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31:
502:
1086:
Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (22 July 2019).
553:
45:
513:) they built to bury their deceased. The necropoles involve mainly a large barrow and an adjoining small one. Tasmola kurgans were rather large during the early period (30–50m diameter, 3–5m in height), but were smaller in the later period (15–25 m in diameter, 0.5–1.5m in height). They were grouped in cluster of 10 to 15 kurgans. They were often equipped with a central passageway, or
37:
975:
Based on some information from literary sources it was suggested that the areas of the
Tasmola Culture distribution can be correlated with the territory of the Issedones tribal group habitat. The Pazyryk Culture of the Altai Mountains, which also covered the mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan, could be
1085:
Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris;
1243:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido
Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
604:
588:
520:
Kurgans of the
Tasmola culture have been carbon-dated, and range from 894–790 cal BC (kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery) for the earliest, to 509–377 cal BC (kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery) for the latest. Later kurgans belong to the
696:(WSH) ancestry and 44% southern Siberian hunter-gatherer ancestry. Hunter-gatherer ancestry was primarily paternal. They displayed a higher amount of southern Siberian hunter-gatherer admixture than other peoples of the
852:
For the
Tasmola culture, the earliest date clearly belongs to kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery (UBA-23671; 894–790 cal BC), while the latest date belongs to kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery (UBA-23673; 509–377 cal
576:
724:
specimen, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional
Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE).
1043:
The dimensions of newly discovered mounds was rather large, up to 30–50 m in diameter, 3–5 m in height, while the kurgans discovered earlier had small mounds up to 15–25 m in diameter and 0.5–1.5 m in height.
1419:
608:
Eurasian archaeological cultures in the Iron Age (ca. 800–100 BCE) with their approximate ranges. Cultures in the Seima-Turbino zone are indicated with blue letters.
1424:
564:
713:
30:
1429:
528:
Circa 600 BCE, groups from the
Tasmola culture are thought to have settled in the southern Urals, where they contributed to the development of the
924:
The
Tasmola culture in central and north Kazakhstan is among the earliest major IA nomad warrior cultures emerging (eighth to sixth century BCE)
1069:
700:, including other Sakas. It was suggested that the Sakas of the central steppe were a major source of western Eurasian ancestry among the
1002:
Beisenov, Arman Z; Svyatko, Svetlana V; Kassenalin, Aibar Е; Zhambulatov, Kairat А; Duisenbai, Daniyar; Reimer, Paula J (March 2016).
811:
Beisenov, Arman Z; Svyatko, Svetlana V; Kassenalin, Aibar Е; Zhambulatov, Kairat А; Duisenbai, Daniyar; Reimer, Paula J (March 2016).
968:
790:
1088:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"
1439:
552:
641:
1004:"First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan (Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period)"
813:"First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan (Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period)"
739:
543:
439:
1390:
1141:
Onggaruly, Akhan; Kairmagambetov, Arhat M.; Nuskabay, Abdinur A.; Rahimzhanova, Saule Zh. (25 September 2020).
501:
1087:
717:
708:
emerged through the conquest of Sakas by the
Xiongnu. Another study from 2021 modeled them as roughly 50%
948:
770:
749:
693:
411:
644:
between ca. 900 BC and 500 BC, most of whom were ascribed to the
Tasmola culture. The three samples of
1325:
1018:
881:
827:
721:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
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661:
168:
1246:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
870:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
529:
1359:
1034:
1003:
843:
812:
734:
330:
709:
1351:
1283:
1265:
1213:
1195:
1174:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"
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Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy-Dandybai culture - UNESCO World
Heritage Centre
1126:
935:
716:-like, with three outlier sample ("Tasmola Birlik") displaying c. 70% additional
1385:
1142:
990:
936:
Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
36:
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140:
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594:
Kurgan, Karatorgay river valley Kazakhstan, 7th–6th century BCE (artifacts).
490:
365:
1355:
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1261:
1217:
919:
893:
509:
Everything known about the Tasmola culture originates from the barrows (or
1190:
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associated with the semi-legendary people of the "gold guarding vultures"
474:
421:
354:
192:
1346:
1030:
839:
701:
540:
Characteristic finds are bronze arrowheads, daggers and belt ornaments.
692:. The Sakas of the central steppe were determined to be of about 56%
510:
277:
1061:
Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads
657:
645:
603:
500:
61:
582:
Kurgan, Karatorgay river valley, Kazakhstan, 7th–6th century BCE.
744:
705:
621:
478:
383:
542:
The bronze and golden wares show influences from the preceding
1147:
Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)
640:
in May 2018 examined the remains of eight Sakas buried on the
868:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova (26 March 2021).
1308:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
949:"Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures"
771:"Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures"
986:
984:
449:
435:
427:
417:
407:
1404:Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy–Dandybai culture
1398:Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture
1230:
388:
1143:"Mound of the Military Elite Sakas of Torgay"
8:
1306:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018).
481:period (9th to 4th centuries BC) in central
19:
485:. The Tasmola culture was replaced by the
1345:
1277:
1207:
1189:
1103:
909:
570:Tasmola culture arrowheads and artifacts
505:Tasmola housing, village of Tagybaibulak
1420:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia
761:
548:
44:
1053:
1051:
720:ancestry represented by the Neolithic
648:extracted belonged to the haplogroups
18:
16:Iron Age culture in central Kazakhstan
1425:Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan
1136:
1134:
517:, leading to the area of the burial.
7:
863:
861:
806:
804:
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953:Reference Module in Social Sciences
775:Reference Module in Social Sciences
394:), and contemporary Asian polities
961:10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00253-6
947:Ivanov, Sergei Sergeevich (2023).
783:10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00253-6
769:Ivanov, Sergei Sergeevich (2023).
14:
1244:Samashev, Zainolla (2021-03-26).
1058:Chang, Claudia (16 August 2017).
614:Scythian cultures § Genetics
587:
575:
563:
551:
43:
35:
29:
1430:Iranian archaeological cultures
382:The Tasmola culture within the
1:
634:A genetic study published in
618:Tagar culture § Genetics
489:. They may correspond to the
395:
1406:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1400:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1159:10.24852/pa2020.3.33.233.247
1456:
1172:Török, Tibor (July 2023).
630:Sarmatians § Genetics
611:
493:of ancient Greek sources.
1394:, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)
1391:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1338:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
1105:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019
1064:. Routledge. p. 52.
626:Scythians § Genetics
558:Tasmola culture artifacts
470:
24:
431:ca. 9th–4th centuries BC
42:
740:Begazy–Dandybai culture
718:Ancient Northeast Asian
656:. The eight samples of
544:Begazy–Dandybai culture
440:Begazy–Dandybai culture
1262:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
894:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
660:extracted belonged to
609:
506:
1440:Scytho-Siberian world
1191:10.3390/genes14071345
750:History of Kazakhstan
694:Western Steppe Herder
607:
504:
412:South Central Siberia
1231:Damgaard et al. 2018
622:Saka § Genetics
1330:2018Natur.557..369D
1031:10.1017/RDC.2015.18
1023:2016Radcb..58..179B
886:2021SciA....7.4414G
840:10.1017/RDC.2015.18
832:2016Radcb..58..179B
530:Sauromatian culture
477:culture during the
21:
735:Barrows of Tasmola
712:, 45% WSH, and 5%
652:(two samples) and
610:
507:
408:Geographical range
1071:978-1-351-70158-7
722:Devil's Gate Cave
698:Scythian cultures
523:Korgantas culture
487:Korgantas culture
471:Тасмола мәдениеті
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301:ACHAEMENID EMPIRE
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1324:: 369–373.
1184:(7): 1345.
1011:Radiocarbon
820:Radiocarbon
450:Followed by
436:Preceded by
399: -500
1414:Categories
756:References
612:See also:
483:Kazakhstan
334:Slab-grave
144:Massagetae
1369:April 11,
1270:2375-2548
1200:2073-4425
1114:0960-9822
1039:130995035
902:2375-2548
848:130995035
777:: Fig.1.
491:Issedones
369:Scythians
312:JANAPADAS
1364:13670282
1356:29743675
1320:(7705).
1288:33771866
1218:37510249
1209:10379071
920:33771866
729:See also
600:Genetics
475:Iron Age
422:Iron Age
269:Aldy-Bel
257:Chandman
130:Ananyino
1388:in the
1326:Bibcode
1299:Sources
1279:7997506
1019:Bibcode
911:7997506
882:Bibcode
828:Bibcode
702:Xiongnu
511:kurgans
497:Burials
390:
386:realm (
336:culture
323:DYNASTY
290:Subeshi
232:Pazyryk
208:culture
195:SABEANS
184:culture
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