spherical tops on the ends of the "moustaches" in Kazakhstan are analogous to Aldy-Bel surface structures in Tuva. Some undisturbed kurgans contain
834:. The two groups appear to have been of completely different paternal origins, with almost no paternal gene flow between them. On the other hand, there is strong evidence of shared maternal DNA between Scythian cultures, indicating maternal geneflow from East Eurasia to West Eurasia.
1272::"The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them"
594:
alliance, the Aldy-Bel people retained their independence for a long time, at least throughout 8th and 6th centuries BC, but because of peculiarities of their social organization, there did not arise an elite ruling layer similar to the Arzhan dynasty among them.
603:
several burials in a kurgan, up to seven or more: a central burial in a box of massive stone slabs, with other graves of younger people and children in smaller stone or wooden boxes on the sides except for eastern side. The graves are covered with stone slabs.
662:
623:
in the kurgan. A typical feature is the deposition of horse harnesses at the side of the central burial pit, but in contrast with the Arzhan-period monuments there are as a rule no accompanying horse burials.
674:
686:
635:, with an excellent accompanying complex of artifacts similar to other monuments in the Altai, also linking the Aldy-Bel monuments with the Tasmolin culture in central Kazakhstan.
1594:
1604:
1029:
854:
In addition to kinship with the neighboring
Mayemir and Tasmolin cultures, many Aldy-Bel structural and artistic similarities extend further to the west, to the
1578:
548:
Monuments of the Aldy-Bel culture were identified by A.D. Grach and I.U. Sambu and published in 1971. The culture is named after the site of the Aldy-Bel I
1599:
62:
1614:
411:
650:
644:
markings that ascend to early
Scythian time and are found in nomadic cultures in Middle Asia, central Kazakhstan, and Aldy-Bel culture.
1609:
1567:
1053:
837:
An admixture analysis suggested that Aldy Bel
Scythians were of roughly 60% West Eurasian ancestry and 40% East Eurasian ancestry.
1482:"Mobility of nomads in Central Asia: Chronology and 87Sr/86Sr isotope evidence from the Pazyryk barrows of Northern Altai, Russia"
711:
819:. In contrast to the paternal lineages, the maternal lineages were extremely diverse. The most common lineages were variants of
1619:
1579:
http://www.dissercat.com/content/dinamika-antropologicheskoi-differentsiatsii-naseleniya-yuga-zapadnoi-sibiri-v-epokhi-neolit
1123:"АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ВНЕШНЕГО ОБЛИКА «ЦАРЯ» И «ЦАРИЦЫ» РАННЕСКИФСКОГО ПОГРЕБАЛЬНО-ПОМИНАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА АРЖАН-2"
585:
D.G. Savinov theorizes that, at the end of the 8th or beginning of the 7th century BCE, the Aldy-Bel people were part of the
752:
21:
1575:
Dynamics of anthropological differentiation in population of southern
Western Siberia in Neolithic – Early Iron Age
1414:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat (26 March 2021).
1227:
761:
495:
Multidimensional scaling of the Aldy-Bel and other ancient populations from Eurasia, based on mtDNA sequences.
768:
of 16 Aldy Bel males. 9 out of 16 samples (56.25%) were found to be carriers of the West Eurasian haplogroup
1480:
Pokutta, Dalia A.; Borodovskiy, Andrey P.; Oleszczak, Łukasz; Tóth, Peter; Lidén, Kerstin (1 October 2019).
727:
769:
632:
937:"Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC)"
1493:
1427:
1361:
1295:
948:
899:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
777:
773:
693:
611:
567:
566:
The monuments of the Aldy-Bel culture are synchronous and in many respects similar with those of the
200:
1416:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
1154:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
475:
1030:"Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data"
582:. Typologically, the monuments are adjacent to similar kurgan burials in different areas of Tuva.
1519:
1252:
917:
362:
888:"A chronology of the Scythian antiquities of Eurasia based on new archaeological and C-14 data"
1563:
1511:
1461:
1443:
1395:
1377:
1329:
1311:
1244:
1173:
1049:
984:
966:
855:
331:
124:
1348:
Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr (3 March 2017).
859:
84:
1501:
1451:
1435:
1385:
1369:
1319:
1303:
1236:
1181:
1165:
1041:
974:
956:
907:
784:
765:
519:
504:
285:
159:
1225:
Mary, Laura (28 March 2019). "Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians".
1153:
579:
571:
560:
556:
534:
479:
318:
261:
248:
102:
826:
Significant genetic differences were found between the Eastern Scythians and the Western
1497:
1431:
1365:
1299:
952:
903:
846:(central Tuva) was closely related to the early Scythians of the Northern Altai region.
606:
1456:
1415:
1390:
1349:
1324:
1283:
1186:
979:
936:
615:
465:
148:
589:
tribal union that formed the Aldy-Bel culture and was headed by a ruling dynasty. The
1588:
1523:
831:
575:
483:
447:
377:
340:
272:
235:
137:
113:
1256:
921:
887:
1555:
1350:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
552:. More than 30 kurgan burial complexes are identified within the Aldy-Bel culture.
515:
351:
211:
185:
1506:
1481:
1282:
Juras, Anna; Krzewińska, Maja; Nikitin, Alexey G.; Ehler, Edvard (7 March 2017).
961:
739:
578:
south of the Uyuk ridge, the Khemchik River, deep into the Sayan Canyon and the
1240:
760:
In 2019, a genetic study of remains from the Aldy-Bel culture was published in
68:
1122:
912:
172:
1515:
1447:
1381:
1315:
1177:
970:
36:
23:
1045:
827:
574:
of Central Kazakhstan. The geographical spread covers the right bank of the
397:
1556:Ранние кочевники Верхнего Енисея. Археологические культуры и культурогенез.
1465:
1439:
1399:
1333:
1248:
1169:
988:
1560:
Early nomads of Upper Yenisei. Archaeological culture and cultural genesis
1284:"Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians"
718:
530:
386:
224:
1373:
542:
1307:
788:
772:, while 7 samples (43.75%) belonged to the East Eurasian haplogroups
590:
586:
549:
309:
1577:, Professorial dissertation, Novosibirsk, 2010, section Conclusions
791:. 50% of the remains carried an East Eurasian haplogroup including
751:
605:
490:
417:
93:
668:
Pectoral plate, from burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva.
618:(7th-6th centuries BC), is associated with the Aldy-Bel culture.
538:
1036:. NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences.
680:
Akinak (dagger) burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva.
1562:), St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University, 2002,
756:
Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations
1034:
Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia
717:
Forensic reconstruction of the Saka King and Queen of
416:
General location of the Aldy-Bel culture within the
1028:Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2005).
471:
461:
453:
443:
807:, while 50% carried West Eurasian haplogroups
1130:Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии
935:Pilipenko, Aleksandr S. (20 September 2018).
656:"Animal style" deer, (7-6th century BC) Tuva.
8:
555:The culture was contiguous with the nomadic
51:
1486:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1505:
1455:
1389:
1323:
1185:
978:
960:
911:
721:, in their burial costumes (650-600 BCE).
545:, dated to the 8th to 6th centuries BCE.
1121:Веселовская, Е.В.; Галеев, Р.М. (2020).
76:
1595:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia
875:
646:
733:Arzhan-2 main burial (male and female)
50:
1605:Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan
881:
879:
787:of 26 Siberian Scythian remains from
7:
1269:
1212:
1200:
1600:Archaeological cultures of Siberia
428:), and main contemporary polities
14:
738:
726:
710:
685:
673:
661:
649:
75:
67:
61:
16:Horse nomads of Iron Age Siberia
1615:Iranian archaeological cultures
422:
783:The authors also analyzed the
1:
1040:. Springer Netherlands: 1–7.
764:. The authors determined the
429:
1507:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101897
962:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062
570:in the Altai region and the
537:horse nomads in the area of
862:complexes of Central-Asia.
631:well preserved fencing and
1636:
1241:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y
1610:Iron Age cultures of Asia
913:10.1017/S0033822200041746
524:Уюкская культура культура
523:
508:
457:7th to 6th centuries BCE.
56:
886:Alekseev, A.Yu. (2001).
610:Arzhan-2 gold bracelet,
74:
1046:10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1
1440:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
1170:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
757:
619:
514:kul'tura) was part of
509:Алды-бельская культура
496:
1620:Scytho-Siberian world
1354:Nature Communications
755:
692:Arzhan-2 gold boars,
609:
529:kul'tura), and is an
494:
1018:, pp. 78–79, 100–101
785:maternal haplogroups
766:paternal haplogroups
694:Tuva National Museum
612:Tuva National Museum
412:class=notpageimage|
1498:2019JArSR..27j1897P
1432:2021SciA....7.4414G
1374:10.1038/ncomms14615
1366:2017NatCo...814615U
1300:2017NatSR...743950J
953:2018PLoSO..1304062P
904:2001Radcb..43.1085A
476:Sagly-Bazhy culture
53:
37:51.783333°N 94.75°E
33: /
1288:Scientific Reports
758:
745:Aldy-Bel ancestry.
620:
563:in South Siberia.
497:
444:Geographical range
1573:Chikisheva T.A.,
1308:10.1038/srep43950
489:
488:
427:
333:ACHAEMENID EMPIRE
1627:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1509:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1426:(13): eabe4414.
1420:Science Advances
1411:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1203:, p. 10/13.
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1158:Science Advances
1148:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
992:
982:
964:
932:
926:
925:
915:
883:
850:Related cultures
742:
730:
714:
689:
677:
665:
653:
525:
510:
501:Aldy-Bel culture
434:
431:
426:
425:
421:
406:
404:
393:
391:
382:
380:
373:
371:
358:
356:
347:
345:
336:
334:
327:
325:
314:
312:
305:
303:
294:
292:
281:
279:
268:
266:
257:
255:
244:
242:
231:
229:
220:
218:
207:
205:
196:
194:
181:
179:
168:
166:
155:
153:
144:
142:
133:
131:
120:
118:
109:
107:
98:
96:
89:
87:
79:
78:
71:
65:
54:
52:Aldy-Bel culture
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
42:51.783333; 94.75
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1585:
1584:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:, p. 7/13.
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
947:(9): e0204062.
934:
933:
929:
885:
884:
877:
872:
852:
843:
750:
749:
748:
747:
746:
743:
735:
734:
731:
723:
722:
715:
704:
697:
690:
681:
678:
669:
666:
657:
654:
641:
616:Arzhan 2 kurgan
600:
572:Tasmola culture
568:Mayemir culture
561:Altai Mountains
559:in the area of
557:Pazyryk culture
535:Scytho-Siberian
480:Pazyryk culture
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
432:
423:
414:
408:
407:
398:
396:
394:
387:
385:
383:
378:
376:
374:
367:
363:
361:
359:
354:
352:
350:
348:
343:
341:
339:
337:
332:
330:
328:
319:
317:
315:
310:
308:
306:
299:
297:
295:
286:
284:
282:
273:
271:
269:
262:
260:
258:
252:
249:
247:
245:
239:
236:
234:
232:
225:
223:
221:
215:
212:
210:
208:
201:
199:
197:
190:
186:
184:
182:
173:
171:
169:
163:
160:
158:
156:
149:
147:
145:
138:
136:
134:
128:
125:
123:
121:
114:
112:
110:
103:
101:
99:
94:
92:
90:
85:
83:
81:
80:
72:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1554:Savinov D.G.,
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:Savinov D.G.,
1530:
1472:
1406:
1340:
1274:
1262:
1235:(4): 411–423.
1228:Human Genetics
1217:
1205:
1193:
1143:
1113:
1107:Savinov D.G.,
1100:
1094:Savinov D.G.,
1087:
1081:Savinov D.G.,
1074:
1068:Savinov D.G.,
1061:
1054:
1020:
1014:Savinov D.G.,
1007:
1001:Savinov D.G.,
994:
927:
874:
873:
871:
868:
851:
848:
842:
839:
762:Human Genetics
744:
737:
736:
732:
725:
724:
716:
709:
708:
707:
706:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
691:
684:
682:
679:
672:
670:
667:
660:
658:
655:
648:
640:
637:
599:
598:Kurgan burials
596:
512:Aldy-Bel'skaya
487:
486:
473:
469:
468:
466:Arzhan culture
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
440:
415:
410:
409:
395:
384:
375:
360:
349:
338:
329:
316:
307:
296:
283:
270:
259:
246:
233:
222:
209:
198:
183:
170:
157:
146:
135:
122:
111:
100:
91:
82:
73:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1632:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:5-288-02449-9
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1055:1-4020-2655-2
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
880:
876:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
849:
847:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Pontic steppe
829:
824:
822:
821:haplogroup C4
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
754:
741:
729:
720:
713:
701:
695:
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
659:
652:
647:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
624:
617:
613:
608:
604:
597:
595:
592:
588:
583:
581:
580:Western Sayan
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
517:
513:
506:
502:
493:
485:
484:Tagar culture
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:South Siberia
446:
442:
419:
413:
405:
403:
402:
392:
390:
381:
372:
370:
369:
357:
346:
335:
326:
324:
323:
313:
304:
302:
293:
291:
290:
280:
278:
277:
267:
265:
256:
254:
243:
241:
230:
228:
219:
217:
206:
204:
195:
193:
192:
180:
178:
177:
167:
165:
154:
152:
143:
141:
132:
130:
119:
117:
108:
106:
97:
88:
70:
64:
55:
49:
46:
1581:(In Russian)
1574:
1570:(in Russian)
1559:
1539:Early nomads
1538:
1533:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1470:See Fig. 3A.
1423:
1419:
1409:
1360:(1): 14615.
1357:
1353:
1343:
1294:(1): 43950.
1291:
1287:
1277:
1265:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1109:Early nomads
1108:
1103:
1096:Early nomads
1095:
1090:
1083:Early nomads
1082:
1077:
1070:Early nomads
1069:
1064:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1016:Early nomads
1015:
1010:
1003:Early nomads
1002:
997:
944:
940:
930:
898:(2B): 1092.
895:
891:
864:
853:
844:
836:
825:
782:
759:
642:
628:
625:
621:
601:
584:
565:
554:
547:
541:in southern
526:
516:Uyuk culture
511:
500:
498:
400:
399:
388:
365:
364:
321:
320:
300:
298:
288:
287:
275:
274:
263:
250:
237:
226:
213:
202:
188:
187:
175:
174:
161:
150:
139:
126:
115:
104:
18:
1541:, pp. 93–94
1111:, pp. 93–94
1098:, pp. 83–84
1085:, pp. 94–95
1072:, pp. 84–85
1005:, pp. 94–95
892:Radiocarbon
633:deer stones
533:culture of
472:Followed by
462:Preceded by
433: -500
40: /
1589:Categories
1549:Literature
1492:: 101897.
870:References
841:Population
366:Slab-grave
176:Massagetae
28:94°45′00″E
25:51°47′00″N
1524:201311403
1516:2352-409X
1448:2375-2548
1382:2041-1723
1316:2045-2322
1270:Mary 2019
1213:Mary 2019
1201:Mary 2019
1178:2375-2548
971:1932-6203
828:Scythians
527:Uyukskaya
401:Scythians
344:JANAPADAS
1466:33771866
1400:28256537
1334:28266657
1257:85542410
1249:30923892
989:30235269
941:PLOS ONE
922:53965098
856:Tagisken
719:Arzhan-2
702:Genetics
531:Iron Age
301:Aldy-Bel
289:Chandman
162:Ananyino
1494:Bibcode
1457:7997506
1428:Bibcode
1391:5337992
1362:Bibcode
1325:5339713
1296:Bibcode
1187:7997506
980:6147448
949:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
860:Uygarak
830:of the
629:in situ
576:Yenisei
543:Siberia
520:Russian
505:Russian
424:
420:realm (
368:culture
355:DYNASTY
322:Subeshi
264:Pazyryk
240:culture
227:SABEANS
216:culture
191:matians
164:culture
105:Tasmola
1566:
1522:
1514:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1398:
1388:
1380:
1332:
1322:
1314:
1255:
1247:
1184:
1176:
1164:(13).
1136:(49).
1052:
987:
977:
969:
920:
789:Arzhan
778:N-M231
591:Arzhan
587:Arzhan
550:kurgan
379:DONGHU
311:YUEZHI
189:Sauro-
151:Sargat
1520:S2CID
1253:S2CID
1126:(PDF)
918:S2CID
823:.
815:, or
774:Q-L54
454:Dates
389:MEROË
342:MAHA-
276:Tagar
238:Ordos
203:Mumun
140:Itkul
129:khovo
127:Goro-
116:Kulay
95:SAKAS
1564:ISBN
1512:ISSN
1462:PMID
1444:ISSN
1396:PMID
1378:ISSN
1330:PMID
1312:ISSN
1245:PMID
1174:ISSN
1050:ISBN
985:PMID
967:ISSN
858:and
803:and
776:and
539:Tuva
499:The
418:Saka
353:ZHOU
253:jing
251:Sha-
214:Dian
86:-500
1502:doi
1452:PMC
1436:doi
1386:PMC
1370:doi
1320:PMC
1304:doi
1237:doi
1233:138
1182:PMC
1166:doi
1042:doi
975:PMC
957:doi
908:doi
780:.
770:R1a
639:Art
1591::
1518:.
1510:.
1500:.
1490:27
1488:.
1484:.
1460:.
1450:.
1442:.
1434:.
1422:.
1418:.
1394:.
1384:.
1376:.
1368:.
1356:.
1352:.
1328:.
1318:.
1310:.
1302:.
1290:.
1286:.
1251:.
1243:.
1231:.
1180:.
1172:.
1160:.
1156:.
1132:.
1128:.
1048:.
1038:42
1032:.
983:.
973:.
965:.
955:.
945:13
943:.
939:.
916:.
906:.
896:43
894:.
890:.
878:^
811:,
799:,
795:,
614:.
522::
507::
482:,
478:,
430:c.
1558:(
1526:.
1504::
1496::
1468:.
1438::
1430::
1424:7
1402:.
1372::
1364::
1358:8
1336:.
1306::
1298::
1292:7
1259:.
1239::
1190:.
1168::
1162:7
1134:2
1058:.
1044::
991:.
959::
951::
924:.
910::
902::
817:T
813:U
809:H
805:G
801:F
797:D
793:C
696:.
518:(
503:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
